In this study, the extraction of anthocyanin colorant from karanda fruit (Carissa carandas L.) was carried out and optimized with multiple single factor assays. Selected conditions for yield maximization consisted of ripen fruits with black-purple color, material size of thin slices (1.0–1.5 mm), solvent of EtOH 50%, material/ solvent ratio of 1:3, temperature of 50 °C, extraction time of 45 min, and two extraction cycles. The anthocyanin content in the extract was 277.2 mg/L, which is equivalent to 9.33 mg anthocyanin per gram of dry material. Aqueous solutions of the extract and dried extracts from Carissa carandas fruit were evaluated for stability at two temperature conditions, namely room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) and 45 °C. The temperature exerted great impact on color change, anthocyanin content and the degree of polymerization of anthocyanin. Aqueous solutions of extract with citric acid (3.0–5.0 g/L) were generally more color stable and less anthocyanin degradable than those without citric acid. In the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay, The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of the dried extract was 87.56 μg/mL, which was approximately 29 times higher than that of vitamin C. After 3-month storage at −18 °C, IC₅₀ of the dried extract was 173.67 μg/mL.

This study aims to introduce the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the Piper betle Linn oil (PBLO) into chitosan film (pCS), named as pCS-PBLO film. The morphology, structure, and properties of the pCS-PBLO film, along with the PBLO concentration between 0.4% and 1.2% (v/v), were determined. The film surface became rough and heterogeneous with the addition of PBLO, which directly influenced on mechanical strength of the resultant film. The addition of the PBLO did not affect thermal stability but significant effect on flexibility and mobility of the film. Importantly, the film enhanced the UV-protective property and antioxidant activity as incorporated-PBLO. Moreover, the resulting film revealed the great inhibition efficiency against the negative-gram (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi) and positive-gram (S. aureus) bacteria based on phenolic compounds, such as the acetyleugenol, eugenol, 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzen, and chavicol acetate in PBLO components. In particular, the pCS-PBLO film may extend the shelf life of king oranges up to two weeks at 25 °C that is longer as compared to the uncoated sample and coated with chitosan alone. These results suggest that the pCS-PBLO film can be used as environmental-friendly and effective food packaging material in the future.

The present study aimed to extract seed oils and characterize the chemical composition, including fatty acid profiles, tocopherols, sterols, and total phenolics of oils and extracts from five Fabaceae seeds: Glycine soja, Vigna angularis, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgarisand, and Phaseolus coccineus. The composition and content of all substance layers in total lipids of the extracted seed oils from five Fabaceae species contain: polar lipid (PL), sterol (ST), diacylglycerol (DG), triacylglycerol (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), and hydrocarbon and wax (HC + W). Antioxidant activity determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was also estimated. Among these examined samples, Phaseolus vulgarisand and Phaseolus coccineus seed oils showed high content of α-linolenic acid (59.39% and 49.38%, respectively). Linoleic acid was abundantly found in Vigna angularis (49.01%). Ferunic and caffeic acid, γ-tocopherol, and β-sistosterol were the main ingredients present in the species studied. The V. angularis seed extract displayed significant antioxidant activity.

As a promising candidate for expanding the capacity of drug loading in silica nanoplatforms, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are gaining increasing attention. In this study, porous nanosilica (PNS) and HMSNs were prepared by the sol-gel method and template assisted method, then further used for Rhodamine (RhB) loading. To characterize the as-synthesized nanocarriers, a number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen absorption-desorption isotherms, dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. The size of HMSN nanoparticles in aqueous solution averaged 134.0 ± 0.3 nm, which could be adjusted by minor changes during synthesis, whereas that of PNS nanoparticles was 63.4 ± 0.6 nm. In addition, the encapsulation of RhB into HMSN nanoparticles to form RhB-loaded nanocarriers (RhB/HMSN) was successful, achieving high loading efficiency (51.67% ± 0.11%). This was significantly higher than that of RhB-loaded PNS (RhB/PNS) (12.24% ± 0.24%). Similarly, RhB/HMSN also possessed a higher RhB loading content (10.44% ± 0.02%) compared to RhB/PNS (2.90% ± 0.05%). From those results, it is suggested that prepared HMSN nanocarriers may act as high-capacity carriers in drug delivery applications.

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by the PED virus (PEDV), which is a member of the family Coronaviridae. Since the first outbreaks in Belgium and the United Kingdom were reported in 1971, PED has spread throughout many countries around the world and causing significant economic loss. This study was conducted to investigate the recent distribution of PEDV strains in Vietnam during the 2015–2016 seasons.Methods: A total of 30 PED‐specific PCR‐positive intestinal and faecal samples were collected from unvaccinated piglets in Vietnam during the 2015–2016 seasons. The full length of the spike (S) gene of these PEDV strains were analysed to determine their phylogeny and genetic relationship with other available PEDV strains globally.Results: Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S gene sequences revealed that the 28 Vietnamese PEDV strains collected in the northern and central regions clustered in the G2 group (both G2a and G2b sub‐groups), while the other 2 PEDV strains (HUA‐PED176 and HUA‐PED254) collected in the southern region were clustered in the G1/G1b group/sub‐group. The nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) analyses based on the complete S gene sequences showed that the Vietnamese PEDV strains were closely related to each other, sharing nt and aa homology of 93.2%–99.9% and 92.6%–99.9%, respectively. The N‐glycosylation patterns and mutations in the antigenic region were observed in Vietnamese PEDV strains.Conclusions: This study provides, for the first time, up‐to‐date information on viral circulation and genetic distribution, as well as evidence to assist in the development of effective PEDV vaccines in Vietnam.

The study attempts the optimization of the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidant activity of the white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root ethanolic extract (WRE) with regard to several parameters including ethanol concentration, the ratio of solvent/material, temperature and extraction time. Then antifungal analysis of WRE was performed against four fungal species including Aspergillus flavus NBRC 33021, Aspergillus niger NBRC 4066, Aspergillus clavatus NBRC 33020, and Fusarium solani NBRC 31094. At the WRE concentration of 75 mg/mL, diameters of inhibition zone were 9.11 ± 1.5, 19.55 ± 1.68, 17.72 ± 0.25, and 17.50 ± 0.73 mm respectively against the four examined species. Minimum fungal concentration (MFC) values of WRE against the four species were 30, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL respectively. Evaluation of the sponge cake added with white radish root extract suggested that shelf-life of the sponge cake is 8 weeks in air-cooled condition (20 °C) and two weeks in warm condition (37 °C).