Elastic optical networks (EON) have been proposed to meet the network capacity and dynamicity challenges. Hardware and software resource optimization and re-configurability are key enablers for EONs. Recently, innovative multi-carrier transmission techniques have been extensively investigated to realize high capacity (Tb/s) flexible transceivers. In addition to standard telecommunication lasers, optical carrier generators based on optical frequency combs (OFC) have also been considered with expectations of reduced cost and inventory, improved spectral efficiency and flexibility. A wide range of OFC generation techniques have been proposed in the literature over the past few years. It is imperative to summarize the state of the art, compare and assess these diverse techniques from a practical perspective. In this survey, we identify salient features of optical multicarrier generators, review and compare these techniques both from a physical and network layer perspective. OFC demultiplexing/filtering techniques have also been reviewed. In addition to transmission performance, the impact of such sources on the network performance and real-world deployment strategies with reference to cost, power consumption, and level of flexibility have also been discussed. Field trials, integrated solutions, flexibility demonstrations are also reported. Finally, open issues and possible future directions that can lead to real network deployment are highlighted.

We provide a broad overview of current quantum communication by analyzing the recent discoveries on the topic and by identifying the potential bottlenecks requiring further investigation. The analysis follows an industrial perspective, first identifying the state or the art in terms of protocols, systems, and devices for quantum communication. Next, we classify the applicative fields where short- and medium-term impact is expected by emphasizing the potential and challenges of different approaches. The direction and the methodology with which the scientific community is proceeding are discussed. Finally, with reference to the European guidelines within the Quantum Flagship initiative, we suggest a roadmap to match the effort community-wise, with the objective of maximizing the impact that quantum communication may have on our society.

A multiflow transponder in flex-grid optical networks has recently been proposed as a transponder solution to generate multiple optical flows (or subcarriers). Multiflow transponders support high-rate super-channels (i.e., connection composed of multiple corouted subcarriers contiguous in the spectrum) and sliceability; i.e., flows can be flexibly associated to the incoming traffic requests, and, besides composing a super-channel, they can be directed toward different destinations. Transponders supporting sliceability are also called sliceable transponders or sliceable bandwidth variable transponders (SBVTs). Typically, in the literature, SBVTs have been considered composed of multiple laser sources (i.e., one for each subcarrier). In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel multirate, multimodulation, and code-rate adaptive SBVT architecture. Subcarriers are obtained either through multiple laser sources (i.e., a laser for each subcarrier) or by exploiting a more innovative and cost-effective solution based on a multiwavelength source and micro-ring resonators (MRRs). A multiwavelength source is able to create several optical subcarriers from a single laser source. Then, cascaded MRRs are used to select subcarriers and direct them to the proper modulator. MRRs are designed and analyzed through simulations in this paper. An advanced transmission technique such as time frequency packing is also included. A specific implementation of a SBVT enabling an information rate of 400 Gb/s is presented considering standard 100 GbE interfaces. A node architecture supporting SBVT is also considered. A simulation analysis is carried out in a flex-grid network. The proposed SBVT architecture with a multiwavelength source permits us to reduce the number of required lasers in the network.

Multi-static SARs from LEO orbits allow the single-pass high-resolution imaging and detection of moving targets. A coherent MIMO approach requires the generation of multi-band, thus orthogonal, signals, the fusion of which increases the system resolution. Up to now the synchronization capability of SAR signals of different satellites is critical. Here, we propose the use of photonics to generate, receive and distribute the radar signals in a coherent multi-static SAR constellation. Photonics overcomes issues in the implementation of MIMO SAR, allowing for the flexible generation of multi-band signals and centralized generation in a primary satellite with coherent distribution to all the secondary satellites of the SAR signals over FSO links. The numerical analysis shows the proposed system has a NESZ < −29.6 dB, satisfying the SAR system requirements. An experimental proof of concept based on COTS, for both signal up- and down-conversion, is implemented to demonstrate the system functionality, showing performance similar to the simulations. The implementation of the proposed systems with integrated technologies could reduce the system SWaP and increase robustness to vibrations. A design based on the consolidated SOI platform with the transfer printing-based hybrid integration of InP semiconductor optical amplifiers is proposed. The amplifiers compensate for the losses of the passive SOI waveguides, decreasing the overall conversion loss. The polarization multiplexing of the modulated and unmodulated combs to be sent from (to) the primary to (from) the secondary satellite over the FSO links avoids complex space-consuming optical filters requiring several control signals.