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Prof. Yaoqi Zhang
School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA

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0 Forest policy
0 forest economics
0 International Forestry
0 Forest governing

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Journal article
Published: 03 May 2021 in Land Use Policy
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The mining sector has served as a main pillar of the economy in Mongolia during both the socialist period prior to 1991 and the current free market economy. The government conversion of pastoral areas to mine extraction aggressively increased after 1990, with the assumption that mining activity would support the local labor market and boost the local economy, thereby attracting more migrants. Following a conceptual framework of the changes in rural and urban populations in Mongolia using the 2010 workforce survey data, we constructed dprobit models to empirically examine migrations among non-mine soums, urban places, and mine soums. Income was hypothesized as a dominant factor for migration. We found that income is not the leading factor in migration decisions and mine soums are not attractive places for migrants, whereas non-mine soums become less attractive. Both Ulaanbaatar, a capital city, and Erdenet, a huge mine during the socialist-era, remain attractive places for migration. Finally, new mining sectors appear to not improve employment among local herding communities.

ACS Style

Amarjargal Amartuvshin; Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Yaoqi Zhang; Dansranbavuu Lkhagvaa. How does mining policy affect rural migration of Mongolia? Land Use Policy 2021, 107, 105474 .

AMA Style

Amarjargal Amartuvshin, Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John, Yaoqi Zhang, Dansranbavuu Lkhagvaa. How does mining policy affect rural migration of Mongolia? Land Use Policy. 2021; 107 ():105474.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amarjargal Amartuvshin; Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Yaoqi Zhang; Dansranbavuu Lkhagvaa. 2021. "How does mining policy affect rural migration of Mongolia?" Land Use Policy 107, no. : 105474.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2020 in Forests
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Using field survey data gathered from seven villages in Youxi County in southern China and a list of famous and ancient trees and groves, this study explored the cultural roots and ecological interpretations of village fengshui forests. The results show as follows: the species of fengshui trees selected by Chinese rural villagers bear a symbolic meaning, including health, longevity, flourishing population, fortune, and wealth. Fengshui belief, clan system, village rules and regulations, fengshui worship tradition, and customs have all played important roles in villagers’ planting and conservation of fengshui forests. It is suggested that the government should recognize the cultural and ecological value of fengshui forests and integrate the local rules and village regulations into the current policy frameworks to improve fengshui (culturally preserved) forests management with favourable polices such as subsidies and conservation strategy. China’s fengshui forests suggest the cultural importance of ecosystem services from forests, and the role of culture in forest conservation.

ACS Style

Jianling Chen; Weiming Lin; Yaoqi Zhang; Yongwu Dai; Bixia Chen. Village Fengshui Forests as Forms of Cultural and Ecological Heritage: Interpretations and Conservation Policy Implications from Southern China. Forests 2020, 11, 1286 .

AMA Style

Jianling Chen, Weiming Lin, Yaoqi Zhang, Yongwu Dai, Bixia Chen. Village Fengshui Forests as Forms of Cultural and Ecological Heritage: Interpretations and Conservation Policy Implications from Southern China. Forests. 2020; 11 (12):1286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianling Chen; Weiming Lin; Yaoqi Zhang; Yongwu Dai; Bixia Chen. 2020. "Village Fengshui Forests as Forms of Cultural and Ecological Heritage: Interpretations and Conservation Policy Implications from Southern China." Forests 11, no. 12: 1286.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2020 in Journal of Arid Environments
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Migration has become an adaptation strategy in response to economic transition and changing climate in the arid Mongolia. This paper reviews migration in Mongolia in the past few decades, particularly from the early 2000s to the mid-2010s using the data during 2001–2014 of the Mongolia National Labor Survey. Urbanization accounted for over 80% of all migration, mostly into the capital city Ulaanbaatar (UB), where nearly 70% of recent population growth was from migration. The results indicated that married and more educated people were more likely to migrate to urban areas and less likely to migrate to rural areas. Higher wage was a major driver for people to move to cities from the pastoral livelihoods. Migratory rates to both urban and rural areas increased during 2011–2014 following a severe disaster, the 2009–2010 dzud. People from the eastern region were more likely to move back to the rural area than those living in the western region as the east had a more favorable climate for pastoralism. The results confirm the importance of climate and weather changes in migration along with several socio-economic indicators.

ACS Style

Yecheng Xu; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiquan Chen. Migration under economic transition and changing climate in Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments 2020, 185, 104333 .

AMA Style

Yecheng Xu, Yaoqi Zhang, Jiquan Chen. Migration under economic transition and changing climate in Mongolia. Journal of Arid Environments. 2020; 185 ():104333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yecheng Xu; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiquan Chen. 2020. "Migration under economic transition and changing climate in Mongolia." Journal of Arid Environments 185, no. : 104333.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in Forest Policy and Economics
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The trend of feminization in forest management has become more prevalent in developing countries due to a growing out-migration of rural male laborers for off-farm work. Meanwhile, technological progress can play a major role in mitigating the labor shortage and improving the outputs of forest production. It is thus important to understand how the feminization has affected rural household's decision on the adoption of labor-intensive technologies (LITs) or labor-saving technologies (LSTs). Based on the induced innovation theory and data from 408 households engaged in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) operations in 13 counties of Zhejiang Province, multiple versions of IV-probit models were used to address that question. Our findings reveal that rural households with higher rates of feminization of forest management were more inclined to adopt LSTs and had a low probability of adopting LITs. We recommend to provide more subsidies for LSTs extension, give left-behind female laborers with more targeted trainings, and encourage private enterprises to undertake more active technical services and more physically-demanding operations on a contractual basis.

ACS Style

Zhen Zhu; Jun Zhou; Bowei Li; Yueqin Shen; Yaoqi Zhang. How feminization of forest management drives households' adoption of technologies: Evidence from non-timber forest products operations in China. Forest Policy and Economics 2020, 115, 102154 .

AMA Style

Zhen Zhu, Jun Zhou, Bowei Li, Yueqin Shen, Yaoqi Zhang. How feminization of forest management drives households' adoption of technologies: Evidence from non-timber forest products operations in China. Forest Policy and Economics. 2020; 115 ():102154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Zhu; Jun Zhou; Bowei Li; Yueqin Shen; Yaoqi Zhang. 2020. "How feminization of forest management drives households' adoption of technologies: Evidence from non-timber forest products operations in China." Forest Policy and Economics 115, no. : 102154.

Original research
Published: 11 March 2020 in Small-scale Forestry
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In the past 40 years, China has experienced an unprecedented transformation of the rural society and livelihoods and self-subsistence forest management has transitioned to more business-oriented management, typically the Forestry Cooperatives, Family Forestry Farms and Forestry Specialized Households identified in this study. We explored the factors contributing to this transformation using household survey data in seven provinces in 2016. The age and education of the household heads, income, the holding areas of cropland, ecological forest, forestland, leasing forestland, and legally contracted forestland and their located provinces were found to be statistically significant in transforming the household’s forest management. The factors that drive transformation to various ownership types show some variations as well. The findings can help us better understand not only the transformation of forest management, but also the rural economy and society in general. The results have policy implication on how to further facilitate forest management transformation.

ACS Style

Mingtao He; Senwei Huang; Yaoqi Zhang; Mohammad M. Rahman. From Peasant to Farmer: Transformation of Forest Management in China. Small-scale Forestry 2020, 19, 187 -203.

AMA Style

Mingtao He, Senwei Huang, Yaoqi Zhang, Mohammad M. Rahman. From Peasant to Farmer: Transformation of Forest Management in China. Small-scale Forestry. 2020; 19 (2):187-203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingtao He; Senwei Huang; Yaoqi Zhang; Mohammad M. Rahman. 2020. "From Peasant to Farmer: Transformation of Forest Management in China." Small-scale Forestry 19, no. 2: 187-203.

Journal article
Published: 29 February 2020 in Forests
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Forest plantations have expanded rapidly in response to financial support from the state and local governments and have had significant positive impacts on rural livelihoods and development in Vietnam, since the late 1980s. This study used net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) to examine the economic performance of plantations for three species, Acacia mangium Willd, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn), and Manglietia conifera Dandy, in Bac Kan province. On the basis of an annual discount rate of 6%, the results showed that rural households earned positive financial returns from forest plantations with seven-year rotations. Eucalyptus generated the highest NPV but A. mangium generated the greatest IRR. The plantations were facilitated by financial support from the state, land tenure reforms, and wood exports. The results provide valuable business information and policy implications for both local farmers and policy makers. Since the farmers consider more of the short term and economic return of the plantations, the results provide valuable information for policy makers to apply subsidies and other support to promote plantations with significant ecological and environmental benefits for sustainable development of rural economies.

ACS Style

Tran Cuong; Tran Thi Quy Chinh; Yaoqi Zhang; Yi Xie. Economic Performance of Forest Plantations in Vietnam: Eucalyptus, Acacia mangium, and Manglietia conifera. Forests 2020, 11, 284 .

AMA Style

Tran Cuong, Tran Thi Quy Chinh, Yaoqi Zhang, Yi Xie. Economic Performance of Forest Plantations in Vietnam: Eucalyptus, Acacia mangium, and Manglietia conifera. Forests. 2020; 11 (3):284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tran Cuong; Tran Thi Quy Chinh; Yaoqi Zhang; Yi Xie. 2020. "Economic Performance of Forest Plantations in Vietnam: Eucalyptus, Acacia mangium, and Manglietia conifera." Forests 11, no. 3: 284.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Ocean & Coastal Management
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Quantifying ecosystem services can provide information to justify conservation and restoration decisions so as to allocate limited resources effectively. Consequently, decision makers and public typically ask for simple and understandable information with confidence regarding the availability of the services and the probable economic value. Here, we compiled published information on density enhancement and species life-history information to quantify fish and crustacean production and its uncertainty associated with the current extent of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in Mobile Bay, Alabama. We applied Alabama fishing size limits as a cutoff to exclude the production of non-harvestable size individuals. Fishery landing (2005–2015) and Willingness-To-Pay information were used to quantify the economic benefit of the harvestable production enhancement (commercial and recreational production). Sixteen species were found to be production-enhanced in the bay with a mean of 354 ± 182 g m−2 year−1, of which 170 ± 112 g m−2 year−1 was economically quantifiable based on their harvestable production and landing information. The mean economic value was $509,000 year−1 in direct economic value for commercial fishers and $19.59 million year−1 estimated by the willingnesstopay value from recreational anglers. The results demonstrated a substantial positive economic benefit of ecosystem services from oyster reefs associated with fishery production in Mobile Bay, Alabama. The method could be applied elsewhere to estimate the economic return from the investment of conserving and restoring of similar structured habitats.

ACS Style

Quan T. Lai; Elise R. Irwin; Yaoqi Zhang. Quantifying harvestable fish and crustacean production and associated economic values provided by oyster reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management 2020, 187, 105104 .

AMA Style

Quan T. Lai, Elise R. Irwin, Yaoqi Zhang. Quantifying harvestable fish and crustacean production and associated economic values provided by oyster reefs. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2020; 187 ():105104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quan T. Lai; Elise R. Irwin; Yaoqi Zhang. 2020. "Quantifying harvestable fish and crustacean production and associated economic values provided by oyster reefs." Ocean & Coastal Management 187, no. : 105104.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2019 in Land Use Policy
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Livestock is a key variable in understanding the complex relationships of coupled natural and human systems for pastoralist societies. We used a Two-Stage Dynamic Model to examine the dynamics of livestock in terms of sales, self-consumption, and stocking in Mongolia in recent decades. While Mongolian pastoralists remain largely in the subsistence economy stage, herders do respond to market factors such as current and expected prices, substitute food prices and debt to help guide their choices and behaviors to maximize the economic value of their livestock. Our results also find that the livestock is very vulnerable to natural disasters. Providing a better capital market and livestock market could be the most essential factor to facilitate the economic transition of Mongolia from a subsistence pastoral economy to a market economy and to increase the welfare of herders in Mongolia. Improved public supports, including climate-based livestock insurance, enhancement of infrastructure animal shelter, better capital markets, increased availability of weather information, and improved winter protection, are critical components to a sustainable level of livestock production.

ACS Style

Yecheng Xu; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John. Livestock dynamics under changing economy and climate in Mongolia. Land Use Policy 2019, 88, 104120 .

AMA Style

Yecheng Xu, Yaoqi Zhang, Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John. Livestock dynamics under changing economy and climate in Mongolia. Land Use Policy. 2019; 88 ():104120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yecheng Xu; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John. 2019. "Livestock dynamics under changing economy and climate in Mongolia." Land Use Policy 88, no. : 104120.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2019 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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Western China serves as a significant national ecological security barrier, but the eco-environment is deteriorating. The government of China has been making great efforts to reduce the loss of soil, improve water retention, and generally protect biodiversity and eco-systems in western China by implementing several large-scale forestry and environmental conservation policies (FECPs) from 1999. The primary objective of this study is to assess the potential efficacy of all the FECPs and understand which forest policies contribute more to developing social economy, protecting natural resource, and improving ecological environment in western China. Due to the underlying complicated relatedness amongst multiple policies in terms of social economy, natural resource and ecological environment, it disables many traditional regression approaches to be applicable to this case here. In this work, the evaluation of the multiple policies is regarded as a multi-output regression problem from input indicator system to implementation effect indicator system, and an evaluation framework is proposed. Finally, experimental results on the data from China Statistical Yearbook on Environment show that our evaluation framework is feasible and efficient.

ACS Style

Xin An; Yali Wen; Yaoqi Zhang; Shuo Xu. Evaluation of the forestry and environmental conservation policies in Western China with multi-output regression method. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2019, 157, 239 -246.

AMA Style

Xin An, Yali Wen, Yaoqi Zhang, Shuo Xu. Evaluation of the forestry and environmental conservation policies in Western China with multi-output regression method. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2019; 157 ():239-246.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xin An; Yali Wen; Yaoqi Zhang; Shuo Xu. 2019. "Evaluation of the forestry and environmental conservation policies in Western China with multi-output regression method." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 157, no. : 239-246.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Forest Policy and Economics
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China’s new round of forest tenure reform since 2006 has devolved the land-use rights of collective forests to individual households. Since then, policymakers have advocated household forestland transfers and large-scale forest holdings to increase the efficiency and returns from forest management. At the same time, there has been a rapid growth in off-farm working opportunities in urban areas of China. It is therefore important to analyze the impact of this increase in off-farm employment on the forest management investments of households with different scales of forestland holding. Based on the framework of the new economics of labor migration theory (NELM) and data obtained from surveying 300 households in 5 rural counties in Zhejiang Province, alternative econometric models were used to estimate how off-farm work drives the intensity of rural households' investments in forest management. The findings reveal that households with large-scale forestland holdings (LHs) are usually willing to increase their investments in forest management due to the remittance effect of their off-farm employment. In contrast, households with small-scale forestland holdings (SHs) prefer to decrease their investments in forest management due to the out-migration effect of the growing off-farm employment opportunities. The results provide a clear explanation about the necessity of large-scale forest management under the backdrop of increasing out-migration of the labor force in China's rural areas. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers to develop initiatives that will promote and support large-scale forest management by households in rural China.

ACS Style

Zhen Zhu; Zhigang Xu; Yueqin Shen; Chenming Huang; Yaoqi Zhang. How off-farm work drives the intensity of rural households' investment in forest management: The case from Zhejiang, China. Forest Policy and Economics 2019, 98, 30 -43.

AMA Style

Zhen Zhu, Zhigang Xu, Yueqin Shen, Chenming Huang, Yaoqi Zhang. How off-farm work drives the intensity of rural households' investment in forest management: The case from Zhejiang, China. Forest Policy and Economics. 2019; 98 ():30-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhen Zhu; Zhigang Xu; Yueqin Shen; Chenming Huang; Yaoqi Zhang. 2019. "How off-farm work drives the intensity of rural households' investment in forest management: The case from Zhejiang, China." Forest Policy and Economics 98, no. : 30-43.

Accepted manuscript
Published: 20 November 2018 in Environmental Research Letters
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The Mongolian Plateau hosts two different governments: the Mongolian People's Republic and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, a provincial-level government of the People's Republic of China. The divergence between these governments has widened in the past century, mostly due to a series of institutional changes that generated different socioeconomic and demographic trajectories. Due to its high latitude and altitude, the Plateau has been highly sensitive to the rapid changes in global and regional climates that have altered the spatial and temporal distributions of energy and water. Based on a recent workshop to synthesize findings on the sustainability of the Plateau amidst socioeconomic and environmental change, we identify five critical issues facing the SES: 1) divergent and uncertain changes in social and ecological characteristics; 2) declining prevalence of nomadism; 3) consequences of rapid urbanization in transitional economies; 4) the unsustainability of large-scale afforestation efforts in the semi-arid and arid areas of Inner Mongolia; and 5) the role of institutional changes in shaping the SES on the Plateau. We emphasize that lessons learned in Inner Mongolia are valuable, but may not always apply to Mongolia. National land management policies and regulations have long-term effects on the sustainability of SES; climate change adaptation policies and practices must be tuned to local conditions and should be central to decision-making on natural resource management and socioeconomic development pathways.

ACS Style

Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Ge Sun; Peilei Fan; Geoffrey Henebry; Maria Fernandez-Gimenez; Yaoqi Zhang; Hogeun Park; Li Tian; Pavel Ya Groisman; Zutao Ouyang; Ginger R.H. Allington; Jianguo (Jingle) Wu; Changliang Shao; Amartuvshin Amarjargal; Gang Dong; Garik Gutman; Falk Huettmann; Raffaele Lafortezza; Connor Crank; Jiaguo Qi. Prospects for the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SES) on the Mongolian plateau: five critical issues. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 123004 .

AMA Style

Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John, Ge Sun, Peilei Fan, Geoffrey Henebry, Maria Fernandez-Gimenez, Yaoqi Zhang, Hogeun Park, Li Tian, Pavel Ya Groisman, Zutao Ouyang, Ginger R.H. Allington, Jianguo (Jingle) Wu, Changliang Shao, Amartuvshin Amarjargal, Gang Dong, Garik Gutman, Falk Huettmann, Raffaele Lafortezza, Connor Crank, Jiaguo Qi. Prospects for the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SES) on the Mongolian plateau: five critical issues. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (12):123004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Ge Sun; Peilei Fan; Geoffrey Henebry; Maria Fernandez-Gimenez; Yaoqi Zhang; Hogeun Park; Li Tian; Pavel Ya Groisman; Zutao Ouyang; Ginger R.H. Allington; Jianguo (Jingle) Wu; Changliang Shao; Amartuvshin Amarjargal; Gang Dong; Garik Gutman; Falk Huettmann; Raffaele Lafortezza; Connor Crank; Jiaguo Qi. 2018. "Prospects for the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SES) on the Mongolian plateau: five critical issues." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 12: 123004.

Journal article
Published: 06 October 2018 in Ecological Modelling
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Accurate predictions of water vapor at large temporal and spatial scales are particularly important in global studies. In recent years, Central Asian grasslands have been subject to both intensive grazing and variability in climatic conditions. However, uncertainties about grazing on water cycling under climate change still exist. Therefore, the Biome-BGC grazing model was applied to assess the effects of grazing on evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE). Three grassland types were studied during the period 1979–2011: forest meadow (FM), temperate grassland (TG) and desert grassland (DG). ET shows a gradual decreasing trend from FM (365.65 ± 36.86 mm m−2 yr−1) to DG (183.32 ± 21.15 mm m−2 yr−1), and WUE ranging from 0.62 ± 0.03 g C kg-1 H2O in FM to 1.12 ± 0.10 g C kg−1 H2O in TG, with an average of 0.83 ± 0.05 g C kg−1 H2O. Although there was a significant decrease in ET of 1.47–2.72 mm m−2 yr−1, WUE increased at a rate of 0.004 g C kg−1 H2O yr−1 in Central Asia. From 1979 to 2011, grazing lowered ET by 7.47% in Central Asia; the reduction rates for FM, TG and DG were 3.10%, 12.70% and 7.42%, respectively. In general, grazing decreased WUE by 3.60%. From non-grazed to grazed scenario, WUE increased by 6.86% for FM, but WUE decreased by 7.27% and 5.61% for TG and DG. An over-compensation of GPP under grazing might account for the higher WUE under certain grazing intensities. In order to achieve maximum utilization of water efficiency, proper grazing intensity for TG, DG and FM should be limited to 0.17, 0.39 and 0.38 head/ha, respectively.

ACS Style

Qifei Han; Chaofan Li; Chengyi Zhao; Yaoqi Zhang; Shoubo Li. Grazing decreased water use efficiency in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011. Ecological Modelling 2018, 388, 72 -79.

AMA Style

Qifei Han, Chaofan Li, Chengyi Zhao, Yaoqi Zhang, Shoubo Li. Grazing decreased water use efficiency in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011. Ecological Modelling. 2018; 388 ():72-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qifei Han; Chaofan Li; Chengyi Zhao; Yaoqi Zhang; Shoubo Li. 2018. "Grazing decreased water use efficiency in Central Asia from 1979 to 2011." Ecological Modelling 388, no. : 72-79.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2018 in Forest Policy and Economics
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China economic reform was initiated from rural land tenure reforms, leading up to four decades of fast economic growth. Small but more unequal land holding has been viewed as a dilemma for future development. Using data from rural households in three provinces, this paper attempts to quantitatively measure and examine land holding inequality between farmland and woodland across different regions. It was argued that the paths of land tenure reforms could play an important role: all farmland was allocated to households via administrative mechanism according to household size at the beginning of the economic reforms while woodland was allocated to households from the collective using market mechanism. The inequality between farmland and woodland also come from land uses because farmland is primarily used for food production for own consumption whereas woodland is used to produce products for sale. The determinants of the current holding size of land were compared and investigated. The role of wellbeing like household income is found statistically significant in forestland but not farmland. In contrast, the size of household is found statistically significant in farmland but not forestland.

ACS Style

Senwei Huang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yifang Zheng; Shipeng Su; Jing Zheng. Inequality and small landholdings: Path dependence, land use and wellbeing. Forest Policy and Economics 2018, 98, 62 -66.

AMA Style

Senwei Huang, Yaoqi Zhang, Yifang Zheng, Shipeng Su, Jing Zheng. Inequality and small landholdings: Path dependence, land use and wellbeing. Forest Policy and Economics. 2018; 98 ():62-66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Senwei Huang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yifang Zheng; Shipeng Su; Jing Zheng. 2018. "Inequality and small landholdings: Path dependence, land use and wellbeing." Forest Policy and Economics 98, no. : 62-66.

Book chapter
Published: 15 August 2018 in Cultural and Spiritual Significance of Nature in Protected Areas
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This research examines the geographic distribution, cultural history, cosmology, and conservation status of China’s village fengshui forests (fengshuilin)—woodlands protected to bring good fortune to lineage members across generations. Fengshuilin survive in ten to fourteen provinces, comprising ecologically significant remnants of tropical and subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests of central and southern China. Despite their broad distribution and socio-ecological importance, 226 fengshuilin are little known among urban populations and lack official recognition across most of their range. Some have been incorporated into nature reserves and community-based protected areas. State-local agreements catalyse new conceptions of fengshui and human-environment relations, improving prospects for large-scale biodiversity conservation networks based on local community interests.

ACS Style

Chris Coggins; Jesse Minor; Bixia Chen; Yaoqi Zhang; Peter Tiso; James Lam; Cem Gultekin. China’s community Fengshui forests. Cultural and Spiritual Significance of Nature in Protected Areas 2018, 225 -236.

AMA Style

Chris Coggins, Jesse Minor, Bixia Chen, Yaoqi Zhang, Peter Tiso, James Lam, Cem Gultekin. China’s community Fengshui forests. Cultural and Spiritual Significance of Nature in Protected Areas. 2018; ():225-236.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chris Coggins; Jesse Minor; Bixia Chen; Yaoqi Zhang; Peter Tiso; James Lam; Cem Gultekin. 2018. "China’s community Fengshui forests." Cultural and Spiritual Significance of Nature in Protected Areas , no. : 225-236.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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Fengshui forests, also known as fengshui woods or fengshui woodlands, are culturally preserved remnant groves of natural forest or small plantations that are common in southern China. Similar forests known by other names are prevalent in many parts of East Asia, including Korea and Japan, where they have long helped sustain rural livelihoods and ecosystems. However, as is the case with research on the origins of fengshui philosophy, research on the origin, diffusion, present-day distribution, and conservation status of fengshui forests remains relatively sparse. Much of the research into fengshui forests has been published in Chinese, and is not accessible to a global scientific audience because the manuscripts are not easily discoverable or because of language barriers. This paper provides a quantitative review of 57 original papers on fengshui woods written in Chinese since the 1990s. Content analysis of Chinese-language papers on fengshui forests demonstrates a geographic bias towards case studies from southern China, and a predominance of methodologies representing vegetation surveys conducted by forestry specialists. Published field results and previously published research on fengshui forests report very high floristic diversity. Our own field research in 57 villages in five provinces shows that these locally protected woodlands are components of common property regimes (CPRs) that have been better preserved than the other forests in southern China and usually represent the only forest remnants adjacent to villages and other settlements. However, fengshui forests face threats from industrial pollution, urbanization, and other forms of economic development. We briefly report on our own preliminary field results and suggest that more research is required to develop interdisciplinary and comparative perspectives on the historical and cultural factors that support the persistence of fengshui forests across China and East Asia as a whole, and to integrate these woodlands within sustainable rural development strategies. These remnants of southern China’s subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests are especially important in light of current efforts by the national government to promote urban forestry, ecosystem conservation, cultural heritage protection, and ecotourism, and to increase the capacity of natural carbon sinks within the country’s borders.

ACS Style

Bixia Chen; Chris Coggins; Jesse Minor; Yaoqi Zhang. Fengshui forests and village landscapes in China: Geographic extent, socioecological significance, and conservation prospects. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 31, 79 -92.

AMA Style

Bixia Chen, Chris Coggins, Jesse Minor, Yaoqi Zhang. Fengshui forests and village landscapes in China: Geographic extent, socioecological significance, and conservation prospects. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 31 ():79-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bixia Chen; Chris Coggins; Jesse Minor; Yaoqi Zhang. 2018. "Fengshui forests and village landscapes in China: Geographic extent, socioecological significance, and conservation prospects." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 31, no. : 79-92.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2018 in Sustainability
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Urban trees are more about people than trees. Urban trees programs need public support and engagement, from the intentions to support to implement actions in supporting the programs. Built upon the theory of planned behavior and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study uses Beijing as a case study to investigate how subjective norm (cognition of urban trees), attitude (benefits residents’ believe urban trees can provide), and perceived behavioral control (the believed ability of what residents can do) affect intention and its transformation into implemented of supporting action. A total of 800 residents were interviewed in 2016 and asked about their opinion of neighborhood trees, park trees, and historical trees, and analyzed, respectively. The results show that subjective norm has a significant positive effect on intentions pertaining to historical and neighborhood trees. Attitudes influence intentions, but its overall influence is much lower than that of the subjective norm, indicating that residents are more likely to be influenced by external factors. The perceived behavioral control has the strongest effect among the three, suggesting the importance of public participation in strengthening intention. The transformation from intention to behavior seems relatively small, especially regarding neighborhood trees, suggesting that perceptions and participation need to be strengthened.

ACS Style

Zheng Zhao; Yaoqi Zhang; Yali Wen. Residents’ Support Intentions and Behaviors Regarding Urban Trees Programs: A Structural Equation Modeling-Multi Group Analysis. Sustainability 2018, 10, 377 .

AMA Style

Zheng Zhao, Yaoqi Zhang, Yali Wen. Residents’ Support Intentions and Behaviors Regarding Urban Trees Programs: A Structural Equation Modeling-Multi Group Analysis. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):377.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zheng Zhao; Yaoqi Zhang; Yali Wen. 2018. "Residents’ Support Intentions and Behaviors Regarding Urban Trees Programs: A Structural Equation Modeling-Multi Group Analysis." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 377.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Environmental Research
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Quantifying carbon (C) dioxide exchanges between ecosystems and the atmosphere and the underlying mechanism of biophysical regulations under similar environmental conditions is critical for an accurate understanding of C budgets and ecosystem functions.For the first time, a cluster of four eddy covariance towers were set up to answer how C fluxes shift among four dominant ecosystems in Mongolia - meadow steppe (MDW), typical steppe (TPL), dry typical steppe (DRT) and shrubland (SHB) during two growing seasons (2014 and 2015).Large variations were observed for the annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) from 59 to 193gCm(- 2), though all four sites acted as a C source. During the two growing seasons, MDW acted as a C sink, TPL and DRT were C neutral, while SHB acted as a C source. MDW to SHB and TPL conversions resulted in a 2.6- and 2.2-fold increase in C release, respectively, whereas the TPL to SHB conversion resulted in a 1.1-fold increase at the annual scale. C assimilation was higher at MDW than those at the other three ecosystems due to its greater C assimilation ability and longer C assimilation times during the day and growing period. On the other hand, C release was highest at SHB due to significantly lower photosynthetic production and relatively higher ecosystem respiration (ER). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the seasonal variations in NEE, ER and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were controlled by air temperature at MDW, while they were controlled mainly by soil moisture at TPL, DRT and SHB. When air temperature increased, the NEE at MDW and TPL changed more dramatically than at DRT and SHB, suggesting not only a stronger C release ability but also a higher temperature sensitivity at MDW and TPL.The ongoing and predicted global changes in Mongolia likely impact the C exchange at MDW and TPL more than at DRT and SHB in Mongolia. Our results suggest that, with increasing drought and vegetation type succession, a clear trend for greater CO2 emissions may result in further global warming in the future. This study implies that diverse grassland ecosystems will respond differently to climate change in the future and can be seen as nature-based solutions (NBS) supporting climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.

ACS Style

Changliang Shao; Jiquan Chen; Housen Chu; Raffaele Lafortezza; Gang Dong; Michael Abraha; Ochirbat Batkhishig; Ranjeet John; Zutao Ouyang; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiaguo Qi. Grassland productivity and carbon sequestration in Mongolian grasslands: The underlying mechanisms and nomadic implications. Environmental Research 2017, 159, 124 -134.

AMA Style

Changliang Shao, Jiquan Chen, Housen Chu, Raffaele Lafortezza, Gang Dong, Michael Abraha, Ochirbat Batkhishig, Ranjeet John, Zutao Ouyang, Yaoqi Zhang, Jiaguo Qi. Grassland productivity and carbon sequestration in Mongolian grasslands: The underlying mechanisms and nomadic implications. Environmental Research. 2017; 159 ():124-134.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Changliang Shao; Jiquan Chen; Housen Chu; Raffaele Lafortezza; Gang Dong; Michael Abraha; Ochirbat Batkhishig; Ranjeet John; Zutao Ouyang; Yaoqi Zhang; Jiaguo Qi. 2017. "Grassland productivity and carbon sequestration in Mongolian grasslands: The underlying mechanisms and nomadic implications." Environmental Research 159, no. : 124-134.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2017 in The Rangeland Journal
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The grassland is the most important resource for the herdsmen in Inner Mongolia, China. In the 1980s, pastureland was administratively allocated based on household size. The subsequent changes in socioeconomic and new household characteristics suggest that adjustment is needed for more efficient land use. This study reviewed the recent progress of the rental market and investigated the herdsmen’s behaviours regarding grassland market transactions in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia. The economic assumption is that there exists a variation in values by household for each given parcel of land, which drives land transfer to users who can generate higher values. Each household is characterised by its initial pasture landholding, herding facilities and demographics. But the gain from the transfer must be deducted from the transaction costs, and cooperative membership can significantly reduce the transaction costs. An econometric model is developed and tested with data collected from household surveys in the Xilingol League. The results indicate that household size is the most significant variable for land transfer in the long run. Herdsmen have been dynamically adjusting herding equipment and pasture landholdings, allocating labour between herding and non-herding activities in response to these changes in society. Cooperative organisation was found to be significant in facilitating land transfer due to its role in reducing transaction costs. Higher quality land with higher rent is also found to be more likely to transfer since the percentage of the transaction cost is lower than lower quality land.

ACS Style

Meiyan Zhang; Lizhong Zhang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Jiquan Chen. Pastureland transfer as a livelihood adaptation strategy for herdsmen: a case study of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia. The Rangeland Journal 2017, 39, 179 -187.

AMA Style

Meiyan Zhang, Lizhong Zhang, Yaoqi Zhang, Yecheng Xu, Jiquan Chen. Pastureland transfer as a livelihood adaptation strategy for herdsmen: a case study of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia. The Rangeland Journal. 2017; 39 (2):179-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meiyan Zhang; Lizhong Zhang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Jiquan Chen. 2017. "Pastureland transfer as a livelihood adaptation strategy for herdsmen: a case study of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia." The Rangeland Journal 39, no. 2: 179-187.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Environmental Research Letters
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Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Changliang Shao; Yi Fan; Yaoqi Zhang; Amartuvshin Amarjargal; Daniel G Brown; Jiaguo Qi; Juanjuan Han; Raffaele Lafortezza; Gang Dong. Policy shifts influence the functional changes of the CNH systems on the Mongolian plateau. Environmental Research Letters 2015, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John, Changliang Shao, Yi Fan, Yaoqi Zhang, Amartuvshin Amarjargal, Daniel G Brown, Jiaguo Qi, Juanjuan Han, Raffaele Lafortezza, Gang Dong. Policy shifts influence the functional changes of the CNH systems on the Mongolian plateau. Environmental Research Letters. 2015; 10 (8):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiquan Chen; Ranjeet John; Changliang Shao; Yi Fan; Yaoqi Zhang; Amartuvshin Amarjargal; Daniel G Brown; Jiaguo Qi; Juanjuan Han; Raffaele Lafortezza; Gang Dong. 2015. "Policy shifts influence the functional changes of the CNH systems on the Mongolian plateau." Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 8: 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2015 in Sustainability
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Collapsed gully erosion constantly plagues the sustainability of rural areas in China. To control collapsed gully erosion, an ecological and economic approach, which uses tree plantation to gain economic benefits and control soil erosion, has been widely applied by local governments in Southern China. However, little is known about the economic feasibility of this new method. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and economic benefits of the new method. Based on a case study in Changting County, Southeast China, two farms were selected to represent a timber tree plantation and a fruit tree plantation, respectively. The Annual Capital Capitalization Method and Return on Investment (ROI) were selected to conduct cost-benefit analysis. In contrast to previous studies, we found that the new approach was far from economic. The value of the newly-built forestland in Sanzhou Village and Tufang Village is 2738 RMB ha−1 and 5477 RMB ha−1,respectively, which are extremely lower than the costs of ecological restoration. Meanwhile, the annual ROI is −3.60% and −8.90%, respectively, which is negative and also far poorer than the average value of forestry in China. The costs of conservation were substantially over the related economic benefits, and the investors would suffer from greater loss if they invested more in the conservation. Low-cost terraces with timber trees had less economic loss compared with the costly terraces with fruit tree plantation. Moreover, the cost efficiency of the new approaches in soil conservation was also greatly poorer than the conventional method. The costs of conserving one ton soil per year for conventional method, new method for planting timber trees, and planting fruit trees were 164 RMB, 696 RMB, and 11,664 RMB, respectively. Therefore, the new collapsed gully erosion control methods are uneconomic and unsuitable to be widely carried out in China in the near future.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Qichun Yang. Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic? Sustainability 2015, 7, 10308 -10323.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yaoqi Zhang, Yecheng Xu, Qichun Yang. Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic? Sustainability. 2015; 7 (8):10308-10323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Qichun Yang. 2015. "Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic?" Sustainability 7, no. 8: 10308-10323.