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Chengchao Wang
Institute of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, P. R. China

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Research article
Published: 20 June 2021 in Journal of Social Service Research
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Poverty is widely recognized as a multifaceted concept and has been extensively studied. However, less research has been conducted to explore multidimensional poverty in China. This article aims to investigate the measurements and determinants of multidimensional poverty in mountainous areas of Southeast China. The Alkire–Foster method and a logistic regression modeling technique are applied to examine multidimensional poverty and its determinants, respectively. Four dimensions (income, education, health, and living standards) and eight indicators are considered for the measurements of multidimensional poverty. By interviewing 198 rural households in Shouning County, Fujian Province of China, the article reveals about sixty percent of the sample households are found to experience multidimensional poverty, which is remarkably higher than previous studies. Deprivation in four dimensions is not homogeneous. The incidence of deprivation in education and health dimension are remarkably higher than dimensions of income and living standards. Results also reveal that health (34.27%) and education (27.45%) are the two most important contributors of multidimensional poverty, which jointly account for 61.72% of overall poverty. Living standards (23.25%) and income (15.03%) are the other two important contributors of multidimensional poverty. The important determinants of multidimensional poverty are the number of chronic patients, dependency ratio, elevation, and information accessibility. The results confirm that chronic disease or disability is the key determinant of poverty in rural areas of China. The study suggests that policy focus of poverty alleviation should be changed from income growth to health and education improvement. The provision and accessibility of health care services in rural areas need to be emphasized. Future research should focus on the heterogeneity of multidimensional poverty in China to expound the spatial difference and household difference in multidimensional poverty.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Benxiang Zeng; Dongshen Luo; Yuan Wang; Ying Tian; Shanshan Chen; Xiu He. Measurements and Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from Mountainous Areas of Southeast China. Journal of Social Service Research 2021, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Benxiang Zeng, Dongshen Luo, Yuan Wang, Ying Tian, Shanshan Chen, Xiu He. Measurements and Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from Mountainous Areas of Southeast China. Journal of Social Service Research. 2021; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Benxiang Zeng; Dongshen Luo; Yuan Wang; Ying Tian; Shanshan Chen; Xiu He. 2021. "Measurements and Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty: Evidence from Mountainous Areas of Southeast China." Journal of Social Service Research , no. : 1-19.

Original research
Published: 26 April 2021 in Social Indicators Research
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The phenomenon of village abandonment has occurred during the past decades as an extreme result of rural migration in many developing countries. It has brought about many socio-economic and environmental problems, such as farmland abandonment, decapitalization of properties, rural economic stagnation or decline, disappearance of rural settlements, secondary vegetation succession, landscape homogenization and increasing risks of wild fires. Village abandonment has been happening widely in mountainous areas of China in response to increasing urbanization and industrialization. But the spatial patterns and determinants of village abandonment are not well understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatial patterns of abandoned villages using Kernel Density analysis, and to identify determinants of village abandonment using the Ordinary Least Square regression based on a case study in Pucheng County, Southeast China. Our results show that abandoned villages mainly agglomerate in some scattered kernels with higher elevations and poor accessibility or with thriving local industrialization and Insitu urbanization. These results corroborate previous findings elsewhere. Research on determinants identifies that public goods provision and accessibility are the most important predictors to explain substantial variations in village abandonment. Remote villages with poor public goods provision (such as road, healthcare and education) and poor accessibility are most possibly abandoned. With projected increasing concentration of elementary schools in townships and cities and rising urbanization, village abandonment is likely to increase in remote rural areas. However, natural conditions are surprisingly the least significant determinants, which is contrary to previous studies. In addition, hamlet size and the progress on characteristic agriculture have some negative impacts on village abandonment. Finally, several research prospects and policy implications on village abandonment have been proposed to promote future studies and rural sustainability respectively.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Ying Tian; Shanshan Chen. Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Village Abandonment in the Mountainous Areas of China. Social Indicators Research 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yuan Wang, Ying Tian, Shanshan Chen. Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Village Abandonment in the Mountainous Areas of China. Social Indicators Research. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Ying Tian; Shanshan Chen. 2021. "Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Village Abandonment in the Mountainous Areas of China." Social Indicators Research , no. : 1-20.

Original research
Published: 30 April 2020 in Social Indicators Research
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Strategies aimed towards poverty alleviation need to identify factors that are strongly associated with poverty. The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of rural absolute and relative poverty in Shouning County, Fujian Province, Southeast China. Two binary logistic regressions were estimated based on household survey data in which the dependent variables were whether the residents were living in poverty, and the explanatory variables included a set of socioeconomic and demographic variables. The results showed that the age of the household head, dependency ratio, number of chronic patients, pressure of educational expenses, and culture of poverty were significantly and positively associated with the likelihood of being in absolute poverty. However, a greater household size and better accessibility to information decreased the probability of being in this state. The strongest four predictors of absolute poverty in descending order were information accessibility, number of chronic patients, pressure of educational expenses, and culture of poverty. In terms of relative poverty, our results demonstrated that elevation, cropland per capita, age of household head, number of chronic patients, pressure of educational expenses, and distance to the county seat had significant positive relationships with the probability of being trapped in relative poverty, whereas information accessibility was negatively associated with being in relative poverty. The strongest four predictors of relative poverty in descending order were information accessibility, pressure of educational expenses, cropland per capita, and number of chronic patients. Generally, the results confirmed three important determinants of rural poverty hypothesised in previous studies: chronic illness-induced poverty, educational expenses-induced poverty, and culture of poverty. We expect that the results of this study will provide useful insight for future research of rural poverty.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Haiyan Fang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. Determinants of Rural Poverty in Remote Mountains of Southeast China from the Household Perspective. Social Indicators Research 2020, 150, 793 -810.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yuan Wang, Haiyan Fang, Bidan Gao, Zudeng Weng, Ying Tian. Determinants of Rural Poverty in Remote Mountains of Southeast China from the Household Perspective. Social Indicators Research. 2020; 150 (3):793-810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Haiyan Fang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. 2020. "Determinants of Rural Poverty in Remote Mountains of Southeast China from the Household Perspective." Social Indicators Research 150, no. 3: 793-810.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Total hamlet abandonment in remote mountains throughout the last several decades as a result of severe rural depopulation constitutes many serious socioeconomic problems now occurring in China and many other developing countries. To get a more profound insight into the primary causes of hamlet abandonment, this study builds on a conceptual framework through conducting an in-depth qualitative analysis based on a case-study of Shouning County, Southeast China. The primary causes of total hamlet abandonment have been illustrated by classifying these abandoned hamlets into three types: disaster-affected hamlets, township hamlets, and remote hamlets. Results have shown that the primary causes of abandonment were tremendously different for each type of the hamlets in question. Natural disasters and subsequently immediate government-sponsored resettlement were the primary causes of disaster-driven hamlet abandonment. Sudden onset events and ex situ resettlement have produced quick hamlet abandonment. Our results also show that in situ urbanization and government-sponsored resettlement were the dominating causes of hamlet abandonment for adjacent hamlets of townships. For remote hamlets (which were the dominating type of abandoned hamlets), severe lack of public services (especially education) was the first and foremost cause of hamlet abandonment, while in situ urbanization and the government-sponsored Poverty Alleviation Resettlement Project (PARP) were secondary causes. Adverse natural conditions, however, were relatively minor factors in remote hamlet abandonment. Lastly, external factors were significant ‘pull’ forces in comparison, leading to hamlet abandonment for all types of abandoned hamlets within the study. The heterogeneity of hamlet abandonment and multi-scale causes have been highlighted in our case study. These findings therein have important policy implications for rural sustainability in developing countries, particularly China.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. Primary causes of total hamlet abandonment for different types of hamlets in remote mountain areas of China: A case study of Shouning County, Fujian Province. Land Use Policy 2020, 95, 104627 .

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Bidan Gao, Zudeng Weng, Ying Tian. Primary causes of total hamlet abandonment for different types of hamlets in remote mountain areas of China: A case study of Shouning County, Fujian Province. Land Use Policy. 2020; 95 ():104627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. 2020. "Primary causes of total hamlet abandonment for different types of hamlets in remote mountain areas of China: A case study of Shouning County, Fujian Province." Land Use Policy 95, no. : 104627.

Article
Published: 05 August 2019 in GeoJournal
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Village abandonment is occurring on a large scale in China and is remarkably restructuring rural landscapes in response to rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, previous studies have neglected the important phenomena prevalent in China and other developing countries due to a lack of dynamic perspectives. This study examines the manifestations and drivers of village abandonment based on a case study in Shouning County, Southeast China from a dynamic perspective. Qualitative research methodology was used, comprised of field investigation and semi-structured interviews in six sampling hamlets. A conceptual framework of village abandonment was presented to depict the process of village abandonment. Results demonstrated that village abandonment should be considered a multi-stage process. By dividing the overall process into three stages, the study identified three patterns of village abandonment which had different manifestations and drivers. Along with the process of village abandonment, primary manifestations have evolved from population decline, ageing, and farmland extensification to completely abandoned communities, while drivers of village abandonment have shifted from traditional ‘pull–push’ factors to final ageing and degeneration. Manifestations and drivers of village abandonment were distinct for different patterns of village abandonment. In a word, the dynamic perspective has been highlighted in the study to consider village abandonment as a multi-stage process. Additionally, several policy implications have been put forward to promote rural poverty alleviation and rural sustainability in China.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. Manifestations and patterns of village abandonment in mountains of China from a dynamic perspective. GeoJournal 2019, 86, 93 -108.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yuan Wang, Bidan Gao, Zudeng Weng, Ying Tian. Manifestations and patterns of village abandonment in mountains of China from a dynamic perspective. GeoJournal. 2019; 86 (1):93-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yuan Wang; Bidan Gao; Zudeng Weng; Ying Tian. 2019. "Manifestations and patterns of village abandonment in mountains of China from a dynamic perspective." GeoJournal 86, no. 1: 93-108.

Research article
Published: 19 March 2019 in Land Degradation & Development
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In recent decades, village abandonment as a result of migration from rural areas constitutes a serious socioeconomic problem in China and many other developing countries. The aim of this study is to identify the drivers of village abandonment in the mountainous areas of Southeast China. Pucheng County was selected as the study case. A conceptual framework for the primary drivers of village abandonment was established to link rural depopulation, farmland abandonment, and house abandonment, which are three integral parts of village abandonment. Results show that the intense rural‐urban migration propelled by new urban economic opportunities is the most significant driver of sparse rural population distribution, though this does not usually result in the straightforward abandonment of villages. Instead, the scarcity of public services in mountainous villages is a decisive factor in local resettlement and resultant village abandonment. Limited school access and a demand for high‐quality education is the foremost and most immediate motivation for rural–town migration and resettlement in townships, which directly leads to the substantial abandonment of mountainous settlements. Additionally, isolation, higher transportation costs, and non‐viability of traditional subsistence agriculture are minor drivers which are interwoven, aggravating the abandonment of remote villages. Our study highlights the aggregated characteristics of village abandonment, heterogeneity of rural emigration and its corresponding primary drivers. These findings will have significant policy implications for decision‐makers by helping to identify areas with a high probability of village abandonment, and predict the future magnitude of intra‐county migration and subsequent In situ urbanization.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yusheng Yang; Qichun Yang; Jing Hong. What is driving the abandonment of villages in the mountains of Southeast China? Land Degradation & Development 2019, 30, 1183 -1192.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yaoqi Zhang, Yusheng Yang, Qichun Yang, Jing Hong. What is driving the abandonment of villages in the mountains of Southeast China? Land Degradation & Development. 2019; 30 (10):1183-1192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yusheng Yang; Qichun Yang; Jing Hong. 2019. "What is driving the abandonment of villages in the mountains of Southeast China?" Land Degradation & Development 30, no. 10: 1183-1192.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2015 in Sustainability
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Collapsed gully erosion constantly plagues the sustainability of rural areas in China. To control collapsed gully erosion, an ecological and economic approach, which uses tree plantation to gain economic benefits and control soil erosion, has been widely applied by local governments in Southern China. However, little is known about the economic feasibility of this new method. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and economic benefits of the new method. Based on a case study in Changting County, Southeast China, two farms were selected to represent a timber tree plantation and a fruit tree plantation, respectively. The Annual Capital Capitalization Method and Return on Investment (ROI) were selected to conduct cost-benefit analysis. In contrast to previous studies, we found that the new approach was far from economic. The value of the newly-built forestland in Sanzhou Village and Tufang Village is 2738 RMB ha−1 and 5477 RMB ha−1,respectively, which are extremely lower than the costs of ecological restoration. Meanwhile, the annual ROI is −3.60% and −8.90%, respectively, which is negative and also far poorer than the average value of forestry in China. The costs of conservation were substantially over the related economic benefits, and the investors would suffer from greater loss if they invested more in the conservation. Low-cost terraces with timber trees had less economic loss compared with the costly terraces with fruit tree plantation. Moreover, the cost efficiency of the new approaches in soil conservation was also greatly poorer than the conventional method. The costs of conserving one ton soil per year for conventional method, new method for planting timber trees, and planting fruit trees were 164 RMB, 696 RMB, and 11,664 RMB, respectively. Therefore, the new collapsed gully erosion control methods are uneconomic and unsuitable to be widely carried out in China in the near future.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Qichun Yang. Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic? Sustainability 2015, 7, 10308 -10323.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yaoqi Zhang, Yecheng Xu, Qichun Yang. Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic? Sustainability. 2015; 7 (8):10308-10323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yaoqi Zhang; Yecheng Xu; Qichun Yang. 2015. "Is the “Ecological and Economic Approach for the Restoration of Collapsed Gullies” in Southern China Really Economic?" Sustainability 7, no. 8: 10308-10323.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2010 in Ambio
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This article uses a case study in Southeast China to demonstrate how the substantial changes in rural livelihoods have been driven by a combination of “pull” forces from external economic development, and “push” forces from local areas, leading to a shift in rural household economic activities: household outmigration and de-population of the countryside, changes in energy consumption, and most importantly, changes in land uses and eventually, ecological restoration. Such dramatic changes are becoming common across the Chinese countryside. It is pointed out that economic development has generally caused a deterioration of the environment at least at the early period of economic growth, but the positive impacts, especially in some ecosystem in rural areas, have become more apparent.

ACS Style

Chengchao Wang; Yusheng Yang; Yaoqi Zhang. Economic Development, Rural livelihoods, and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China. Ambio 2010, 40, 78 -87.

AMA Style

Chengchao Wang, Yusheng Yang, Yaoqi Zhang. Economic Development, Rural livelihoods, and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China. Ambio. 2010; 40 (1):78-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chengchao Wang; Yusheng Yang; Yaoqi Zhang. 2010. "Economic Development, Rural livelihoods, and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China." Ambio 40, no. 1: 78-87.