Turkey is the leading producer and exporter of hazelnuts, producing approximately 64% of global hazelnut production. This research investigated the effects of cultivars and altitude on the phenolic, antioxidant, and fatty acid compositions of five hazelnut cultivars grown at three different altitudes, 100 m, 350 m, and 800 m, in Ordu province, one of the territories that produce the most hazelnuts. The results showed that the cultivar and location significantly affected phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and fatty acid (FA) content. The lowest (2.30 mg/kg-Yağlı) and highest (21.11 mg/kg-Kara) gallic acids were obtained at 100 m. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in the nuts grown at 350 m in the Kara and Palaz cultivars, at 100 m in the Yağlı and Sivri cultivars, and at 800 m in the Çakıldak cultivar. Oleic acid was the predominant FA in the cultivars and possessed a diverse trend according to the altitude and cultivar, ranging from 76.04% to 84.80%, increasing with altitude in all cultivars except Çakıldak. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated FA followed by stearic acid, which significantly varied according to the elevations. This study suggests that the responses of hazelnuts to altitude depend on the cultivar; hence, a proper approach to producing nuts containing more phenolic, fatty acids, and antioxidant activity includes choosing a suitable cultivar for a specific elevation.

The definition of the volatile organic compounds profile of the plants is an important tool for food quality and authenticity assessment. The aim of this study was to the quantitative determination of volatile compounds of the three plants Artemisia campestris L. subsp. glutinosa, Lavandula angustifolia Mill., and Zingiber officinale rosch. using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). Thirty-three volatile compounds were determined in the application of SPME/GC-MS. α-Curcumene (%34.41), eucalyptol (%20.91), was characterized as a major volatile compound in the ginger Zingiber officinale rosch. plant extract. For Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa, camphor (31.78), and α-Thujone (16.82) was found as the most abundant volatile compounds. Besides eucalyptol (15.10), and linalool (11.98) were detected as major volatile compounds in the Lavandula angustifolia Mill. plant extract.

Concentrated cream (CC) is a dairy product containing more than 60% milk fat. CC has a very short shelf life because it is made from unripe cream. The present study aims to determine how packaging with reducing gas (H₂) and nitrogen (N₂) affects the quality properties and shelf life of CC. For this purpose, lipolysis, oxidation, color, microbiological, and free fatty acid development and the fatty acid composition of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) CC samples were studied for 28 days. For MAP1, 96% N₂ + 4% H₂ was used, and for MAP2, 100% N₂ and air was used for the control group. During storage, MAP1 samples remained at lower lipolysis (ADV and FFA) and oxidation levels than MAP2 and the control group. The MAP1 and MAP2 methods preserved the color of the samples and reduced the microbial growth rate. A lower formation of free fatty acids was observed in the samples packed with MAP1 and MAP2 than in the control group. The results showed that hydrogen gas positively affected the quality and storage time of samples.

Herby cheese produced in the Province of Siirt is one of the Turkish cheese varieties. The special parameters applied during the production stages give Siirt Herby cheese unique taste properties. The proteolytic, lipolytic, and electrophoretic parameters of Siirt Herby cheese samples were evaluated. The mean values of water-soluble nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid-soluble nitrogen, and phosphotungstic acid-soluble nitrogen of Siirt Herby cheese samples were 9.49±2.66%, 6.33±2.39%, and 1.48±0.71%, respectively. The mean values of free amino group and lipolysis levels were established as 61.97±30.84 mM glycine, and 6.00±2.32 ADV, respectively. The electrophoretic analysis showed that sheep milk was more preferable for Siirt Herby cheese production.

Mushrooms are popular food for a long time because of their high nutritional value and many pharmaceutical properties. In that context, analyzing the contents and some antioxidant properties of three wild edible mushrooms, Paxina queletii, Chlorophyllum agaricoides, and Mycenastrum corium, is important in terms of emphasizing the values of these species in nutrition. For this propose, firstly total phenolic and flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activities were assayed. Then, quantitative analysis of phenolic and volatile compounds was performed by HPLC and GC-MS. The findings of the study revealed that Mycenastrum corium has the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content with the amount of 4.17 mg GAE/g and 1.58 mg QE/g respectively. However, DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+ radical scavenging activities of C. agaricoides were found higher with the IC50 values of 20.0 µg/mL and 6.4 µg/mL. Chromatographic analysis revealed that 5 alcohols, 14 aldehydes and ketones, 2 esters, 17 alkanes-heterocyclic compounds, and 4 acids were the major contributors of the antioxidant activities of the extracts. Regarding HPLC analysis, gallic acid, naringin and trans-cinnamic were found to be major phenolic compounds available for three species.

Tip 2 diyabet (T2DM), vücudun insülin hormonunu etkili bir şekilde kullanamamasıyla karakterize edilen ve yüksek kan şekeri seviyelerine yol açan kronik bir metabolik hastalıktır. Süt, T2DM yönetiminde olumlu etkileri olduğu belirtilen önemli besin bileşenleri bakımından zengin bir kaynaktır. Sütte kaynaklı biyoaktif bileşenler, süt proteinlerinden, yağlarından ve diğer bileşenlerinden türeyen, vücutta çeşitli biyolojik aktiviteler gösteren ve sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkiler sağlayan moleküllerdir. Bu bileşenler (proteinler, peptitler, yağ asitleri), süt ürünlerinin tüketimi sırasında ya da süt proteinlerinin sindirilmesi ve hidroliz edilmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son dönemde yapılan müdahale çalışmaları, süt kaynaklı biyoaktif proteinlerin, peptitlerin ve yağ asitlerinin T2DM'nin önlenmesi ve yönetiminde yararlı etkiler sağladığını göstermektedir. Süt biyoaktif bileşenleri arasında kazein, kazein türevi peptitler, peynir altı suyu proteinleri ve peynir altı suyu proteini türevi peptitler yer almaktadır. Bu biyoaktif bileşenler, çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla anti-diyabetik etkiler göstermektedir. Bu mekanizmalar arasında insülin duyarlılığının artırılması, glukoz metabolizmasının düzenlenmesi ve inflamasyonun azaltılması yer almaktadır. İnsanlarda gerçekleştirilen müdahale çalışmaları sonucunda, süt kaynaklı bu biyoaktif bileşenlerin açlık kan şekeri seviyelerini düşürdüğünü ve insülin duyarlılığını artırdığı ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu çalışma, sütten elde edilen biyoaktif bileşiklerin (proteinler, peptitler ve yağ asitleri) anti-diyabetik etkilerini ve bu bileşiklerin T2DM yönetimindeki etki mekanizmalarını inceleyen güncel çalışmaları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almaktadır. Böylece, süt biyoaktif bileşenlerinin T2DM üzerindeki potansiyel faydaları ve klinik uygulamaları hakkında bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.