Pentacene is a well-known conjugated organic molecule with high mobility and a sensitive photo response. It is widely used in electronic devices, such as in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photodetectors, and smart sensors. With the development of flexible and wearable electronics, the deposition of good-quality pentacene films in large-scale organic electronics at the industrial level has drawn more research attention. Several methods are used to deposit pentacene thin films. The thermal evaporation technique is the most frequently used method for depositing thin films, as it has low contamination rates and a well-controlled deposition rate. Solution-processable methods such as spin coating, dip coating, and inkjet printing have also been widely studied because they enable large-scale deposition and low-cost fabrication of devices. This review summarizes the deposition principles and control parameters of each deposition method for pentacene and its derivatives. Each method is discussed in terms of experimentation and theory. Based on film quality and device performance, the review also provides a comparison of each method to provide recommendations for specific device applications.

Iron oxide nanoparticles are one of the nanocarriers that are suitable for novel drug delivery systems due to low toxicity, biocompatibility, loading capacity, and controlled drug delivery to cancer cells. The purpose of the present study is the synthesis of coated iron oxide nanoparticles for the delivery of sorafenib (SFB) and its effects on cancer cells. In this study, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and then sorafenib was loaded onto PEG@Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. FTIR was used to ensure polyethylene glycol (PEG) binding to nanoparticles and loading the drug onto the nanoshells. A comparison of the mean size and the crystalline structure of nanoparticles was performed by TEM, DLS, and X-ray diffraction patterns. Then, cell viability was obtained by the MTT assay for 3T3 and HepG2 cell lines. According to FT-IR results, the presence of O–H and C–H bands at 3427 cm^–1 and 1420 cm^–1 peak correlate with PEG binding to nanoparticles. XRD pattern showed the cubic spinel structure of trapped magnetite nanoparticles carrying medium. The magnetic properties of nanoparticles were examined by a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). IC₅₀ values at 72 h for treatment with carriers of Fe₃O₄@PEG nanoparticle for the HepG2 cell line was 15.78 μg/mL (p < 0.05). This study showed that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated by polyethylene glycol and using them in the drug delivery process could be beneficial for increasing the effect of sorafenib on cancer cells.

Although metallic nanocatalysts such as palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) are known to possess higher catalytic activity due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, however, in nanosize greatly reducing their activity due to aggregation. To overcome this challenge, superparamagnetic chitosan-coated manganese ferrite was successfully prepared and used as a support for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles to overcome the above-mentioned challenge. The Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity in 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroaniline reductions, with respective turnover frequencies of 357.1 min⁻¹ and 571.4 min⁻¹, respectively. The catalyst can also be recovered easily by magnetic separation after each reaction. Additionally, the Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ catalyst performed well in the reductive deprotection of allyl carbamate. Coating the catalyst with chitosan reduced the Pd leaching and its cytotoxicity. Therefore, the catalytic activity of Pd-Chit@MnFe₂O₄ was proven to be unrestricted in biology conditions.

An optical sensor-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor was demonstrated for sensitive and selective chlorophyll detection through the integration of amino-functionalized carbon quantum dots (NCQD) and triangle silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The additions of amino groups to the CQD enhance the detection of chlorophyll through electrostatic interactions. AgNPs-NCQD composite was fabricated on the surface of the silanized glass slide using the self-assembly technique. The experimental results showed that the AgNPs-NCQD film-based LSPR sensor detects better than AgNPs and AgNPs-CQD films with a good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9835). AgNPs-NCQD showed a high sensitivity response of 2.23 nm ppm⁻¹. The detection and quantification limits of AgNPs-NCQD are 1.03 ppm and 3.40 ppm, respectively, in the range of 0.05 to 6 ppm. Throughout this study, no significant interference was observed among the other ionic species (NO₂⁻, PO₄⁻, NH₄⁺, and Fe³⁺). This study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed sensor (AgNPs-NCQD) as a sensing material for chlorophyll detection in oceans.

This paper demonstrates carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with triangular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the sensing materials of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors for chlorophyll detection. The CQDs and AgNPs were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal process and a direct chemical reduction process, respectively. FTIR analysis shows that a CQD consists of NH₂, OH, and COOH functional groups. The appearance of C=O and NH₂ at 399.5 eV and 529.6 eV in XPS analysis indicates that functional groups are available for adsorption sites for chlorophyll interaction. A AgNP–CQD composite was coated on the glass slide surface using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) as a coupling agent and acted as the active sensing layer for chlorophyll detection. In LSPR sensing, the linear response detection for AgNP–CQD demonstrates R² = 0.9581 and a sensitivity of 0.80 nm ppm⁻¹, with a detection limit of 4.71 ppm ranging from 0.2 to 10.0 ppm. Meanwhile, a AgNP shows a linear response of R² = 0.1541 and a sensitivity of 0.25 nm ppm⁻¹, with the detection limit of 52.76 ppm upon exposure to chlorophyll. Based on these results, the AgNP–CQD composite shows a better linearity response and a higher sensitivity than bare AgNPs when exposed to chlorophyll, highlighting the potential of AgNP–CQD as a sensing material in this study.

A simple technique of seed-mediated growth has been successfully performed to grow anisotropy gold nanoparticles on solid substrates. The growth of the gold nanoparticles has been carried out in the presence of a binary surfactant mixture of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide with two different molecular weights of a capping agent, namely polyvinylpyrrolidone: 40,000 and 55,000. In this study, the effect of process parameters, growth time and molecular weight of capping agent was investigated. The growth time shows a significant impact on the shape and size of nanoparticles. The shorter growth time produced small spherical to square-like shape particles, whereas bigger particles including nanorods, nanosquares and nanotriangles were formed with longer growth time. The shape controlling agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone, was used to synthesis gold nanoparticles. It was found that monodisperse gold nanoparticles with uniform shape and size are hardly obtained when polyvinylpyrrolidone 40,000 was used as capping agent. Polyvinylpyrrolidone 55,000 produced more uniform shape and size of gold nanoparticles. Thus, these process parameters were found affected to the size, shape, surface density and uniformity of gold nanoparticles. This sample was further applied as a sensing material in the detection of toxic fungicide, namely chlorothalonil. The sensitivity of the sensor system was determined by the changes in peak positions and intensities of the transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance peaks on different medium, that is, air, deionized water and chlorothalonil solution. The sensor response of gold nanoparticles thin film in 30 mM chlorothalonil showed two resonance peaks in comparison to the control experiment without gold nanoparticle thin film. The gold nanoparticles thin film sensor was successfully synthesized and potentially useful as a sensing material for fungicide detection.