This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
A novel framework is presented that aims to guide practitioners and decision makers toward a better understanding of the role of nature-based solutions (NBS) in the enhancement of resources management in cities, and the mainstreaming of NBS in the urban fabric. Existing frameworks describing the use of NBS to address urban challenges do not specifically consider circularity challenges. Thus, the new framework provides the following: (1) a comprehensive set of Urban Circularity Challenges (UCCs); (2) a set of more than fifty NBS units and NBS interventions thoroughly assessed in terms of their potential to address UCCs; and (3) an analysis of input and output resource streams, which are both required for and produced during operation of NBS. The new framework aims to facilitate the coupling of individual NBS units and NBS interventions with NBS that enable circular economy solutions.
Guenter Langergraber; Joana A. C. Castellar; Bernhard Pucher; Gösta F. M. Baganz; Dragan Milosevic; Maria-Beatrice Andreucci; Katharina Kearney; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Nataša Atanasova. A Framework for Addressing Circularity Challenges in Cities with Nature-Based Solutions. Water 2021, 13, 2355 .
AMA StyleGuenter Langergraber, Joana A. C. Castellar, Bernhard Pucher, Gösta F. M. Baganz, Dragan Milosevic, Maria-Beatrice Andreucci, Katharina Kearney, Rocío Pineda-Martos, Nataša Atanasova. A Framework for Addressing Circularity Challenges in Cities with Nature-Based Solutions. Water. 2021; 13 (17):2355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuenter Langergraber; Joana A. C. Castellar; Bernhard Pucher; Gösta F. M. Baganz; Dragan Milosevic; Maria-Beatrice Andreucci; Katharina Kearney; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Nataša Atanasova. 2021. "A Framework for Addressing Circularity Challenges in Cities with Nature-Based Solutions." Water 13, no. 17: 2355.
A framework developed by the COST Action Circular City (an EU-funded network of 500+ scientists from 40+ countries; COST = Cooperation in Science and Technology) for addressing Urban Circularity Challenges (UCCs) with nature-based solutions (NBSs) was analyzed by various urban sectors which refer to different fields of activities for circular management of resources in cities (i.e., reducing use of resources and production of waste). The urban sectors comprise the built environment, urban water management, resource recovery, and urban farming. We present main findings from sector analyses, discuss different sector perspectives, and show ways to overcome these differences. The results reveal the potential of NBSs to address multiple sectors, as well as multiple UCCs. While water has been identified as a key element when using NBSs in the urban environment, most NBSs are interconnected and also present secondary benefits for other resources. Using representative examples, we discuss how a holistic and systemic approach could facilitate the circular use of resources in cities. Currently, there is often a disciplinary focus on one resource when applying NBSs. The full potential of NBSs to address multifunctionality is, thus, usually not fully accounted for. On the basis of our results, we conclude that experts from various disciplines can engage in a cross-sectoral exchange and identify the full potential of NBSs to recover resources in circular cities and provide secondary benefits to improve the livelihood for locals. This is an important first step toward the full multifunctionality potential enabling of NBSs.
Guenter Langergraber; Joana A. C. Castellar; Theis Raaschou Andersen; Maria-Beatrice Andreucci; Gösta F. M. Baganz; Gianluigi Buttiglieri; Alba Canet-Martí; Pedro N. Carvalho; David C. Finger; Tjaša Griessler Bulc; Ranka Junge; Boldizsár Megyesi; Dragan Milošević; Hasan Volkan Oral; David Pearlmutter; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Bernhard Pucher; Eric D. van Hullebusch; Nataša Atanasova. Towards a Cross-Sectoral View of Nature-Based Solutions for Enabling Circular Cities. Water 2021, 13, 2352 .
AMA StyleGuenter Langergraber, Joana A. C. Castellar, Theis Raaschou Andersen, Maria-Beatrice Andreucci, Gösta F. M. Baganz, Gianluigi Buttiglieri, Alba Canet-Martí, Pedro N. Carvalho, David C. Finger, Tjaša Griessler Bulc, Ranka Junge, Boldizsár Megyesi, Dragan Milošević, Hasan Volkan Oral, David Pearlmutter, Rocío Pineda-Martos, Bernhard Pucher, Eric D. van Hullebusch, Nataša Atanasova. Towards a Cross-Sectoral View of Nature-Based Solutions for Enabling Circular Cities. Water. 2021; 13 (17):2352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuenter Langergraber; Joana A. C. Castellar; Theis Raaschou Andersen; Maria-Beatrice Andreucci; Gösta F. M. Baganz; Gianluigi Buttiglieri; Alba Canet-Martí; Pedro N. Carvalho; David C. Finger; Tjaša Griessler Bulc; Ranka Junge; Boldizsár Megyesi; Dragan Milošević; Hasan Volkan Oral; David Pearlmutter; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Bernhard Pucher; Eric D. van Hullebusch; Nataša Atanasova. 2021. "Towards a Cross-Sectoral View of Nature-Based Solutions for Enabling Circular Cities." Water 13, no. 17: 2352.
Water in the city is typically exploited in a linear process, in which most of it is polluted, treated, and discharged; during this process, valuable nutrients are lost in the treatment process instead of being cycled back and used in urban agriculture or green space. The purpose of this paper is to advance a new paradigm to close water cycles in cities via the implementation of nature-based solutions units (NBS_u), with a particular focus on building greening elements, such as green roofs (GRs) and vertical greening systems (VGS). The hypothesis is that such “circular systems” can provide substantial ecosystem services and minimize environmental degradation. Our method is twofold: we first examine these systems from a life-cycle point of view, assessing not only the inputs of conventional and alternative materials, but the ongoing input of water that is required for irrigation. Secondly, the evapotranspiration performance of VGS in Copenhagen, Berlin, Lisbon, Rome, Istanbul, and Tel Aviv, cities with different climatic, architectural, and sociocultural contexts have been simulated using a verticalized ET0 approach, assessing rainwater runoff and greywater as irrigation resources. The water cycling performance of VGS in the mentioned cities would be sufficient at recycling 44% (Lisbon) to 100% (Berlin, Istanbul) of all accruing rainwater roof–runoff, if water shortages in dry months are bridged by greywater. Then, 27–53% of the greywater accruing in a building could be managed on its greened surface. In conclusion, we address the gaps in the current knowledge and policies identified in the different stages of analyses, such as the lack of comprehensive life cycle assessment studies that quantify the complete “water footprint” of building greening systems.
David Pearlmutter; Bernhard Pucher; Cristina S. C. Calheiros; Karin A. Hoffmann; Andreas Aicher; Pedro Pinho; Alessandro Stracqualursi; Alisa Korolova; Alma Pobric; Ana Galvão; Ayça Tokuç; Bilge Bas; Dimitra Theochari; Dragan Milosevic; Emanuela Giancola; Gaetano Bertino; Joana A. C. Castellar; Julia Flaszynska; Makbulenur Onur; Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo; Maria Beatrice Andreucci; Maria Milousi; Mariana Fonseca; Sara Di Lonardo; Veronika Gezik; Ulrike Pitha; Thomas Nehls. Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs. Water 2021, 13, 2165 .
AMA StyleDavid Pearlmutter, Bernhard Pucher, Cristina S. C. Calheiros, Karin A. Hoffmann, Andreas Aicher, Pedro Pinho, Alessandro Stracqualursi, Alisa Korolova, Alma Pobric, Ana Galvão, Ayça Tokuç, Bilge Bas, Dimitra Theochari, Dragan Milosevic, Emanuela Giancola, Gaetano Bertino, Joana A. C. Castellar, Julia Flaszynska, Makbulenur Onur, Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo, Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Maria Milousi, Mariana Fonseca, Sara Di Lonardo, Veronika Gezik, Ulrike Pitha, Thomas Nehls. Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Pearlmutter; Bernhard Pucher; Cristina S. C. Calheiros; Karin A. Hoffmann; Andreas Aicher; Pedro Pinho; Alessandro Stracqualursi; Alisa Korolova; Alma Pobric; Ana Galvão; Ayça Tokuç; Bilge Bas; Dimitra Theochari; Dragan Milosevic; Emanuela Giancola; Gaetano Bertino; Joana A. C. Castellar; Julia Flaszynska; Makbulenur Onur; Mari Carmen Garcia Mateo; Maria Beatrice Andreucci; Maria Milousi; Mariana Fonseca; Sara Di Lonardo; Veronika Gezik; Ulrike Pitha; Thomas Nehls. 2021. "Closing Water Cycles in the Built Environment through Nature-Based Solutions: The Contribution of Vertical Greening Systems and Green Roofs." Water 13, no. 16: 2165.
Vertical greenery systems (VGS) are promoted as a nature-based solution to mitigate the urban heat island effect. In order to ensure the long-term provision of this function, sufficiently available irrigation water is the key element. Currently, potable water is one of the main resources for irrigation of VGS. While rainwater is often mentioned as an alternative, only a few studies investigate the actual application of rainwater for irrigation. In this study a conceptual model is developed to present the processes and influencing factors for a holistic investigation of rainwater use for irrigation. In this model, five sub-modules are identified: the atmospheric, hydraulic, quality, rainwater harvesting and VGS sub-module. The conceptual model depicts which processes and influencing factors are involved in the water demand of VGS. Thus, the conceptual model supports a holistic understanding of the interrelations between the identified sub-modules and their relevance for VGS irrigation with harvested rainwater. The results of this study support the implementation of rainwater harvesting as a sustainable resource for VGS irrigation.
Flora Prenner; Bernhard Pucher; Irene Zluwa; Ulrike Pitha; Guenter Langergraber. Rainwater Use for Vertical Greenery Systems: Development of a Conceptual Model for a Better Understanding of Processes and Influencing Factors. Water 2021, 13, 1860 .
AMA StyleFlora Prenner, Bernhard Pucher, Irene Zluwa, Ulrike Pitha, Guenter Langergraber. Rainwater Use for Vertical Greenery Systems: Development of a Conceptual Model for a Better Understanding of Processes and Influencing Factors. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlora Prenner; Bernhard Pucher; Irene Zluwa; Ulrike Pitha; Guenter Langergraber. 2021. "Rainwater Use for Vertical Greenery Systems: Development of a Conceptual Model for a Better Understanding of Processes and Influencing Factors." Water 13, no. 13: 1860.
Cities worldwide are facing a number of serious challenges including population growth, resource depletion, climate change, and degradation of ecosystems. To cope with these challenges, the transformation of our cities into sustainable systems using a holistic approach is required. The pathway to this urban transition is adopting the concept of circular economy for resource management. In this way, resources are kept and reused within the city. Nature-based solutions can be implemented for these tasks, and besides the circularity, they can provide additional benefits for the urbanites and the urban environment in general. This paper describes which urban challenges related to circularity can be addressed through nature-based solutions. This systematic review was developed within the COST Action CA17133 Circular City that investigates how nature-based solutions can be used to progress the circular economy in the urban built environment.
Nataša Atanasova; Joana A.C. Castellar; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Chrysanthy Elisabeth Nika; Evina Katsou; Darja Istenič; Bernhard Pucher; Maria Beatrice Andreucci; Guenter Langergraber. Nature-Based Solutions and Circularity in Cities. Circular Economy and Sustainability 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleNataša Atanasova, Joana A.C. Castellar, Rocío Pineda-Martos, Chrysanthy Elisabeth Nika, Evina Katsou, Darja Istenič, Bernhard Pucher, Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Guenter Langergraber. Nature-Based Solutions and Circularity in Cities. Circular Economy and Sustainability. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNataša Atanasova; Joana A.C. Castellar; Rocío Pineda-Martos; Chrysanthy Elisabeth Nika; Evina Katsou; Darja Istenič; Bernhard Pucher; Maria Beatrice Andreucci; Guenter Langergraber. 2021. "Nature-Based Solutions and Circularity in Cities." Circular Economy and Sustainability , no. : 1-14.
Clogging in vertical flow (VF) wetlands is an important process influencing water purification processes. The main contributing factors are the growth of microorganisms within the filter media, the accumulation of suspended solids on top of the wetland, as well as within the filter media. Both processes lead to a decrease of the available pore space, hence changing the soil’s hydraulic properties. This will alter the water flow and cause malfunctioning of the system. This paper summarizes the state of the art of the prevailing physical, biological and chemical processes influencing clogging in VF wetlands. Different design and operational parameters are discussed to give a better understanding on their influence to prevent malfunctioning. Based on a literature review, a detailed overview on experimental as well as modelling studies carried out is presented. The main conclusions are that on the one hand, important insights on clogging processes in VF wetlands have been gained but, on the other hand, design parameters such as intermittent loading operation and the grain size of the filter media are not well represented in those studies. Clogging models use different conceptual approaches ranging from black box models to process based models.
Bernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. The State of the Art of Clogging in Vertical Flow Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 2400 .
AMA StyleBernhard Pucher, Guenter Langergraber. The State of the Art of Clogging in Vertical Flow Wetlands. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2400.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. 2019. "The State of the Art of Clogging in Vertical Flow Wetlands." Water 11, no. 11: 2400.
The main approach for designing vertical flow (VF) treatment wetlands is based on areal requirements ranging from 2 to 4 m2 per person equivalent (PE). Other design parameters are the granularity of the filter material, filter depth, hydraulic and organic loading rates, loading intervals, amount of single doses as well as the number of openings in the distribution pipes. The influence of these parameters is investigated by running simulations using the HYDRUS Wetland Module for three VF wetlands with different granularity of the filter material (0.06–4 mm, 1–4 mm, and 4–8 mm, respectively). For each VF wetland, simulations are carried out at different temperatures for different organic loading rates, loading intervals and number of distribution points. Using coarser filter material results in reduced removal of pollutants and higher effluent concentrations if VF wetlands are operated under the same conditions. However, the treatment efficiency can be increased by applying more loadings and/or a higher density of the distribution network. For finer filter material, longer loading intervals are suggested to guarantee sufficient aeration of the VF filter between successive loadings.
Bernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. Influence of design parameters on the treatment performance of VF wetlands – a simulation study. Water Science and Technology 2019, 80, 265 -273.
AMA StyleBernhard Pucher, Guenter Langergraber. Influence of design parameters on the treatment performance of VF wetlands – a simulation study. Water Science and Technology. 2019; 80 (2):265-273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. 2019. "Influence of design parameters on the treatment performance of VF wetlands – a simulation study." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 2: 265-273.
Airport surface runoff during wintertime contains high concentrations of pavement de-icing fluids (PDFs). Uncontrolled discharge of this runoff poses a potential environmental hazard for the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Several technologies for collection, transportation and treatment of contaminated runoff water are available, mainly technical systems, which require high operation and maintenance efforts. For moderately contaminated runoff, the discharge to a wastewater treatment plant is usually applied. In this study, a passive soil-based filter is proposed to treat the contaminated surface water runoff. The degradation of two PDFs was under investigation, namely Safeway® KA-Hot based on potassium acetate, and urea. The main research objective was to determine the capability of the in-situ soil and a soil based filter using zeolite and perlite as additional filter media to degrade the organic pollutants in the runoff. Column experiments at temperatures between 3 °C and 5 °C were carried out to determine the degradation potential when using 50% in-situ soil mixed with zeolite and perlite. Besides TOC, the nitrogen degradation was also under investigation. Due to the low temperatures, available nutrients are a key factor for the TOC degrading microorganisms. Overall TOC reduction rates were found from 76% up to 98%, with TOC effluent concentrations in the range of 18 to 870 mg·L−1, depending on the influent concentration. Based on the results, the use of a soil-based filter is a promising, passive, natural based solution for the treatment of de-icing runoff.
A. Pressl; B. Pucher; B. Scharf; Guenter Langergraber. Treatment of de-icing contaminated surface water runoff along an airport runway using in-situ soil enriched with structural filter materials. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 660, 321 -328.
AMA StyleA. Pressl, B. Pucher, B. Scharf, Guenter Langergraber. Treatment of de-icing contaminated surface water runoff along an airport runway using in-situ soil enriched with structural filter materials. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 660 ():321-328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Pressl; B. Pucher; B. Scharf; Guenter Langergraber. 2018. "Treatment of de-icing contaminated surface water runoff along an airport runway using in-situ soil enriched with structural filter materials." Science of The Total Environment 660, no. : 321-328.
In Austria, single-stage vertical flow (VF) wetlands with intermittent loading are a state-of-the-art technology for treating domestic wastewater. They are designed according to the Austrian design standard with a specific surface area of 4 m2 per person (i.e. 20 g COD/(m2·d)) and thus demand a bigger amount of land to treat the same amount of wastewater compared to intensified technical treatment systems. In order to reduce the amount of land needed, a modified design for VF wetlands has been proposed. The modified design has a specific surface area of 2.5 m2 per person (i.e. 32 g COD/(m2·d)) and it has been shown to be able to meet the Austrian effluent requirements. To allow higher organic loading, more loadings per day but lower volume of a single loading, a constant loading interval, and increased number of openings per m2 are applied. A simulation study using the HYDRUS Wetland Module was carried out to compare the treatment efficiencies of single-stage VF wetlands with classical and modified design. Data from a classical Austrian single-stage VF wetland was used for calibration of the model using the standard parameter set for the CW2D biokinetic model. The influent COD fractionation was calibrated to adapt to the wastewater. The simulations showed a good performance of the modified design compared to a classical VF wetland for COD removal with COD effluent concentrations in winter (effluent water temperature of 4.5 °C) of 35 and 29 mg/L, respectively. The simulation study showed that during high-loading events the VF wetland with modified design has lower maximum NH4-N effluent concentrations. Single-stage VF wetlands with modified design seem to be very effective and allow application of higher organic loads compared to single-stage VF wetlands with classical design.
Alba Canet Martí; Bernhard Pucher; Carmen Hernández-Crespo; Miguel Martín Monerris; Guenter Langergraber. Numerical simulation of vertical flow wetlands with special emphasis on treatment performance during winter. Water Science and Technology 2018, 78, 2019 -2026.
AMA StyleAlba Canet Martí, Bernhard Pucher, Carmen Hernández-Crespo, Miguel Martín Monerris, Guenter Langergraber. Numerical simulation of vertical flow wetlands with special emphasis on treatment performance during winter. Water Science and Technology. 2018; 78 (9):2019-2026.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlba Canet Martí; Bernhard Pucher; Carmen Hernández-Crespo; Miguel Martín Monerris; Guenter Langergraber. 2018. "Numerical simulation of vertical flow wetlands with special emphasis on treatment performance during winter." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 9: 2019-2026.
Um den Auswirkungen des Klimawandels in urbanen Gebieten wie Starkniederschläge und Bildung von Hitzeinseln entgegenzuwirken, sind für die Siedlungswasserwirtschaft neue Konzepte nötig. Dabei spielt der Begriff „Grüne Infrastruktur (GI)“ eine ganz zentrale Rolle. Dachbegrünung, grüne Fassade und bepflanzte Filtersysteme – sogenannte Retentionsfiltersysteme – haben ein hohes Potenzial, Extremereignissen auf lokaler Ebene entgegenzutreten. Konventionelle Entwässerungssysteme zeichnen sich durch das rasche Abführen des Oberflächenabflusses aus, sind jedoch aufgrund der steigenden Regenintensitäten und neu angeschlossenen Flächen oft nicht mehr in der Lage, alles Wasser abzuführen, was zu Überflutung und weiteren Schäden führen kann. Durch GI ist es möglich, den lokalen Wasserhaushalt wieder zu aktivieren und somit das Stadtklima positiv zu beeinflussen. Oberflächenabfluss aus dem Straßenraum ist je nach Nutzungsgrad unterschiedlich stark mit Kontaminanten wie z. B. Schwermetallen verunreinigt und benötigt oft eine Reinigungsstufe, bevor das Wasser in den Grundwasserkörper gelangt oder anderweitig genutzt wird. In dieser Arbeit wird die Prüfung der Eignung von Retentionsfiltersystemen für die Reinigung von Straßenabwässern erörtert. Die Entwicklung von geeigneten Filtermaterialien wird dabei mittels numerischer Simulation unterstützt, um einerseits ein Prozessverständnis solcher Anlagen zu erhalten und andererseits den Entwicklungsprozess zu unterstützen. In order to counteract the effects of climate change in the urban environment, namely intensive rainfall and development of heat islands, new concepts are needed. The main purpose of conventional urban drainage systems such as stormwater- or combined sewer systems is to quickly discharge the stormwater runoff into a receiving water, but due to the increasing amount of connected areas and runoff volume these static systems become more and more prone to flooding. To relief the pressure on the sewer system and more importantly reactivate the local water cycle to provide a better urban climate, green infrastructure (GI) such as green roofs, green facades as well as bioretention filters have proven to be appropriate measures on the local scale. For the infiltration of street runoff not only the volume of water but also the contamination load included has to be respected as the vast amount of infiltration water is recharging the groundwater body. In this study the treatment capabilities of bioretention filters is under investigation. For the experimental setup methods based on the Austrian standards are used and the ongoing development of appropriate filter materials is supported by numerical modelling.
Bernhard Pucher; Roza Allabashi; Magdalena Lukavsky; Alexander Pressl; Thomas Ertl. Dezentrale Versickerung von Straßenabwässern im urbanen/innerstädtischen Raum. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 2018, 70, 588 -594.
AMA StyleBernhard Pucher, Roza Allabashi, Magdalena Lukavsky, Alexander Pressl, Thomas Ertl. Dezentrale Versickerung von Straßenabwässern im urbanen/innerstädtischen Raum. Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft. 2018; 70 (11-12):588-594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Pucher; Roza Allabashi; Magdalena Lukavsky; Alexander Pressl; Thomas Ertl. 2018. "Dezentrale Versickerung von Straßenabwässern im urbanen/innerstädtischen Raum." Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 70, no. 11-12: 588-594.
In this study, the simulation results of four vertical flow wetland systems using the HYDRUS Wetland Module are presented. The four wetland systems comprise three single-stage pilot scale systems and one full-scale two-stage system. The main difference between these systems is the filter media used, referred to as fine media, i.e., sand with a grain size distribution 0.063–4 mm, or coarse media, i.e., sand with grain size distributions between 1–4 mm, respectively. The water-flow simulation of each system is carried out using the single porosity van Genuchten-Mualem model. A good match between measured and simulated volumetric effluent flow rates could be achieved for all wetland systems. For reactive transport simulations, the CW2D biokinetic model was applied. First, simulations were run using the standard CW2D parameter set. For some systems, adjustments of the parameter set were needed in order to avoid unlimited bacteria growth. To better fit measured COD, NH4-N, and NO3-N effluent concentrations, adjustments of few parameters of the standard parameter set were required. The results show that for the VF wetlands with fine sand, no adjustments of the CW2D standard parameter set were needed, while for systems with coarser filter media as the main layer, the standard parameter set had to be adjusted to match simulated and measured effluent concentrations.
Bernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. Simulating vertical flow wetlands using filter media with different grain sizes with the HYDRUS Wetland Module. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 2018, 66, 227 -231.
AMA StyleBernhard Pucher, Guenter Langergraber. Simulating vertical flow wetlands using filter media with different grain sizes with the HYDRUS Wetland Module. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics. 2018; 66 (2):227-231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Pucher; Guenter Langergraber. 2018. "Simulating vertical flow wetlands using filter media with different grain sizes with the HYDRUS Wetland Module." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 2: 227-231.
This simulation study investigates the treatment performance of a compact French vertical flow wetland using a zeolite layer in order to increase ammonium nitrogen removal. For the modelling exercise, the biokinetic model CW2D of the HYDRUS Wetland Module is used. The calibrated model is able to predict the effect of different depths of the zeolite layer on ammonium nitrogen removal in order to optimize the design of the system. For the model calibration, the hydraulic effluent flow rates as well as influent and effluent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4-N have been measured. To model the adsorption capacity of zeolite, Freundlich isotherms have been used. The results present the simulated treatment performance with three different depths of the zeolite layer, 10 cm (default), 15 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The increase of the zeolite layer leads to a significant decrease of the simulated NH4-N effluent concentration.
Bernhard Pucher; Hernán Ruiz; Joëlle Paing; Florent Chazarenc; Pascal Molle; Guenter Langergraber. Using numerical simulation of a one stage vertical flow wetland to optimize the depth of a zeolite layer. Water Science and Technology 2016, 75, 650 -658.
AMA StyleBernhard Pucher, Hernán Ruiz, Joëlle Paing, Florent Chazarenc, Pascal Molle, Guenter Langergraber. Using numerical simulation of a one stage vertical flow wetland to optimize the depth of a zeolite layer. Water Science and Technology. 2016; 75 (3):650-658.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernhard Pucher; Hernán Ruiz; Joëlle Paing; Florent Chazarenc; Pascal Molle; Guenter Langergraber. 2016. "Using numerical simulation of a one stage vertical flow wetland to optimize the depth of a zeolite layer." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 3: 650-658.