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District heating is a well-established system for providing energy efficient space and domestic hot water heating in dwellings in particularly in temperate and cold climate zones. Research have shown that going from the current 3rd generation district heating (3GDH) systems towards 4th generation district heating (4GDH) systems can facilitate a better integration between energy sectors, reduce grid losses and assist the integration of renewable energy sources. This article investigates the economic and energy effects of going from 3GDH to 4GDH for the specific case of Aalborg Municipality, Denmark based on overall hourly energy systems simulations. The analyses include effects from changes in excess heat potentials, changes in grid losses, and changes in efficiencies of conversion units in the district heating. Altogether, the analyses of the Aalborg case reveal that going from 3GDH to 4GDH decreases the primary energy consumption of the entire energy system by around 4.5% and the costs of the system by 2.7%.
Peter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Henrik Lund; Steffen Nielsen; Søren Djørup; Karl Sperling. The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system. Energy 2020, 213, 119030 .
AMA StylePeter Sorknæs, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Henrik Lund, Steffen Nielsen, Søren Djørup, Karl Sperling. The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system. Energy. 2020; 213 ():119030.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Henrik Lund; Steffen Nielsen; Søren Djørup; Karl Sperling. 2020. "The benefits of 4th generation district heating in a 100% renewable energy system." Energy 213, no. : 119030.
This paper addresses economic aspects of heat savings in the context of strategic heat planning. The analysis uses the city of Aalborg, Denmark, as a case where municipalisation through a recent acquisition of a coal-fired cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) plant has made an update of a municipal strategic energy plan necessary. Combining datasets on buildings and insulation techniques with economic methods, we investigate how the local district heating tariff can be adapted to improve the conditions for heat savings and support the transition to lower supply temperatures in line with the requirements of future fourth generation district heating systems. The paper concludes that implementing a fully variable heat tariff scheme improves the financial incentive for heat savings, while also making the system development less vulnerable to fluctuations and shortages in capital markets. The paper supplements existing literature on heat savings with novelty in its approach and in its systematic investigation of the interplay between tariff policies and interest rates.
Søren Djørup; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Poul Alborg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; David Drysdale. District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change. Energies 2020, 13, 1172 .
AMA StyleSøren Djørup, Karl Sperling, Steffen Nielsen, Poul Alborg Østergaard, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Peter Sorknæs, Henrik Lund, David Drysdale. District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change. Energies. 2020; 13 (5):1172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSøren Djørup; Karl Sperling; Steffen Nielsen; Poul Alborg Østergaard; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; David Drysdale. 2020. "District Heating Tariffs, Economic Optimisation and Local Strategies during Radical Technological Change." Energies 13, no. 5: 1172.
This paper introduces the concept of Smart Energy Markets. Sustainable smart energy systems based on renewable energy cannot be implemented without addressing the issue of how to re-design existing electricity and gas markets. Moreover, markets for heating and transport fuels will also be challenged. In recent years, the re-design of the electricity market has attracted a lot of attention and is an area of focus in research. However, the re-design of electricity markets should not be seen isolated from the re-design of other energy markets. By applying a 100% renewable energy system scenario, this paper illustrates and quantifies how future renewable heating, green gas and liquid fuel markets will influence the electricity markets and vice versa. Based on this scenario, it is found that annual average market prices on the future green gas and liquid fuel markets may potentially be affected by the electricity and heating markets by 60–120 EUR/MWh, and the heating, green gas and liquid fuel markets could influence the annual average electricity prices by up to 28 EUR/MWh. The concept of Smart Energy Markets expresses the point that mutual influences become essential in the design of future energy markets facilitating the transition into smart energy systems based on variable renewable energy.
P. Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; I.R. Skov; Søren Roth Djørup; Klaus Skytte; Poul Erik Morthorst; F. Fausto. Smart Energy Markets - Future electricity, gas and heating markets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019, 119, 109655 .
AMA StyleP. Sorknæs, Henrik Lund, I.R. Skov, Søren Roth Djørup, Klaus Skytte, Poul Erik Morthorst, F. Fausto. Smart Energy Markets - Future electricity, gas and heating markets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 119 ():109655.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; I.R. Skov; Søren Roth Djørup; Klaus Skytte; Poul Erik Morthorst; F. Fausto. 2019. "Smart Energy Markets - Future electricity, gas and heating markets." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 119, no. : 109655.
As Europe moves towards renewable energy, hydropower stands out as a renewable technology that can provide supply side flexibility through dispatchable electricity production. Several studies have investigated the flexibility hydropower can provide with a particular focus on the Nordic hydropower resources. Of all European countries, Norway has the largest hydropower resources and storage capacity. However, Norway also has a highly electrified heating sector, which means high electricity demand during winter when reservoirs are low. This paper uses EnergyPLAN to analyse how a shift from individual electric heating to district heating affects the flexibility the Norwegian energy system can provide to Europe. The analysis develops a 2015 reference scenario and two scenarios that introduce district heating based on biomass and heat pumps, respectively. Results show that district heating can decrease the maximum load on dammed hydropower facilities, thus freeing up capacity for potential export. Furthermore, the dammed hydropower facilities are able to balance the electricity demands in all hours of the year. However, the shift to district heating also increases forced export to drain reservoirs as domestic electricity demand is reduced. Also, the amount of import the system is able to handle is decreased under the modelled conditions.
Kristine Askeland; Kristina N. Bozhkova; Peter Sorknæs. Balancing Europe: Can district heating affect the flexibility potential of Norwegian hydropower resources? Renewable Energy 2019, 141, 646 -656.
AMA StyleKristine Askeland, Kristina N. Bozhkova, Peter Sorknæs. Balancing Europe: Can district heating affect the flexibility potential of Norwegian hydropower resources? Renewable Energy. 2019; 141 ():646-656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKristine Askeland; Kristina N. Bozhkova; Peter Sorknæs. 2019. "Balancing Europe: Can district heating affect the flexibility potential of Norwegian hydropower resources?" Renewable Energy 141, no. : 646-656.
Variable renewable electricity sources have been shown to reduce wholesale electricity market prices. This is expected to reduce the incentive for investments in new electricity production capacity, and might even make these investments infeasible, if relying only on the income from trade on the current electricity market paradigms. In this paper, a novel approach for quantifying this effect in future energy systems is developed using a holistic energy system approach. The approach is applied to the case of Denmark in 2015, which is part of the Nordic and Baltic wholesale electricity market Nord Pool Spot. A holistic energy system model is created and verified according to both the Danish energy balance and the Nord Pool Spot system price in 2015. Using this verified model, the Nord Pool Spot system price is quantified at increasing amounts of onshore wind power, offshore wind power and photovoltaic in Denmark. It is found that regardless of which variable renewable electricity source is implemented, including a combination of the three, the Nord Pool Spot system price decreases as the amount of energy produced by these sources increases, and this effect occurs immediately as more is introduced.
Peter Sorknæs; Søren Roth Djørup; Henrik Lund; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. Quantifying the influence of wind power and photovoltaic on future electricity market prices. Energy Conversion and Management 2018, 180, 312 -324.
AMA StylePeter Sorknæs, Søren Roth Djørup, Henrik Lund, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. Quantifying the influence of wind power and photovoltaic on future electricity market prices. Energy Conversion and Management. 2018; 180 ():312-324.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Sorknæs; Søren Roth Djørup; Henrik Lund; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen. 2018. "Quantifying the influence of wind power and photovoltaic on future electricity market prices." Energy Conversion and Management 180, no. : 312-324.
This review article presents a description of contemporary developments and findings related to the different elements needed in future 4th generation district heating systems (4GDH). Unlike the first three generations of district heating, the development of 4GDH involves meeting the challenge of more energy efficient buildings as well as the integration of district heating into a future smart energy system based on renewable energy sources. Following a review of recent 4GDH research, the article quantifies the costs and benefits of 4GDH in future sustainable energy systems. Costs involve an upgrade of heating systems and of the operation of the distribution grids, while benefits are lower grid losses, a better utilization of low-temperature heat sources and improved efficiency in the production compared to previous district heating systems. It is quantified how benefits exceed costs by a safe margin with the benefits of systems integration being the most important.
Henrik Lund; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Miguel Chang; Sven Werner; Svend Svendsen; Peter Sorknæs; Jan Eric Thorsen; Frede Hvelplund; Bent Ole Gram Mortensen; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Carsten Bojesen; Neven Duic; Xiliang Zhang; Bernd Möller. The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results. Energy 2018, 164, 147 -159.
AMA StyleHenrik Lund, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Miguel Chang, Sven Werner, Svend Svendsen, Peter Sorknæs, Jan Eric Thorsen, Frede Hvelplund, Bent Ole Gram Mortensen, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Carsten Bojesen, Neven Duic, Xiliang Zhang, Bernd Möller. The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results. Energy. 2018; 164 ():147-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenrik Lund; Poul Alberg Østergaard; Miguel Chang; Sven Werner; Svend Svendsen; Peter Sorknæs; Jan Eric Thorsen; Frede Hvelplund; Bent Ole Gram Mortensen; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Carsten Bojesen; Neven Duic; Xiliang Zhang; Bernd Möller. 2018. "The status of 4th generation district heating: Research and results." Energy 164, no. : 147-159.
The transition to a 100% renewable energy system based on variable renewable energy raises technical but also institutional questions. The smart energy system concept integrates variable renewable energy by addressing the technical challenges through the integration of different energy sectors, but integration of variable renewable energy also entails a change in the cost structures, especially related to electricity. The effect of this change in cost structures on market prices is investigated. This is done through simulation of a 100% renewable energy system that utilises a large degree of cross-sector integration but maintaining the current electricity market structure. The paper uses a 100% renewable energy system scenario for a 2050 Danish energy system. This is reflected in the use of wind energy as the primary renewable energy source. It is concluded that the current electricity market structure is not able to financially sustain the amounts of wind power necessary for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system. Since earlier research shows that neither electricity production costs nor the total system costs is higher for the renewable path than the fossil-based alternatives, the conclusion in this paper points towards a need for reshaping the institutional structure of electricity trade.
Søren Djørup; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs. The electricity market in a renewable energy system. Energy 2018, 162, 148 -157.
AMA StyleSøren Djørup, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Peter Sorknæs. The electricity market in a renewable energy system. Energy. 2018; 162 ():148-157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSøren Djørup; Jakob Zinck Thellufsen; Peter Sorknæs. 2018. "The electricity market in a renewable energy system." Energy 162, no. : 148-157.
Peter Sorknæs. Simulation method for a pit seasonal thermal energy storage system with a heat pump in a district heating system. Energy 2018, 152, 533 -538.
AMA StylePeter Sorknæs. Simulation method for a pit seasonal thermal energy storage system with a heat pump in a district heating system. Energy. 2018; 152 ():533-538.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Sorknæs. 2018. "Simulation method for a pit seasonal thermal energy storage system with a heat pump in a district heating system." Energy 152, no. : 533-538.
Henrik Lund; Peter Sorknæs; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Kenneth Hansen. Beyond sensitivity analysis: A methodology to handle fuel and electricity prices when designing energy scenarios. Energy Research & Social Science 2018, 39, 108 -116.
AMA StyleHenrik Lund, Peter Sorknæs, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Kenneth Hansen. Beyond sensitivity analysis: A methodology to handle fuel and electricity prices when designing energy scenarios. Energy Research & Social Science. 2018; 39 ():108-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenrik Lund; Peter Sorknæs; Brian Vad Mathiesen; Kenneth Hansen. 2018. "Beyond sensitivity analysis: A methodology to handle fuel and electricity prices when designing energy scenarios." Energy Research & Social Science 39, no. : 108-116.
Peter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; Anders N. Andersen. Future power market and sustainable energy solutions – The treatment of uncertainties in the daily operation of combined heat and power plants. Applied Energy 2015, 144, 129 -138.
AMA StylePeter Sorknæs, Henrik Lund, Anders N. Andersen. Future power market and sustainable energy solutions – The treatment of uncertainties in the daily operation of combined heat and power plants. Applied Energy. 2015; 144 ():129-138.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Sorknæs; Henrik Lund; Anders N. Andersen. 2015. "Future power market and sustainable energy solutions – The treatment of uncertainties in the daily operation of combined heat and power plants." Applied Energy 144, no. : 129-138.
Peter Sorknæs; Anders N. Andersen; Jens Tang; Sune Strøm. Market integration of wind power in electricity system balancing. Energy Strategy Reviews 2013, 1, 174 -180.
AMA StylePeter Sorknæs, Anders N. Andersen, Jens Tang, Sune Strøm. Market integration of wind power in electricity system balancing. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2013; 1 (3):174-180.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Sorknæs; Anders N. Andersen; Jens Tang; Sune Strøm. 2013. "Market integration of wind power in electricity system balancing." Energy Strategy Reviews 1, no. 3: 174-180.
The long-term goal for Danish energy policy is to be free of fossil fuels through the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RES) including fluctuating renewable electricity (FRE). The Danish electricity market is part of the Nordic power exchange, which uses a Marginal Price auction system (MPS) for the day-ahead auctions. The market price is thus equal to the bidding price of the most expensive auction winning unit. In the MPS, the FRE bid at prices of or close to zero resulting in reduced market prices during hours of FRE production. In turn, this reduces the FRE sources’ income from market sales. As more FRE is implemented, this effect will only become greater, thereby reducing the income for FRE producers. Other auction settings could potentially help to reduce this problem. One candidate is the pay-as-bid auction setting (PAB), where winning units are paid their own bidding price. This article investigates the two auction settings, to find whether a change of auction setting would provide a more suitable frame for large shares of FRE. This has been done with two energy system scenarios with different shares of FRE. From the analysis, it is found that MPS is generally better for the FRE sources. The result is, however, very sensitive to the base assumptions used for the calculations.
Steffen Nielsen; Peter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard. Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid. Energy 2011, 36, 4434 -4444.
AMA StyleSteffen Nielsen, Peter Sorknæs, Poul Alberg Østergaard. Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid. Energy. 2011; 36 (7):4434-4444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteffen Nielsen; Peter Sorknæs; Poul Alberg Østergaard. 2011. "Electricity market auction settings in a future Danish electricity system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources – A comparison of marginal pricing and pay-as-bid." Energy 36, no. 7: 4434-4444.