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Prof. Dr. Tomas Gonzalez Villa
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Coruna, Spain

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0 Food Microbiology
0 Microbiology
0 Molecular Microbiology
0 Microbial Biotechnology
0 Recombinant Microorganisms

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Chapter
Published: 01 August 2021 in Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes
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The development of spores represents one of the main morphogenetic processes in spore-forming bacterial groups, involving more than 150 genes and a variety of sigma factors. These factors control not only the transcription of sporulation-specific operons, involved in spore formation and maturation, but also the manufacture of a variety of products, including important antibiotics, traditionally linked to secondary metabolism. The present chapter encompasses a detailed description of the genes involved in the bacterial sporulation process, their location in the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis, and a description of the main antibiotics produced by different Bacillus species. It also includes a review of alternative bacterial secondary metabolites, such as lanthipeptides, parasporal crystals, and toxins.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; S. Sánchez; L. Feijoo; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Miguel; C. Sieiro. Genetics and Biochemistry of Sporulation in Endospore-Forming Bacteria (Bacillus): A Prime Example of Developmental Biology. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes 2021, 71 -124.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, S. Sánchez, L. Feijoo, J. L. R. Rama, A. Sánchez-Pérez, T. de Miguel, C. Sieiro. Genetics and Biochemistry of Sporulation in Endospore-Forming Bacteria (Bacillus): A Prime Example of Developmental Biology. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. 2021; ():71-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; S. Sánchez; L. Feijoo; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Miguel; C. Sieiro. 2021. "Genetics and Biochemistry of Sporulation in Endospore-Forming Bacteria (Bacillus): A Prime Example of Developmental Biology." Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , no. : 71-124.

Chapter
Published: 01 August 2021 in Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes
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When reviewing developmental biology, it is imperative to mention the main prokaryote model for the study of mechanisms involved in cell growth, cell differentiation and morphogenesis, Myxobacteria. These Gram-negative δ-proteobacteria, mainly associated with surface soil, show a complex life cycle that culminates, when cells are nutritionally deprived, with the formation of multicellular structures termed fruiting bodies. These multicellular structures of different size, shape, and form among the Myxococcales order, can be composed of different cell types including sporulating cells or myxospores, within the fruiting body, and peripheral rods. In addition, some cells seem to undergo a process of autolysis for the benefit of the population by providing nutrients. Fruiting bodies are not static and previously to its maturation, numerous cells can move into and out of cellular aggregates. The regulation of fruiting bodies development involves a complex and non-redundant set of pathways controlled by a wide number of one- or two-component signalling systems, chemotaxis-like systems or extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors, encoded by their large genome. Also, many protein kinases are implicated at post-transcriptional level. In this chapter, we will travel along the fascinating path of Myxobacteria from their unicellular state to multicellular development that carries implicit mechanisms of social behaviour and motility and therefore cell to cell communication.

ACS Style

S. Sánchez; T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Miguel; C. Sieiro. The Incredible Path of Myxobacteria Towards Aggregative Multicellularity. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes 2021, 159 -187.

AMA Style

S. Sánchez, T. G. Villa, L. Feijoo, J. L. R. Rama, A. Sánchez-Pérez, T. de Miguel, C. Sieiro. The Incredible Path of Myxobacteria Towards Aggregative Multicellularity. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. 2021; ():159-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Sánchez; T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Miguel; C. Sieiro. 2021. "The Incredible Path of Myxobacteria Towards Aggregative Multicellularity." Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , no. : 159-187.

Chapter
Published: 01 August 2021 in Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes
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Developmental biology is an area of great interest to biologists, as it addresses the mechanisms underlying plant, animal, fungal, and bacterial growth and development. Modern developmental biology combines a multidisciplinary approach to understand the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis. It applies the most recent methods and techniques from disciplines such as biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and molecular genetics, to fully understand the complex regulatory processes involved. It is beyond the means of this book to cover all relevant subjects in developmental biology; hence, the book scope is restricted to relevant aspects of the prokaryotic and lower eukaryotic worlds, with an occasional foray into the higher eukaryotes realm.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; T. de Miguel. Introductory Chapter. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes 2021, 1 -39.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, T. de Miguel. Introductory Chapter. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. 2021; ():1-39.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; T. de Miguel. 2021. "Introductory Chapter." Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , no. : 1-39.

Chapter
Published: 01 August 2021 in Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes
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Gut microbiota, including bacteria, have been recently recognized to influence, not just human health, but also mood and behavior. The microorganisms can either produce or degrade chemical compounds involved in signaling pathways associated with happiness, depression, suicidal behaviors, or even aggressiveness. The connection between the composition of the gut microbiome and some of these mood disorders appears to be so strong that many researchers are describing a gut microbiome-brain axis, with projections to almost all the organs in the human body. This chapter includes some examples of mood-altering microorganisms, in particularly those promoting either happiness or aggressive behavior.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; A. Sánchez-Pérez. The Gut Microbiome Affects Human Mood and Behavior. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes 2021, 541 -565.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, A. Sánchez-Pérez. The Gut Microbiome Affects Human Mood and Behavior. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. 2021; ():541-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; A. Sánchez-Pérez. 2021. "The Gut Microbiome Affects Human Mood and Behavior." Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , no. : 541-565.

Chapter
Published: 01 August 2021 in Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes were the earliest life forms on Earth but, although they originated an estimated 2 billion years before eukaryotic cells, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes share the same basic molecular mechanisms, indicating that both stem from a primordial ancestor. Bacteria, including cyanobacteria, produce a vast variety of secondary metabolites capable of controlling multiple eukaryotic cell functions. Some metabolites direct morphogenetic processes (in both cyanobacteria and higher algal taxons), while others are toxic to eukaryotes, helping prokaryotes colonize a wider variety of ecological niches. In addition, bacteria often use secondary metabolites to control other bacterial groups. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells can also synthesize secondary metabolites with either bacteriostatic or bactericidal capabilities, to counteract either cyanobacterial or eubacterial organisms. Cyanobacteria are an ancient lineage of photosynthetic microorganisms, but their study was neglected for many years. Recent publications demonstrate that cyanobacterial genomes encode a large variety of natural products, with broad mechanisms of action, many of which are probably yet unknown. Current advances in genome sequencing, making it faster and cheaper, should see a great increase in the number of completed cyanobacterial genomes, which promises many interesting discoveries in the near future.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo; S. Sánchez; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Migel; C. Sieiro. Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites on Other Bacterial Phyla and in the Morphogenesis, Viability, and Biochemistry of Eukaryotes. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes 2021, 425 -466.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, L. Feijoo, S. Sánchez, J. L. R. Rama, A. Sánchez-Pérez, T. de Migel, C. Sieiro. Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites on Other Bacterial Phyla and in the Morphogenesis, Viability, and Biochemistry of Eukaryotes. Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes. 2021; ():425-466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo; S. Sánchez; J. L. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; T. de Migel; C. Sieiro. 2021. "Effects of Cyanobacterial Metabolites on Other Bacterial Phyla and in the Morphogenesis, Viability, and Biochemistry of Eukaryotes." Developmental Biology in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes , no. : 425-466.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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Some Listeria species are important human and animal pathogens that can be found in contaminated food and produce a variety of virulence factors involved in their pathogenicity. Listeria strains exhibiting multidrug resistance are known to be progressively increasing and that is why continuous monitoring is needed. Effective therapy against pathogenic Listeria requires identification of the bacterial strain involved, as well as determining its virulence factors, such as antibiotic resistance and sensitivity. The present study describes the use of liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) to do a global shotgun proteomics characterization for pathogenic Listeria species. This method allowed the identification of a total of 2990 non-redundant peptides, representing 2727 proteins. Furthermore, 395 of the peptides correspond to proteins that play a direct role in Listeria pathogenicity; they were identified as virulence factors, toxins and anti-toxins, or associated with either antibiotics (involved in antibiotic-related compounds production or resistance) or resistance to toxic substances. The proteomic repository obtained here can be the base for further research into pathogenic Listeria species and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for these pathogens.

ACS Style

Ana Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021, 22, 8141 .

AMA Style

Ana Abril, Mónica Carrera, Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, Pilar Calo-Mata, Angeles Sánchez-Pérez, Tomás Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22 (15):8141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás Villa. 2021. "Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15: 8141.

Mini review
Published: 08 May 2021 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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The present review represents an update on the fundamental role played by the Rho factor, which facilitates the process of Rho-dependent transcription termination in the prokaryotic world; it also provides a summary of relevant mutations in the Rho factor and the insights they provide into the functions carried out by this protein. Furthermore, a section is dedicated to the putative future use of Rho (the ‘taming’ of Rho) to facilitate biotechnological processes and adapt them to different technological contexts. Novel bacterial strains can be designed, containing mutations in the rho gene, that are better suited for different biotechnological applications. This process can obtain novel microbial strains that are adapted to lower temperatures of fermentation, shorter production times, exhibit better nutrient utilization, or display other traits that are beneficial in productive Biotechnology. Additional important issues reviewed here include epistasis, the design of TATA boxes, the role of small RNAs, and the manipulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, by some pathogenic bacteria, to invade eukaryotic cells. • It is postulated that controlling the action of the prokaryotic Rho factor could generate major biotechnological improvements, such as an increase in bacterial productivity or a reduction of the microbial-specific growth rate. • The review also evaluates the putative impact of epistatic mechanisms on Biotechnology, both as possible responsible for unexpected failures in gene cloning and more important for the genesis of new strains for biotechnological applications • The use of clathrin-coated vesicles by intracellular bacterial microorganisms is included too and proposed as a putative delivery mechanism, for drugs and vaccines.

ACS Style

Tomás G. Villa; Ana G. Abril; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez. Mastering the control of the Rho transcription factor for biotechnological applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2021, 105, 4053 -4071.

AMA Style

Tomás G. Villa, Ana G. Abril, Angeles Sánchez-Pérez. Mastering the control of the Rho transcription factor for biotechnological applications. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2021; 105 (10):4053-4071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomás G. Villa; Ana G. Abril; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez. 2021. "Mastering the control of the Rho transcription factor for biotechnological applications." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 105, no. 10: 4053-4071.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2021 in Foods
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The present work describes LC-ESI-MS/MS MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) analyses of tryptic digestion peptides from phages that infect mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy products. A total of 1933 nonredundant peptides belonging to 1282 proteins were identified and analyzed. Among them, 79 staphylococcal peptides from phages were confirmed. These peptides belong to proteins such as phage repressors, structural phage proteins, uncharacterized phage proteins and complement inhibitors. Moreover, eighteen of the phage origin peptides found were specific to S. aureus strains. These diagnostic peptides could be useful for the identification and characterization of S. aureus strains that cause mastitis. Furthermore, a study of bacteriophage phylogeny and the relationship among the identified phage peptides and the bacteria they infect was also performed. The results show the specific peptides that are present in closely related phages and the existing links between bacteriophage phylogeny and the respective Staphylococcus spp. infected.

ACS Style

Ana Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Benito Cañas; José-Luis Rama; Tomás Villa; Pilar Calo-Mata. Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriophage Peptides from the Mastitis Producer Staphylococcus aureus by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the Bacteriophage Phylogenomic Analysis. Foods 2021, 10, 799 .

AMA Style

Ana Abril, Mónica Carrera, Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, Benito Cañas, José-Luis Rama, Tomás Villa, Pilar Calo-Mata. Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriophage Peptides from the Mastitis Producer Staphylococcus aureus by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the Bacteriophage Phylogenomic Analysis. Foods. 2021; 10 (4):799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Benito Cañas; José-Luis Rama; Tomás Villa; Pilar Calo-Mata. 2021. "Proteomic Characterization of Bacteriophage Peptides from the Mastitis Producer Staphylococcus aureus by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the Bacteriophage Phylogenomic Analysis." Foods 10, no. 4: 799.

Review
Published: 10 March 2021 in International Microbiology
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Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease of uncertain etiology, although it is generally considered as an immune-mediated disease that affects the mucous membranes and even the skin and nails. Over the years, this disease was attributed to a variety of causes, including different types of microorganisms. This review analyzes the present state of the art of the disease, from a microbiological point of view, while considering whether or not the possibility of a microbial origin for the disease can be supported. From the evidence presented here, OLP should be considered an immunological disease, as it was initially proposed, as opposed to an illness of microbiological origin. The different microorganisms so far described as putative disease-causing agents do not fulfill Koch’s postulates; they are, actually, not the cause, but a result of the disease that provides the right circumstances for microbial colonization. This means that, at this stage, and unless new data becomes available, no microorganism can be envisaged as the causative agent of lichen planus.

ACS Style

Tomás G. Villa; Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez; Carmen Sieiro. Oral lichen planus: a microbiologist point of view. International Microbiology 2021, 24, 275 -289.

AMA Style

Tomás G. Villa, Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez, Carmen Sieiro. Oral lichen planus: a microbiologist point of view. International Microbiology. 2021; 24 (3):275-289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomás G. Villa; Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez; Carmen Sieiro. 2021. "Oral lichen planus: a microbiologist point of view." International Microbiology 24, no. 3: 275-289.

Mini review
Published: 28 September 2020 in Archives of Microbiology
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RNA viruses, in general, exhibit high mutation rates; this is mainly due to the low fidelity displayed by the RNA-dependent polymerases required for their replication that lack the proofreading machinery to correct misincorporated nucleotides and produce high mutation rates. This lack of replication fidelity, together with the fact that RNA viruses can undergo spontaneous mutations, results in genetic variants displaying different viral morphogenesis, as well as variation on their surface glycoproteins that affect viral antigenicity. This diverse viral population, routinely containing a variety of mutants, is known as a viral ‘quasispecies’. The mutability of their virions allows for fast evolution of RNA viruses that develop antiviral resistance and overcome vaccines much more rapidly than DNA viruses. This also translates into the fact that pathogenic RNA viruses, that cause many diseases and deaths in humans, represent the major viral group involved in zoonotic disease transmission, and are responsible for worldwide pandemics.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; Ana G. Abril; S. Sánchez; T. de Miguel; A. Sánchez-Pérez. Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines. Archives of Microbiology 2020, 203, 443 -464.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, Ana G. Abril, S. Sánchez, T. de Miguel, A. Sánchez-Pérez. Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines. Archives of Microbiology. 2020; 203 (2):443-464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; Ana G. Abril; S. Sánchez; T. de Miguel; A. Sánchez-Pérez. 2020. "Animal and human RNA viruses: genetic variability and ability to overcome vaccines." Archives of Microbiology 203, no. 2: 443-464.

Editorial
Published: 15 September 2020 in Antibiotics
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Since their introduction, at the beginning of the 20th century, antibiotics were regarded as “magic-bullets”, a term coined by Paul Ehrlich, and, for several decades, considered as the universal panacea to combat pathogenic and/or undesirable bacteria

ACS Style

Tomas Gonzalez-Villa; Carmen Sieiro. Phage Therapy, Lysin Therapy, and Antibiotics: A Trio Due to Come. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 604 .

AMA Style

Tomas Gonzalez-Villa, Carmen Sieiro. Phage Therapy, Lysin Therapy, and Antibiotics: A Trio Due to Come. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (9):604.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomas Gonzalez-Villa; Carmen Sieiro. 2020. "Phage Therapy, Lysin Therapy, and Antibiotics: A Trio Due to Come." Antibiotics 9, no. 9: 604.

Review
Published: 20 August 2020 in Toxins
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Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. S. aureus expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, S. aureus exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from S. aureus infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of S. aureus toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.

ACS Style

Ana G. Abril; Tomas Gonzalez-Villa; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Benito Cañas; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Pilar Calo-Mata; Mónica Carrera. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins 2020, 12, 537 .

AMA Style

Ana G. Abril, Tomas Gonzalez-Villa, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, Benito Cañas, Angeles Sánchez-Pérez, Pilar Calo-Mata, Mónica Carrera. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins. 2020; 12 (9):537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana G. Abril; Tomas Gonzalez-Villa; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; Benito Cañas; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Pilar Calo-Mata; Mónica Carrera. 2020. "Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis." Toxins 12, no. 9: 537.

Review
Published: 07 August 2020 in Antibiotics
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Agriculture, together with aquaculture, supplies most of the foodstuffs required by the world human population to survive. Hence, bacterial diseases affecting either agricultural crops, fish, or shellfish not only cause large economic losses to producers but can even create food shortages, resulting in malnutrition, or even famine, in vulnerable populations. Years of antibiotic use in the prevention and the treatment of these infections have greatly contributed to the emergence and the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This review addresses the urgent need for alternative strategies for the use of antibiotics, focusing on the use of bacteriophages (phages) as biocontrol agents. Phages are viruses that specifically infect bacteria; they are highly host-specific and represent an environmentally-friendly alternative to antibiotics to control and kill pathogenic bacteria. The information evaluated here highlights the effectiveness of phages in the control of numerous major pathogens that affect both agriculture and aquaculture, with special emphasis on scientific and technological aspects still requiring further development to establish phagotherapy as a real universal alternative to antibiotic treatment.

ACS Style

Carmen Sieiro; Lara Areal-Hermida; Ángeles Pichardo-Gallardo; Raquel Almuiña-González; Trinidad De Miguel; Sandra Sánchez; Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomas Gonzalez-Villa. A Hundred Years of Bacteriophages: Can Phages Replace Antibiotics in Agriculture and Aquaculture? Antibiotics 2020, 9, 493 .

AMA Style

Carmen Sieiro, Lara Areal-Hermida, Ángeles Pichardo-Gallardo, Raquel Almuiña-González, Trinidad De Miguel, Sandra Sánchez, Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez, Tomas Gonzalez-Villa. A Hundred Years of Bacteriophages: Can Phages Replace Antibiotics in Agriculture and Aquaculture? Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (8):493.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carmen Sieiro; Lara Areal-Hermida; Ángeles Pichardo-Gallardo; Raquel Almuiña-González; Trinidad De Miguel; Sandra Sánchez; Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomas Gonzalez-Villa. 2020. "A Hundred Years of Bacteriophages: Can Phages Replace Antibiotics in Agriculture and Aquaculture?" Antibiotics 9, no. 8: 493.

Review
Published: 30 July 2020 in Antibiotics
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Urinary tract infections represent a major public health problem as the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains among uropathogens is causing the failure of many current treatments. The use of bacteriophages (phages) and their derivatives to combat infectious diseases is an old approach that has been forgotten by the West for a long time, mostly due to the discovery and great success of antibiotics. In the present so-called “post-antibiotic era”, many researchers are turning their attention to the re-discovered phage therapy, as an effective alternative to antibiotics. Phage therapy includes the use of natural or engineered phages, as well as their purified lytic enzymes to destroy pathogenic strains. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted, and these have proved the great potential for this therapy against uropathogenic bacteria. Nevertheless, to date, the lack of appropriate clinical trials has hindered its widespread clinic application.

ACS Style

Trinidad De Miguel; José Luis R. Rama; Carmen Sieiro; Sandra Sánchez; Tomas G. Villa. Bacteriophages and Lysins as Possible Alternatives to Treat Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 466 .

AMA Style

Trinidad De Miguel, José Luis R. Rama, Carmen Sieiro, Sandra Sánchez, Tomas G. Villa. Bacteriophages and Lysins as Possible Alternatives to Treat Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (8):466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Trinidad De Miguel; José Luis R. Rama; Carmen Sieiro; Sandra Sánchez; Tomas G. Villa. 2020. "Bacteriophages and Lysins as Possible Alternatives to Treat Antibiotic-Resistant Urinary Tract Infections." Antibiotics 9, no. 8: 466.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2020 in Antibiotics
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Streptococcus spp. are major mastitis pathogens present in dairy products, which produce a variety of virulence factors that are involved in streptococcal pathogenicity. These include neuraminidase, pyrogenic exotoxin, and M protein, and in addition they might produce bacteriocins and antibiotic-resistance proteins. Unjustifiable misuse of antimicrobials has led to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in foodstuffs. Identification of the mastitis-causing bacterial strain, as well as determining its antibiotic resistance and sensitivity is crucial for effective therapy. The present work focused on the LC–ESI–MS/MS (liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) analysis of tryptic digestion peptides from mastitis-causing Streptococcus spp. isolated from milk. A total of 2706 non-redundant peptides belonging to 2510 proteins was identified and analyzed. Among them, 168 peptides were determined, representing proteins that act as virulence factors, toxins, anti-toxins, provide resistance to antibiotics that are associated with the production of lantibiotic-related compounds, or play a role in the resistance to toxic substances. Protein comparisons with the NCBI database allowed the identification of 134 peptides as specific to Streptococcus spp., while two peptides (EATGNQNISPNLTISNAQLNLEDKNK and DLWC*NM*IIAAK) were found to be species-specific to Streptococcus dysgalactiae. This proteomic repository might be useful for further studies and research work, as well as for the development of new therapeutics for the mastitis-causing Streptococcus strains.

ACS Style

Ana G. Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; José-Luis R. Rama; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens? Antibiotics 2020, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Ana G. Abril, Mónica Carrera, Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, José-Luis R. Rama, Pilar Calo-Mata, Angeles Sánchez-Pérez, Tomás G. Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens? Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana G. Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; José-Luis R. Rama; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. 2020. "Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens?" Antibiotics 9, no. 6: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2020 in Antibiotics
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ACS Style

Ana G. Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; José-Luis R. Rama; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens? Antibiotics 2020, 9, 302 .

AMA Style

Ana G. Abril, Mónica Carrera, Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, José-Luis R. Rama, Pilar Calo-Mata, Angeles Sánchez-Pérez, Tomás G. Villa. Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens? Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (6):302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana G. Abril; Mónica Carrera; Karola Böhme; Jorge Barros-Velázquez; José-Luis R. Rama; Pilar Calo-Mata; Angeles Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. 2020. "Proteomic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance, and Production of Antimicrobial and Virulence Factors in Streptococcus Species Associated with Bovine Mastitis. Could Enzybiotics Represent Novel Therapeutic Agents Against These Pathogens?" Antibiotics 9, no. 6: 302.

Mini review
Published: 30 March 2020 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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RNA polymerases (RNAPs) carry out transcription in the three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Transcription initiation is highly regulated by a variety of transcription factors, whose number and subunit complexity increase during evolution. This process is regulated in Bacteria by the σ factor, while the three eukaryotic RNAPs require a complex set of transcription factors (TFs) and a TATA-binding protein (TBP). The archaeal transcription system appears to be an ancestral version of the eukaryotic RNAPII, requiring transcription factor B (TFB), TBP, and transcription factor E (TFE). The function of the bacterial sigma (σ) factor has been correlated to the roles played by the eukaryotic RNAP II and the archaeal RNAP. In addition, σ factors, TFB, and TFIIB all contain multiple DNA binding helix-turn-helix (HTH) structural motifs; although TFIIB and TFB display two HTH domains, while the bacterial σ factor spans 4 HTH motifs. The sequence similarities and structure alignments of the bacterial σ factor, eukaryotic TFIIB, and archaeal TFB evidence that these three proteins are homologs.Key Points• Transcription initiation is highly regulated by TFs.• Transcription is finely regulated in all domains of life by different sets of TFs.• Specific TFs in Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea are homologs.

ACS Style

Ana Abril; Jose Luis R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. Prokaryotic sigma factors and their transcriptional counterparts in Archaea and Eukarya. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020, 104, 4289 -4302.

AMA Style

Ana Abril, Jose Luis R. Rama, A. Sánchez-Pérez, Tomás G. Villa. Prokaryotic sigma factors and their transcriptional counterparts in Archaea and Eukarya. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2020; 104 (10):4289-4302.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Abril; Jose Luis R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; Tomás G. Villa. 2020. "Prokaryotic sigma factors and their transcriptional counterparts in Archaea and Eukarya." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 10: 4289-4302.

Chapter
Published: 14 August 2019 in Horizontal Gene Transfer
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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are ubiquitous among microorganisms living in a wide variety of environments and can be detected by several molecular techniques. Similarly, toxins and genes encoding toxins are also widespread among organisms. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses found wherever bacteria exist, and their concentration is particularly high in aquatic environments. The age of the “omics” truly revolutionized this field, establishing the phylogenetic affiliation and function of phages, as well as the role they play in microbial communities and horizontal transfer of bacterial genes. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have highlighted the role of phages and their interaction with bacterial populations. It is now generally accepted that horizontal gene transfer regularly occurs between bacteriophages and their hosts, either by generalized or specialized transductions or possibly by controlling certain bacterial populations of donors or recipients. This means that phages not only play a major role driving bacterial evolution but also influence their own evolution. Phage infection can result in the bacterial host quickly acquiring (or loosing) novel genes and thus biochemical properties, a process otherwise extremely slow that usually requires long periods of time. This chapter will focus on the role of bacteriophages in the transfer of both antibiotic resistance genes and genes encoding novel toxins to new bacterial species. This knowledge is essential not only to understand the current challenges experienced in medicine but also to prevent, or at least lessen, future clinically relevant threats resulting from gene transfer between microorganisms.

ACS Style

T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo-Siota; Jl. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; M. Viñas. Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Bacteriophages and Bacteria: Antibiotic Resistances and Toxin Production. Horizontal Gene Transfer 2019, 97 -142.

AMA Style

T. G. Villa, L. Feijoo-Siota, Jl. R. Rama, A. Sánchez-Pérez, M. Viñas. Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Bacteriophages and Bacteria: Antibiotic Resistances and Toxin Production. Horizontal Gene Transfer. 2019; ():97-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. G. Villa; L. Feijoo-Siota; Jl. R. Rama; A. Sánchez-Pérez; M. Viñas. 2019. "Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Bacteriophages and Bacteria: Antibiotic Resistances and Toxin Production." Horizontal Gene Transfer , no. : 97-142.

Protocol
Published: 15 August 2018 in Methods in Molecular Biology
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Carotenoids are one of the most diverse and widely distributed classes of pigments in the biosphere and exhibit a variety of functions in the nature. Their importance and biotechnological applications are higher and higher, but their sources are not increasing in the same exponential way. Here we describe the process of bioengineering the yeast Pichia pastoris by sequential transformation to get an astaxanthin producer.

ACS Style

Patricia Veiga-Crespo; José Miguel Araya-Garay; Tomás G. Villa. Engineering Pichia pastoris for the Production of Carotenoids. Methods in Molecular Biology 2018, 1852, 311 -326.

AMA Style

Patricia Veiga-Crespo, José Miguel Araya-Garay, Tomás G. Villa. Engineering Pichia pastoris for the Production of Carotenoids. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2018; 1852 ():311-326.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Veiga-Crespo; José Miguel Araya-Garay; Tomás G. Villa. 2018. "Engineering Pichia pastoris for the Production of Carotenoids." Methods in Molecular Biology 1852, no. : 311-326.

Historical article
Published: 27 June 2018 in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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The advancement of human knowledge has historically followed the pattern of one-step growth (the same pattern followed by microorganisms in laboratory culture conditions). In this way, each new important discovery opened the door to multiple secondary breakthroughs, eventually reaching a “plateau” when new findings emerged. Microbiology research has usually followed this pattern, but often the conclusions attained from experimentation/observation were either equivocal or altogether false, causing important delays in the advancement of this science. This mini-review deals with some of these documented scientific errors, but the aim is not to include every mistake, but to select those that are paramount to the advance of Microbiology.

ACS Style

T.G. Villa; L. Feijoo-Siota; A. Sánchez-Pérez. A short voyage into the past: former misconceptions and misinterpretations in the etiology of some viral diseases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2018, 102, 7257 -7263.

AMA Style

T.G. Villa, L. Feijoo-Siota, A. Sánchez-Pérez. A short voyage into the past: former misconceptions and misinterpretations in the etiology of some viral diseases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2018; 102 (17):7257-7263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T.G. Villa; L. Feijoo-Siota; A. Sánchez-Pérez. 2018. "A short voyage into the past: former misconceptions and misinterpretations in the etiology of some viral diseases." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 102, no. 17: 7257-7263.