This research examines entrepreneurial intentions among female students at Princess Nourah University in Saudi Arabia, utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the foundational theoretical framework. The study adopted a quantitative methodology, collecting data through questionnaires distributed to a select group of students. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the complex relationships between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intention. The findings indicate a strong tendency towards entrepreneurship, with over 64% of respondents expressing their intention to engage in entrepreneurial activities in the future. This suggests a substantial potential for female entrepreneurship. In contrast, a minor proportion (3.21%) showed no interest in entrepreneurship, and about 32% were undecided, highlighting the necessity for enhanced mentorship and support to encourage their entrepreneurial spirit. The application of TPB reveals that participants generally have positive attitudes and perceived control over entrepreneurship, although societal norms occasionally act as barriers. The study emphasizes the significance of cultural support and academic initiatives, including entrepreneurship courses and incubators, to nurture the entrepreneurial ambitions of female students. Based on these findings, the study advocates for the expansion of mentorship programs to further strengthen female entrepreneurial involvement. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, underscoring the importance of a supportive environment for women’s entrepreneurial ventures.

Egypt is the largest rice producer in the Middle East, with total production accounting for 1.25% of the world's rice production. Rice is considered as an important export crop and a source of hard currency earnings required to finance sustainable economic and social development. In 2016, rice exports value amounted to US$ 24.277 million. To achieve the research objective, rice production and economic indicators were estimated by applying simple regression analysis, as well as partial equilibrium model based on two scenarios; under governmental intervention and under non-intervention by the government in order to assess the economic impacts of interventions in pricing and production policies. The research used field data a multistage stratified sample collected from 256 rice farmers in Kafr El Sheikh governorate to identify farmers’ opinions regarding agricultural policies applied to the crop and the different impacts thereof. the results showed that the rice production declined at a rate lower than the rate of decline in planted area, which can be attributed to the increase in yield. Also, domestic rice consumption increased at a high rate that reached 2.76% per annum despite the decline in production that reached 1.92% per annum, the nominal protection coefficient recorded an average of 0.6 for the study period 2001-2018, which means that the government has been imposing either direct or indirect taxes on domestic rice producers in favor of consumers, where farmgate price has been lower than the border price of rice. The problem that rice production is influenced by limiting rice planted area ranks first, with a relative importance amounting to 100%. Low productivity ranks second, with a relative importance amounting to 96.88%. Keywords: Agricultural Policy, Partial Equilibrium Model, Production, Egyptian Rice.

The agricultural sector in Afghanistan faces many challenges in general that have directly affected the production of crops. Especially wheat crop because of its great importance to the population sector as it is the first source of food in Afghanistan. Problem of this study due to wheat production in Afghanistan is insufficient for domestic consumption. Therefore, the Afghan government is relying on foreign markets to cover the gap between production and consumption. The study aims to assess the current situation of wheat production and consumption in Afghanistan, as well as to understand the farmers' perceptions and attitudes towards the problems facing them. The agricultural sector in Afghanistan faces many challenges in general that have directly affected the production of crops. Especially wheat crop because of its great importance to the population sector as it is the first source of food in Afghanistan. The current study applied simple regression analysis in estimating the general trends to determine the productive and economic indicators of Wheat crop. Also, we use Analysis of variance (One Way ANOVA) to understand the farmers' perceptions and attitudes towards the problems facing them. The results showed that wheat productivity averaged 1.77 tons per ha and ranged between a minimum of 1.23 tons per ha in 2008 and a maximum of 2.20 tons per ha in 2015. On the other hand, the estimated regression equation indicates that productivity of wheat crop followed an increase trend, at an annual rate of 0.047 ton per ha and a statistically significant rate of change amounting to 2.66% of the study period’s average productivity.

Wheat is considered the main food crops in Afghanistan, whether to use it for majority of the population consumption or to use it in some industries and others. Problem: Afghanistan suffers from a large gap between production and consumption, so the current research investigates the problem arising from a shortage of wheat production to meet self-sufficiency of the population. Methods: The time series analysis can provide short-run forecast for sufficiently large amount of data on the concerned variables very precisely. In univariate time series analysis, the ARIMA models are flexible and widely used. The ARIMA model is the combination of three processes: (i) Autoregressive (AR) process, (ii) Differencing process and (iii) Moving-Average (MA) process. These processes are known in statistical literature as main univariate time series models and are commonly used in many applications. Where, Estimation of future wheat requirement is one of the essential tools that may help decision-makers to determine wheat needs and then developing plans that help reduce the gap between production and consumption. A solid strategy that widely applying of improved seeds and fertilizers, an effective research and extension system for better crop management is necessary to eliminate this gap for self-sufficiency in wheat production, besides providing the necessary financial sums for that. Where most prediction methods are valid for one-year prediction. However, moving prediction methods have been found to measure and predict the future movement of the dependent variable. Aims: The current research aims to prediction for Area, Productivity, Production, Consumption and Population over the period (2002-2017), to estimate the values of these variables in the period of (2018-2030). Results: The results showed that through the drawing of the historical data for Planted area, Productivity, Production, Consumption and Population of wheat crop it was evident that the series data is not static due to an increasing or a decreasing of general trend, which means the instability of the average, by using Auto-correlation function (ACF) and Partial Correlation Function to detect the stability of the time series, The results showed also, the significance of Autocorrelation coefficient and partial correlation coefficient values, which indicates that the time series is not static.

The Egyptian cotton sector is considered one of the most important export strategic sectors in Egypt, where the Egyptian government takes many agricultural policies that lead to an increase in exports of that crop to foreign markets, as these policies that the government takes have a major impact on the producers of that crop, and this study examined the impact of Agricultural policies on the Egyptian cotton crop, using the policy analysis matrix to know the effect of government policies on the producers of that crop and also the impact of those policies on Egyptian exports of the cotton crop, and the results showed that when comparing the financial and economic performance of the elements of cotton crop production, the financial performance was less than the economic performance on all cost items except workers' wages [1], indicating that the Government is subsidizing cost items, thereby supporting cotton producers. Comparing the average variable costs of cotton during the study period financially and economically shows that the financial valuation exceeds the economic valuation, with the average variable costs of $418.36 at market prices [2] , amounting to $368.84 at world prices, The results also showed that the Nominal Protection Coefficient for the output of the Egyptian cotton in the period under study (2000-2017) was 0.74, indicating the lack of a fair production policy during that period, perhaps due to the fact that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient for the production of the Egyptian cotton crop was lower than the correct one. It also indicated that the value of the Nominal Protection Coefficient for production supplies was 0.92, which indicates a decrease in government support for that crop compared to the value of the effective protection factor of 0.72 during the period under study (2000-2017). This indicates that the factor of the cost of domestic resources for the Egyptian cotton crop is 0.47, and this indicates that the Egyptian cotton has a comparative advantage in foreign markets, the study recommended Maintaining the foreign markets of the Egyptian cotton crop, as it has a global comparative and competitive advantage, and provides the state with foreign exchange, which contributes significantly to the Egyptian national economy.