The rounding of resistivity near and above the superconductivity transition temperature $T_c$, observed in the ${\mathrm{Y}}_1$ ${\mathrm{Ba}}_2$ ${\mathrm{Cu}}_3$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{9\mathrm{-}\mathrm{\delta }}$ superconductor, is found to be a manifestation of thermodynamic fluctuations. A quantitative agreement between the experiment and the three-dimensional (3D) Aslamazov-Larkin theory was achieved near $T_c$ Low-field measurements of the excess diamagnetism are also in agreement with the 3D theory of Prange. These results strongly suggest that superconductivity in high-$T_c$ copper oxides (${\mathrm{Y}}_1$ ${\mathrm{Ba}}_2$ ${\mathrm{Cu}}_3$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{9\mathrm{-}\mathrm{\delta }}$) is basically 3D in nature.

Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors have been identified as promising candidates for the development of high-performance magnetometers due to their high sensitivity, low cost, low power consumption, and small size. The rapid advance of MR sensor technology has opened up a variety of MR sensor applications. These applications are in different areas that require MR sensors with different properties. Future MR sensor development in each of these areas requires an overview and a strategic guide. An MR sensor roadmap (non-recording applications) was therefore developed and made public by the Technical Committee of the IEEE Magnetics Society with the aim to provide an research and development (R&D) guide for MR sensors intended to be used by industry, government, and academia. The roadmap was developed over a three-year period and coordinated by an international effort of 22 taskforce members from ten countries and 17 organizations, including universities, research institutes, and sensor companies. In this paper, the current status of MR sensors for non-recording applications was identified by analyzing the patent and publication statistics. As a result, timescales for MR sensor development were established and critical milestones for sensor parameters were extracted in order to gain insight into potential MR sensor applications (non-recording). Five application areas were identified, and five MR sensor roadmaps were established. These include biomedical applications, flexible electronics, position sensing and human-computer interactions, non-destructive evaluation and monitoring, and navigation and transportation. Each roadmap was analyzed using a logistic growth model, and new opportunities were predicted based on the extrapolated curve, forecast milestones, and professional judgment of the taskforce members. This paper provides a framework for MR sensor technology (non-recording applications) to be used for public and private R&D planning, in order to provide guidance into likely MR sensor applications, products, and services expected in the next 15 years and beyond.

We study the magnetization damping in ion-beam deposited ${\mathrm{Co}}_{72}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{18}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}$ thin films as a function of film thickness and crystalline state. As-deposited amorphous layers showed low damping $({\alpha }_{\mathrm{app}}=0.006)$ that is thickness independent. $40\mathrm{nm}$ ${\mathrm{Co}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ with no boron content exhibited a value twice higher $({\alpha }_{\mathrm{app}}=0.013)$ . Crystallization in ${\mathrm{Co}}_{72}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{18}{\mathrm{B}}_{10}$ , triggered by annealing at $280°\mathrm{C}$ , results in increased magnetization as well as a strong increase in damping, by a factor of 5 for $40\mathrm{nm}$ films. For lower thicknesses the damping increase upon annealing is less pronounced. The exchange stiffness constant for amorphous films is deduced from perpendicular standing spin waves to be $28.4\times {10}^{-12}\mathrm{J}∕\mathrm{m}$ . The annealing dependence of damping should have consequences for the spin-transfer switching in $\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}∕\mathrm{Mg}\mathrm{O}∕\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{B}$ magnetic tunnel junctions.