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Prof. Li Tianxiao
Northeast Agricultural University

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0 Biochar
0 Pedology
0 Agricultural Water and Soil Engineering
0 Water and soil conservation
0 Seasonal frozen soil

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Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Sustainability
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This research explored the effects of biochar on slope runoff and sediment transport processes and the hydrodynamic mechanism of rill erosion under the seasonal freeze–thaw climate in the black soil area of Northeast China. The four slopes of 1.8, 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2° were set, corn straw biochar was used, and three biochar contents of 0 kg m−2 (B0 treatment), 6 kg m−2 (B6 treatment) and 12 kg m−2 (B12 treatment) were applied. The experimental plot was placed outdoors to simulate the freeze–thaw cycle of sloping farmland under natural conditions. Three artificial simulated rainfall tests were carried out before the end of seasonal freeze–thaw cycles and spring sowing date (May) in 2018 and 2019. The sediment transport process of runoff and the variation of hydrodynamic parameters in rills were analyzed under one and two seasons of freezing and thawing in natural outdoor conditions. The results show that biochar has a positive effect on reducing rainfall runoff and soil loss after one year and two years of seasonal freezing and thawing. The effect of biochar on the sediment concentration of slope runoff increased with increasing application time; in the second year, the B6 and B12 treatments reduced the sediment concentration by 5.5–14.8% and 3.3–13.6%, respectively, compared with the values of the first year. The Reynolds number (Re) in the rill flow after the B6 and B12 treatments decreased with increasing duration, which effectively reduced the turbulence degree of the flow on the rill of the slope. With the increase in duration, the rill critical erosion power increased; in 2018 and 2019, the critical shear force, critical runoff power and critical unit runoff power were 0.403 Pa, 0.098 m s−1, and 0.002 N m−1 and 0.497 Pa, 0.124 m s−1, and 0.003 N m−1, respectively. This result indicates that increasing the duration and number of seasonal freeze–thaws can promote the development of biochar control of the runoff and sediment processes on slope and rill development.

ACS Style

Tianxiao Li; Pengfei Yu; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Renjie Hou; Hang Zhao; Song Xu; Yutian Zuo; Ping Xue. Effects of Biochar on Sediment Transport and Rill Erosion after Two Consecutive Years of Seasonal Freezing and Thawing. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6984 .

AMA Style

Tianxiao Li, Pengfei Yu, Dong Liu, Qiang Fu, Renjie Hou, Hang Zhao, Song Xu, Yutian Zuo, Ping Xue. Effects of Biochar on Sediment Transport and Rill Erosion after Two Consecutive Years of Seasonal Freezing and Thawing. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):6984.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianxiao Li; Pengfei Yu; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Renjie Hou; Hang Zhao; Song Xu; Yutian Zuo; Ping Xue. 2021. "Effects of Biochar on Sediment Transport and Rill Erosion after Two Consecutive Years of Seasonal Freezing and Thawing." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 6984.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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To expand the field of harmony theory research, new paths for sustainable development of agricultural regions are explored. The uncertainty problem is selected to determine the optimal parameters of the random forest (RF) model. This paper uses the Dragonfly algorithm (DA) to calibrate the RF model parameters, proposes an improved model (DA-RF), and applies it to measure the agricultural water and soil resources composite system harmony (AWSRCSH) of the Jiansanjiang Branch of the Heilongjiang Great Northern Wilderness Agribusiness Group Corporation. The results show that the DA-RF model can effectively improve the simulation ability and stability with a running time that is longer than that of an empirical method. The annual variation in the AWSRCSH of the Jiansanjiang Branch presents an “N-type” trend. From 1997 to 2005, the branch had not yet entered a peak period of resource and agricultural development, while the AWSRCSH had steadily improved during this period. From 2005 to 2008, due to predatory operations, the AWSRCSH decreased, and the speed of this decrease increased. From 2008 to 2016, since local water and soil resource development was strictly controlled and agricultural modernization increased, the AWSRCSH gradually increased. Due to the advantages of water resources and topography, the AWSRCSH in the farms adjacent to the river was greater than that in inland farms. To address the slow growth rate of the AWSRCSH, some adaptive regulation strategies were proposed according to key driving factors, and the effect of harmonious regulation was predicted.

ACS Style

Xuesong Li; Jilong Liu; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. Measurement and analysis of regional agricultural water and soil resource composite system harmony with an improved random forest model based on a dragonfly algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 305, 127217 .

AMA Style

Xuesong Li, Jilong Liu, Dong Liu, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Song Cui, Muhammad Imran Khan. Measurement and analysis of regional agricultural water and soil resource composite system harmony with an improved random forest model based on a dragonfly algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 305 ():127217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuesong Li; Jilong Liu; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2021. "Measurement and analysis of regional agricultural water and soil resource composite system harmony with an improved random forest model based on a dragonfly algorithm." Journal of Cleaner Production 305, no. : 127217.

Research article
Published: 03 April 2021 in Hydrological Processes
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To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R2 values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross‐sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS‐3D software was used to solve the three‐dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U‐shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U‐shaped channel with a small channel cross‐sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS‐3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.

ACS Style

Zhifan Mu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Renjie Hou; Qinglin Li; Yi Ji; Song Cui; Mo Li. How soil texture, channel shape and cross‐sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels. Hydrological Processes 2021, 35, e14155 .

AMA Style

Zhifan Mu, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Qiang Fu, Renjie Hou, Qinglin Li, Yi Ji, Song Cui, Mo Li. How soil texture, channel shape and cross‐sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels. Hydrological Processes. 2021; 35 (4):e14155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhifan Mu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Renjie Hou; Qinglin Li; Yi Ji; Song Cui; Mo Li. 2021. "How soil texture, channel shape and cross‐sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels." Hydrological Processes 35, no. 4: e14155.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Biochar, as a kind of soil amendment, has attracted wide attention from scholars in various countries, and the effects of biochar on soil and water loss have been well reported. However, soil erosion is significantly affected by geographical conditions, climate, and other factors, and research on the characteristics of soil erosion and the effects of biochar application in seasonally frozen soil areas is currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of corn straw biochar application on soil and water conservation during the spring thawing period. Specifically, through field experiments, the addition of 0, 6, and 12 kg m−2 biochar on slopes of 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, and 7.2° and the effects on runoff and the soil erosion rate of farmland were analyzed. The results showed that in the 6 and 12 kg m−2 biochar addition treatments, the saturated water content of the soil increased by 24.17 and 42.91%, and the field capacity increased by 32.44 and 51.30%, respectively. Compared with the untreated slope, with an increase in biochar application rate, runoff decreased slightly, and soil erosion decreased significantly. This study reveals that biochar can be used as a potential measure to prevent soil and water loss on sloping farmland in cold regions.

ACS Style

Pengfei Yu; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Hang Zhao. Effect of Biochar on Soil and Water Loss on Sloping Farmland in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China during the Spring Thawing Period. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1460 .

AMA Style

Pengfei Yu, Tianxiao Li, Qiang Fu, Dong Liu, Renjie Hou, Hang Zhao. Effect of Biochar on Soil and Water Loss on Sloping Farmland in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China during the Spring Thawing Period. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pengfei Yu; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Hang Zhao. 2021. "Effect of Biochar on Soil and Water Loss on Sloping Farmland in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China during the Spring Thawing Period." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1460.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2020 in Journal of Hydrology
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The influence of entropy values obtained under different multiscale permutation entropy scales on the complexity and unconstrained extreme value problem of traditional bionics algorithms was assessed. The multiscale permutation entropy (MSPE) eigenvalue calculation method based on the chaotic moth-flame optimization-based projection pursuit threat target evaluation (CMFO-PPTTE) model is proposed (CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE). The CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE not only solves the problems of rough calculation and information loss in traditional eigenvalue calculation but also improves the shortcomings of slow convergence and local optimality in the intelligent bionic algorithm. For this purpose, the monthly precipitation of 13 administrative regions in Heilongjiang Province under the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre dataset (GPCC) from 1967 to 2017 was evaluated to improve the precipitation complexity entropy accuracy. The main influencing factors were altitude (p < 0.05), water area (p < 0.05), urban construction area (p < 0.05) and forestland area (p < 0.01). Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks were used to forecast the precipitation in Heilongjiang Province over 36 months, and a better forecast was obtained. To verify the rationality of CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE under GPCC data, compared with the situ data, it is found that GPCC data can more accurately classify the complexity grade of Daxing’anling region. At the same time, the administrative discrimination of GPCC data (1.107) is significantly higher than the situ data (1.023). To verify the rationality of the CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE, the partial mean of MSPE (MSPE-PM), whale optimization algorithm PPTTE (WOA-PPTTE) and ω-particle swarm optimization PPTTE (ω-PSO-PPTTE) models were also used to calculate the MSPE eigenvalues under GPCC data. Comparisons and evaluations were performed after dividing the grade based on geographical discrimination (CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE (1.107) > WOA-PPTTE-MSPE (1.094) > W-PSO-PPTTE-MSPE (1.090) > MSPE-PM (1.063)) and administrative discrimination (CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE (1.146) > W-PSO-PPTTE-MSPE (1.002) > MSPE-PM (1.012) > WOA-PPTTE-MSPE (1.002)). The CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE had a significantly higher distinguishing capabilities than the other algorithms and thus could better distinguish the complexity of precipitation in different regions and geographic locations. In summary, the CMFO-PPTTE-MSPE is beneficial for analyzing precipitation complexity and represents a novel approach for mining the fine structural features of regional hydrological series. However, determining how to apply artificial intelligence algorithms to reasonably calibrate key parameters of the MSPE algorithm to further improve the accuracy of complexity diagnosis for hydrological series will be an important avenue of research.

ACS Style

Dong Liu; Tingqi Yan; Yi Ji; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. Novel method for measuring regional precipitation complexity characteristics based on multiscale permutation entropy combined with CMFO-PPTTE model. Journal of Hydrology 2020, 592, 125801 .

AMA Style

Dong Liu, Tingqi Yan, Yi Ji, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Song Cui, Muhammad Imran Khan. Novel method for measuring regional precipitation complexity characteristics based on multiscale permutation entropy combined with CMFO-PPTTE model. Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 592 ():125801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Liu; Tingqi Yan; Yi Ji; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2020. "Novel method for measuring regional precipitation complexity characteristics based on multiscale permutation entropy combined with CMFO-PPTTE model." Journal of Hydrology 592, no. : 125801.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2020 in Journal of Hydrology
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This study aims to address a series of problems with agricultural irrigation water shortages and the poor efficiency of irrigation water use in severely colder irrigation areas in China. For this purpose, a support vector machine model based on the improved gray wolf optimization algorithm (IGWO-SVM) was proposed to improve the accuracy of the evaluation of the resilience of the water resource system in the irrigation areas. The results showed that the overall resilience of the selected irrigation areas was U-shaped from 2007 to 2016. From a spatial perspective, the results revealed that the resilience level of the western Songnen Plain irrigation area was less robust than that of the eastern Sanjiang Plain irrigation area. A comparison with the SVM model and SVM models optimized by the gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO-SVM) and the gravity search algorithm (GSA-SVM) showed that the mean square error of the IGWO-SVM model was reduced by 7.69%, 12.19%, and 25%; the R2 was 0.33%, 1.11% and 2.73%; and the accuracy was 2.32%, 4.74% and 16.03%, respectively. The running time of IGWO-SVM was 278.42 s, 498.63 s faster than those of GWO-SVM and GSA-SVM on average, respectively. The improvement in the results suggested that the IGWO-SVM model was stable and could be used to evaluate water resource system resilience.

ACS Style

Dong Liu; Maoxun Li; Yi Ji; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatial-temporal characteristics analysis of water resource system resilience in irrigation areas based on a support vector machine model optimized by the modified gray wolf algorithm. Journal of Hydrology 2020, 597, 125758 .

AMA Style

Dong Liu, Maoxun Li, Yi Ji, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Song Cui, Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatial-temporal characteristics analysis of water resource system resilience in irrigation areas based on a support vector machine model optimized by the modified gray wolf algorithm. Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 597 ():125758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Liu; Maoxun Li; Yi Ji; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Song Cui; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2020. "Spatial-temporal characteristics analysis of water resource system resilience in irrigation areas based on a support vector machine model optimized by the modified gray wolf algorithm." Journal of Hydrology 597, no. : 125758.

Journal article
Published: 23 July 2020 in Water Supply
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Water conservation is a strategic choice for sustainable societal development. Rational planning and allocation of water resources is an effective way to improve the efficiency of water resource utilization. Taking Harbin as an example, this paper constructs a linear fractional programming model based on chance-constrained programming. The model can reflect the randomness of water inflow under different climatic conditions while taking into account the interests of different decision makers at the upper and lower levels and the two contradictory objectives of maximizing economic benefits and minimizing water demands to improve water distribution efficiency and reduce the complexity of water resource distribution systems. The results showed that under the three climatic scenarios of RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, the agricultural water supply accounted for 90.04%, 87.66%, and 84.15% of the total regional water supply, respectively. In the process of building the model, considering the importance of sewage treatment in water safety evaluations, the cost of sewage treatment is included in the upper-level benefits of the model. The sustainable development of water resources should be guaranteed while rationally allocating water resources and pursuing economic benefits.

ACS Style

Fanxiang Meng; Linqi Li; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu. Optimal allocation model of the water resources in Harbin under representative concentration pathway scenarios. Water Supply 2020, 20, 2903 -2914.

AMA Style

Fanxiang Meng, Linqi Li, Tianxiao Li, Qiang Fu. Optimal allocation model of the water resources in Harbin under representative concentration pathway scenarios. Water Supply. 2020; 20 (7):2903-2914.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fanxiang Meng; Linqi Li; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu. 2020. "Optimal allocation model of the water resources in Harbin under representative concentration pathway scenarios." Water Supply 20, no. 7: 2903-2914.

Research article
Published: 16 June 2020 in Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
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Sample entropy can be used to investigate the complexity of precipitation series. However, the randomness of similar tolerance selection may lead to inaccurate results. To solve this problem, the distinction degree theory was introduced to optimize the similar tolerance of sample entropy, and a specific reference frame for the optimization process was provided. The optimized sample entropy was used to study the spatial differences in precipitation complexity and the possible causes from the perspective of the monthly precipitation (MP) and extreme daily precipitation (EDP) in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results demonstrated that the MP and EDP in Heilongjiang Province both had unsteady complex fluctuation characteristics and the optimal similar tolerances of the sample entropy were 0.24 and 0.13 times the standard deviation, respectively. The complexity of the EDP was higher than that of the MP, and their fluctuation ranges were 1.641‐2.268 and 0.433‐0.870, respectively. The complexity of the MP in the study area could be spatially represented as a basic pattern, which gradually decreased from east to west. The spatial distribution pattern of the EDP complexity indicated that the northern part was higher than the southern part. Altitude was the common influencing factor of the MP and EDP complexities, and it had a greater impact on the spatial pattern of the EDP complexity. Potential factors influencing the spatial difference in MP complexity also included changes in precipitation intensity, water area and residential and industrial land areas. Except for altitude, industrial economic development level may also affect the complexity of the EDP. The results may improve the application of sample entropy in climate system complexity measurements and could provide guiding significance for revealing the spatial variation of precipitation complexity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Liangliang Zhang; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 2020, 146, 3384 -3398.

AMA Style

Liangliang Zhang, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2020; 146 (732):3384-3398.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liangliang Zhang; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2020. "Spatial variability and possible cause analysis of regional precipitation complexity based on optimized sample entropy." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146, no. 732: 3384-3398.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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In the past decade, the application of biochar in agricultural soils has attracted wide attention. However, few studies have carefully explored the effects of biochar modification on plant leaf nutrients and the physiological process of plant leaves. To provide a better growing environment for crops and explore the best regulation mode of biochar in the farmland soil environment in the typical black loam area of Heilongjiang Province, through field experiments, we selected soybeans as the test crop and applied biochar in the soil. The agronomic characteristics and soil conditions of soybean plants were monitored by stage. The effects of different application methods and biochar gradients on the water and heat changes in soil tillage layers during different growth stages of crops were discussed, and the subtle differences of agronomic characteristics in different growth stages of crops were compared. The results showed that all kinds of biochar application modes could not change the general trend of water and heat change in soil tillage layer affected by environmental factors, and the effect of biochar application on soil liquid moisture content at 20 cm soil layer was not obvious. Biochar application can increase plant height and reduce stem diameter, but the effect is non-linear. The leaf nitrogen content (Leaf N-content) and leaf chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) were vertically distributed in the canopy, but they did not change significantly with the change of biochar application rate and mode. The application of biochar in autumn may bring crops into maturity earlier. Under the biochar application rate of 9 kg m−2, the mixed application in spring and autumn can bring the best biochar application effect.

ACS Style

Qinglin Li; Min Wang; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Heng Li; Song Cui; Yi Ji. Short-term influence of biochar on soil temperature, liquid moisture content and soybean growth in a seasonal frozen soil area. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 266, 110609 .

AMA Style

Qinglin Li, Min Wang, Qiang Fu, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Renjie Hou, Heng Li, Song Cui, Yi Ji. Short-term influence of biochar on soil temperature, liquid moisture content and soybean growth in a seasonal frozen soil area. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 266 ():110609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qinglin Li; Min Wang; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Heng Li; Song Cui; Yi Ji. 2020. "Short-term influence of biochar on soil temperature, liquid moisture content and soybean growth in a seasonal frozen soil area." Journal of Environmental Management 266, no. : 110609.

Journal article
Published: 14 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In view of the insufficient judgment criterion for the sustainable development of regional agricultural systems and the problem of easily increasing system uncertainty, by introducing the theory of harmony, the regional agricultural water and soil resource system can be regarded as a composite system and can be integrated with research on harmony. This study was based on a systematic literature review used to define the theory and judgment basis of agricultural water and soil resource composite system harmony (AWSRCSH). The Jiansanjiang Management Bureau of Heilongjiang Provincial Agricultural Reclamation in China was used as an example to construct an evaluation index system of AWSRCSH. The results showed that the so-called AWSRCSH indicated that the humanities, agriculture and resource subsystems were in healthy states of operation, the external subsystems were tuned and balanced, and the entire system presented a stable, consistent and balanced form. According to the “three deletions, one consolidation and one addition” strategy, the index primary election library (347 indicators) was reduced to 79 indicators, and the variation coefficient-R clustering-gray correlation advantage (VC-RC-GCA) model and expert knowledge were used to obtain 23 quantitative indicators and 3 qualitative indicators, of which there were 7, 11 and 8 indicators in the fields of humanities, agriculture and resources, respectively. By comparing the RC-GCA model screening results and the human-water harmony index system features, the rationality and reliability of the index system built based on the VC-RC-GCA model were verified.

ACS Style

Xuesong Li; Heng Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Muhammad Imran Khan. Connotation analysis and evaluation index system construction of regional agricultural soil and water resource composite system harmony. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 263, 121438 .

AMA Style

Xuesong Li, Heng Li, Dong Liu, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Muhammad Imran Khan. Connotation analysis and evaluation index system construction of regional agricultural soil and water resource composite system harmony. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 263 ():121438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xuesong Li; Heng Li; Dong Liu; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2020. "Connotation analysis and evaluation index system construction of regional agricultural soil and water resource composite system harmony." Journal of Cleaner Production 263, no. : 121438.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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There are few studies about biochar application in seasonally frozen soil areas. The regulatory mechanism of biochar on the water-soil environment and carbon emissions in seasonally frozen soil areas is unclear, which affects the study of nutrient migration and spring cropping systems under the control of biochar. For this purpose, we monitored the soil temperature (Ts), soil liquid moisture content (Ms) and soil respiration (Rs) rate during the freeze-thaw period under different application amounts of corn stover biochar (0 t∙ha−1, 15 t∙ha−1, 30 t∙ha−1, 45 t∙ha−1 and 60 t∙ha−1). The results showed that biochar can reduce the thermal conductivity of soil, thus improving the thermal insulation effect of frozen thawed soil, and Ts increased by 1.8–5.7 °C. The Ts and Ms were more sensitive to the high biochar application amount than to the low application amount. At the same time, biochar changed the soil aggregate distribution, and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the soil water retention capacity increased by increasing the macroaggregate content (>0.25 mm), and the Ms increased by 3.7–6.1%. Principal component regression (PCR) analysis showed that biochar can promote soil carbon emission, and Rs of soil treated with biochar was 0.01–0.58 μmol m−2 s−1 higher than that of the control. The Ms and Ts were the most important factors promoting the carbon emissions of freeze-thaw soil under the synergistic effect of biochar and freeze-thaw conditions. However, biochar may promote soil CO2 emissions by affecting the water-soil environment. Considering the soil moisture, seed germination and growth conditions in spring, the suitable biochar application amount was determined to be 44–51 t∙ha−1. This study provides theoretical support for determining reasonable and effective biochar control measures and improving the soil productivity of farmland soil in seasonally frozen soil areas.

ACS Style

Yu Gao; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu; Heng Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Qinglin Li; Yanpeng Cai. Biochar application for the improvement of water-soil environments and carbon emissions under freeze-thaw conditions: An in-situ field trial. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 723, 138007 .

AMA Style

Yu Gao, Tianxiao Li, Qiang Fu, Heng Li, Dong Liu, Yi Ji, Qinglin Li, Yanpeng Cai. Biochar application for the improvement of water-soil environments and carbon emissions under freeze-thaw conditions: An in-situ field trial. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 723 ():138007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Gao; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu; Heng Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Qinglin Li; Yanpeng Cai. 2020. "Biochar application for the improvement of water-soil environments and carbon emissions under freeze-thaw conditions: An in-situ field trial." Science of The Total Environment 723, no. : 138007.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2020 in Sustainability
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In a seasonally frozen soil area, there is frequent energy exchange between soil and environment, which changes the hydrological cycle process, and then has a certain impact on the prediction and management of agricultural soil moisture. To reveal the effects of different modes of regulation on the energy budget of soil in a region with seasonally frozen soil, four treatments, including the regulation of bare land (BL), biochar (CS), and straw (JS), and the combined regulation of biochar and straw (CJS), were used in field experiments. The variations in the soil temperature, liquid water content, and total water content were analyzed, the energy budget of the soil was calculated, the response functions of the soil energy were determined, and the mechanism of soil energy transfer was elucidated. The results showed that, during the freezing period, the JS treatment reduced the amplitudes of the variations in the soil temperature and liquid water content and increased the water content at the soil surface. During the thawing period, the CJS treatment effectively improved the soil hydrothermal conditions. During the freezing period, the heat absorbed by the CS and JS treatments reduced the fluctuation of the soil energy budget. At a soil depth of 10 cm, the spectral entropy of a time series of the soil net energy was 0.837 under BL treatment, and the CS, JS, and CJS treatments decreased by 0.015, 0.059, and 0.045, respectively, compared to the BL treatment. During the thawing period, the CS treatment promoted energy exchange between the soil and the external environment, and the spectral entropy of a time series of the soil net energy was increased; the JS treatment had the opposite effect. The CJS treatment weakened the impact of environmental factors on the soil energy budget during the freezing period, while it enhanced the energy exchange between the soil and the environment during the thawing period. This study can provide important theoretical and technical support for the efficient utilization of soil hydrothermal resources on farmland in cold regions.

ACS Style

Fanxiang Meng; Renjie Hou; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu. Variability of Soil Water Heat and Energy Transfer Under Different Cover Conditions in a Seasonally Frozen Soil Area. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1782 .

AMA Style

Fanxiang Meng, Renjie Hou, Tianxiao Li, Qiang Fu. Variability of Soil Water Heat and Energy Transfer Under Different Cover Conditions in a Seasonally Frozen Soil Area. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (5):1782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fanxiang Meng; Renjie Hou; Tianxiao Li; Qiang Fu. 2020. "Variability of Soil Water Heat and Energy Transfer Under Different Cover Conditions in a Seasonally Frozen Soil Area." Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1782.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This study proposes a flood disaster resilience evaluation model based on an improved random forest model, which is used to solve the fuzziness problem in resilience evaluations. The model uses the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to determine the key parameters in the traditional random forest regression (RFR) model and combines the evaluation index set constructed by the Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to output the resilience index of the study area. This approach has certain advantages in solving the spatiotemporal distribution problem of disaster resilience and can analyze the temporal and spatial variability of the research area and the key driving factors. Taking the Jiansanjiang Administration of Heilongjiang Province of China as an example, the model was used to analyze the resilience of flood disasters in 15 farms under the jurisdiction of the region from 2002 to 2016. The results showed that the level of resilience to flood disasters in the Jiansanjiang Administration was generally increasing at a growth rate of 4.175/10a. In addition, the level of flood resilience was spatially different as shown by the high level of resilience in the southwest and low level in the northeast. The degree of differentiation between farms increased between 2006 and 2011 and decreased between 2012 and 2016. The study also found that economic indicators and population indicators have a greater impact on the assessment results. Compared with the stochastic forest regression model optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO-RFR) and the RFR model, the WOA-RFR model has outstanding advantages in fitting accuracy, generalization performance. The rationality coefficient and stability coefficient of the WOA-RFR are 0.964 and 0.976, respectively, which have reached a high level. The proposed WOA-RFR model can be used to perform regional disaster resilience evaluation, provide stable technical support and establish a scientific basis for regional disaster prevention and mitigation to ensure regional production safety and sustainable development.

ACS Style

Dong Liu; Zhongrui Fan; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Liangliang Zhang; Muhammad Imran Khan. Random forest regression evaluation model of regional flood disaster resilience based on the whale optimization algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 250, 119468 .

AMA Style

Dong Liu, Zhongrui Fan, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Liangliang Zhang, Muhammad Imran Khan. Random forest regression evaluation model of regional flood disaster resilience based on the whale optimization algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 250 ():119468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Liu; Zhongrui Fan; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Liangliang Zhang; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2019. "Random forest regression evaluation model of regional flood disaster resilience based on the whale optimization algorithm." Journal of Cleaner Production 250, no. : 119468.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2019 in CATENA
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As an emerging soil amendment, biochar has attracted widespread attention worldwide. However, comprehensive research on the hydrothermal changes in biochar during natural freezing and thawing and the growth of crops after freezing and thawing has not yet been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydrothermal changes in biochar during freeze-thaw conditions and the variation in plant indicators in different biochar addition plots. Soybean was selected as the test crop via field experimentation. Biochar was applied to the soil at an areal density of 9 kg/m2 in autumn, spring, autumn and spring mixed application to identify whether biochar could be widely beneficial. The results showed that after natural freezing and thawing, biochar could provide a good accumulated temperature for crop growth before sowing and effectively improve soil moisture, causing the soil in the root zone of each study site to change slightly. At the same time, biochar application promotes crop growth; however, the effects of different application methods vary. Compared with the control case, in the case of spring biochar application, the plant height and leaf area increased by 20% and 6.3%, respectively, while the stem diameter decreased by 6.1%. The leaf nitrogen content and leaf chlorophyll content basically remained the same. In addition, in the case of multiple biochar applications, we found that the difference between soybean stem diameter and leaf area was the greatest of all the application modes. In the case of application in spring and autumn mixed, the differences in the soybean indicators within the same experimental plot were the greatest. Compared with the control results, the autocorrelation of application in spring and autumn mixed is weak and does not affect actual production. Therefore, the difference caused by biochar application can be approximately ignored.

ACS Style

Qinglin Li; Heng Li; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Song Cui; Yi Ji; Yanpeng Cai. Effects of different biochar application methods on soybean growth indicator variability in a seasonally frozen soil area. CATENA 2019, 185, 104307 .

AMA Style

Qinglin Li, Heng Li, Qiang Fu, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Renjie Hou, Song Cui, Yi Ji, Yanpeng Cai. Effects of different biochar application methods on soybean growth indicator variability in a seasonally frozen soil area. CATENA. 2019; 185 ():104307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qinglin Li; Heng Li; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Renjie Hou; Song Cui; Yi Ji; Yanpeng Cai. 2019. "Effects of different biochar application methods on soybean growth indicator variability in a seasonally frozen soil area." CATENA 185, no. : 104307.

Journal article
Published: 13 September 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Due to the weak methods available for evaluation of the resilience of regional flood disaster systems and the lack of research on the driving mechanism of resilience, by exploring the principles of regional flood disaster resilience and constructing a suitable evaluation index system, the wind driven optimization (WDO) algorithm was introduced, and an improved projection pursuit (PP) evaluation model of flood disaster resilience was proposed. Twelve farms under the Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Hongxinglong Administration Bureau were included in the research area. A total of 43 primary indicators were selected from four criteria to describe the natural environment, culture, society, economic development and flood control technologies. The R clustering factor analysis method was used to determine 15 optimal indexes. The improved PP model based on the WDO algorithm (WDO-PP) was used to evaluate the flood disaster resilience of 12 farms. The results showed that the number of farms with a level IV rating on flood resilience decreased from 25% to 8.3% from 2002 to 2009. In 2009–2016, with the exception of the Bawuer and Shuguang farms, the flood disaster resilience index decreased, and that of the remaining farms increased. In 2002–2016, the Wujiuqi, Shuangyashan, Shuguang and Hongqiling farms in the central region of the Hongxinglong Administration Bureau were less resilient to disasters, and the farms that responded better to flood disasters were mainly located in the eastern or western Hongxinglong Administration Bureau near a river. Further analysis shows that the forest coverage rate, paddy field coverage ratio, shelter forest area ratio, proportion of primary industry, agricultural water use efficiency, and irrigation and drainage capacity were the key drivers of the flood disaster resilience in the Hongxinglong Management Bureau. Based on the Rastrigin and Schaffer functions, the results show that the success rate of the WDO algorithm is 100% over 10 iterations of the optimization calculation of the test function, while the success rate of the other two algorithms is relatively inadequate; however, in terms of value and standard deviation, both are better than adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) and adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) algorithms. Moreover, in the convergence curve, the WDO algorithm converges fast, the number of iterations can achieve the optimal effect on average 3–5 times, and the AGA and APSO algorithms need more than 40 iterations to achieve the best-seeking effect. Taking the index of agricultural water use efficiency in Bawuer farm as an example, the index weight is greater than 60% and the utilization rate of agricultural water is more than 98%, which is closer to reality. Therefore, the evaluation results of the flood disaster resilience evaluation model proposed in this study are more accurate: WDO-PP>(adaptive genetic algorithm) AGA-PP>(adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm)APSO-PP. In conclusion, the WDO-PP model has certain reference value for flood disaster recovery, monitoring and early warning.

ACS Style

Dong Liu; Jianping Feng; Heng Li; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatiotemporal variation analysis of regional flood disaster resilience capability using an improved projection pursuit model based on the wind-driven optimization algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 241, 118406 .

AMA Style

Dong Liu, Jianping Feng, Heng Li, Qiang Fu, Mo Li, Muhammad Abrar Faiz, Shoaib Ali, Tianxiao Li, Muhammad Imran Khan. Spatiotemporal variation analysis of regional flood disaster resilience capability using an improved projection pursuit model based on the wind-driven optimization algorithm. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 241 ():118406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong Liu; Jianping Feng; Heng Li; Qiang Fu; Mo Li; Muhammad Abrar Faiz; Shoaib Ali; Tianxiao Li; Muhammad Imran Khan. 2019. "Spatiotemporal variation analysis of regional flood disaster resilience capability using an improved projection pursuit model based on the wind-driven optimization algorithm." Journal of Cleaner Production 241, no. : 118406.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
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The temporal-spatial distribution of agricultural water requirements constitutes an important basis for the optimal allocation of regional irrigation water resources. The primary crops (rice, maize, and soybeans) of 12 cities in Heilongjiang Province, China, were used as a case study, and reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirement, effective rainfall, irrigation requirement, and irrigation requirement index for these crops were calculated for a period of 10 years (2006–2015). The indexes of homogeneity and stability were used to reveal the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distributions based on a cloud model, i.e., a mathematical representation of qualitative concept—including expectation, Ex, entropy, En, and hyperentropy, He—that integrates the homogeneity and stability of the explored water use terms. Path analysis was used to determine the most pertinent factors influencing the irrigation requirement. The results showed a wide range in annual effective rainfall. The trends of the annual irrigation requirement and irrigation requirement index were similar, with the maximum irrigation requirement occurring in 2007. The distribution of the annual irrigation requirement was widely dispersed and that of the annual effective rainfall displayed the lowest degree of cohesion. The ranges of the various agricultural water requirement indicators between crops except for the effective rainfall were greater in the southwest than in the northeast. The distributions of the annual reference evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirement, and irrigation requirement index were most discrete and unstable in the Xiaoxing’anling Mountains, whereas the distributions of the annual crop water requirement, effective rainfall, and irrigation requirement index in the Sanjiang Plain were uniform and stable. Compared with the temporal distribution, the spatial distribution of each indicator was discrete and nonhomogeneous. Temperature and precipitation were the primary factors that influenced the irrigation requirement.

ACS Style

Qiang Fu; Shanshan Wang; Tianxiao Li; Mo Li; Dong Liu; Song Cui. Temporal-Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Regional Agricultural Water Requirement Indicators. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2019, 145, 04019019 .

AMA Style

Qiang Fu, Shanshan Wang, Tianxiao Li, Mo Li, Dong Liu, Song Cui. Temporal-Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Regional Agricultural Water Requirement Indicators. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 2019; 145 (9):04019019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Fu; Shanshan Wang; Tianxiao Li; Mo Li; Dong Liu; Song Cui. 2019. "Temporal-Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Regional Agricultural Water Requirement Indicators." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 145, no. 9: 04019019.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in Water
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As a crop with high water consumption, rice is an important measure of efforts to improve agricultural irrigation efficiency and alleviate the contradiction between the supply and demand of agricultural water resources. This paper takes the Longtouqiao irrigation district, in the hinterland of the Sanjiang Plain, a major rice-producing area in northern China, as an example, and the AquaCrop crop growth model and entropy-cloud model are jointly used to develop a rice irrigation schedule optimization model based on three kinds of typical rainfall years. Different irrigation schemes are established and evaluated by using the model built based on images. The results showed that the yield’s normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) value of the AquaCrop model was 9.949% (< 10%) after calibration, and the our model results showed a good agreement with observed data, which indicated that the calibrated model was suitable for rice growth simulation in the research area. For the same irrigation water amount, rice was irrigated to a great extent at the tillering stage, and a small amount of irrigation water at the regreening stage of rice could improve rice yield. During irrigation, rice production can also be promoted by regulating the irrigation amount according to the rainfall in each growth period, and the optimal irrigation water amount can be controlled between 20 and 60 mm each time. Under the three typical annual scenarios of dry, normal and wet years, the respective optimal quantification results for the field capacity, total irrigation water amount and irrigation times in the rice growth period to attain the optimal irrigation effect were 25%, 425 mm, and 17 times, respectively; 25%, 450 mm, and 14 times; respectively, and 25%, 425 mm, and 17 times, respectively. The research results can provide a decision-making basis for water-saving measures and efficient rice irrigation water management.

ACS Style

Biying Zhai; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Mo Li; Song Cui. Rice Irrigation Schedule Optimization Based on the AquaCrop Model: Study of the Longtouqiao Irrigation District. Water 2019, 11, 1799 .

AMA Style

Biying Zhai, Qiang Fu, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Yi Ji, Mo Li, Song Cui. Rice Irrigation Schedule Optimization Based on the AquaCrop Model: Study of the Longtouqiao Irrigation District. Water. 2019; 11 (9):1799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Biying Zhai; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Mo Li; Song Cui. 2019. "Rice Irrigation Schedule Optimization Based on the AquaCrop Model: Study of the Longtouqiao Irrigation District." Water 11, no. 9: 1799.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2019 in Science of The Total Environment
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Currently, little is known about soil improvement by biochar in seasonally frozen soil areas. It is not clear whether the effects of biochar application on soil physical properties differ based on application period. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effects of biochar on soil structure and water retention in cold regions during different application periods. Three biochar applications during different periods were set up through field trials (A: in the early stage of freezing, B: in the middle period of thawing and C: addition of half of the biochar in the early stage of freezing and other half in the middle period of thawing), including four biochar application rates (3, 6, 9 and 12 kg·m−2), and no biochar was applied as a control (CK). The results showed that the selection of the biochar application period had a significant effect on the soil structure, but there was no significant difference in the stability of the soil structure. Biochar significantly increased the total porosity (TP) and the content of aggregates with diameters >0.25 mm in the soil, and all 9 kg·m−2 biochar treatments showed the best structural stability index. The improvement of the soil structure led to the enhancement of the water storage capacities. The plant available water content (PAWC) increased from 0.0638 to 0.0927–0.1767 cm3·cm−3, and this result was significantly related to the increases in soil TP and large aggregates (LAs: >2 mm). The optimum field capacity (FC = 0.372 cm3·cm−3) was obtained when the applied amount was 9 kg·m−2. This was beneficial for the stable storage of soil moisture. However, compared with the CK, none of the treatments in area B increased the liquid water content in the field soil. In summary, we suggest that treatment C9 is the most suitable method for application in seasonally frozen soil areas.

ACS Style

Qiang Fu; Hang Zhao; Heng Li; Tianxiao Li; Renjie Hou; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Yu Gao; Pengfei Yu. Effects of biochar application during different periods on soil structures and water retention in seasonally frozen soil areas. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 694, 133732 .

AMA Style

Qiang Fu, Hang Zhao, Heng Li, Tianxiao Li, Renjie Hou, Dong Liu, Yi Ji, Yu Gao, Pengfei Yu. Effects of biochar application during different periods on soil structures and water retention in seasonally frozen soil areas. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 694 ():133732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Fu; Hang Zhao; Heng Li; Tianxiao Li; Renjie Hou; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Yu Gao; Pengfei Yu. 2019. "Effects of biochar application during different periods on soil structures and water retention in seasonally frozen soil areas." Science of The Total Environment 694, no. : 133732.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2019 in Water
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The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of aquatic plants with no leaves (L0), 4 leaves (L4), 8 leaves (L8), and 12 leaves (L12) on the mean streamwise velocity, turbulence structure, and Manning’s roughness coefficient. The results show that the resistance of submerged aquatic plants to flow velocity is discontinuous between the lower aquatic plant layer and the upper free water layer. This leads to the difference of flow velocity between the upper and lower layers. An increase of the number of leaves leads to an increase in the flow velocity gradient in the upper non-vegetation area and a decrease in the flow velocity in the lower vegetation area. In addition, aquatic plants induce a momentum exchange near the top of the plant and increase the Reynold’s stress and turbulent kinetic energy. However, because of the inhibition of leaf area on the momentum exchange, the Reynold’s stress and turbulent kinetic energy increase first and then decrease with the increase in the number of leaves. Quadrant analysis shows that ejection and sweep play a dominant role in momentum exchange. Aquatic plants can also increase the Reynold’s stress by increasing the ejection and sweep. The Manning’s roughness coefficient increases with the increasing number of leaves.

ACS Style

Peiru Yan; Yu Tian; Xiaohui Lei; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Jiahong Li. Effect of the Number of Leaves in Submerged Aquatic Plants on Stream Flow Dynamics. Water 2019, 11, 1448 .

AMA Style

Peiru Yan, Yu Tian, Xiaohui Lei, Qiang Fu, Tianxiao Li, Jiahong Li. Effect of the Number of Leaves in Submerged Aquatic Plants on Stream Flow Dynamics. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiru Yan; Yu Tian; Xiaohui Lei; Qiang Fu; Tianxiao Li; Jiahong Li. 2019. "Effect of the Number of Leaves in Submerged Aquatic Plants on Stream Flow Dynamics." Water 11, no. 7: 1448.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2019 in Water
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The optimization of irrigation schedules is of great significance for saving water resources and ensuring food security. For the downstream of the Songhua River Basin, the key growth stages of crops were determined by the coupling degree between the effective precipitation and crop water requirement and the sensitivity indexes of the crop water production function. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate 16 irrigation schedules in different scenarios. Taking four factors into consideration, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Gray Interconnect Degree Analysis (GIDA) was used to establish the optimal irrigation schedule. The results showed that the key growth stages of corn and soybean were vegetative, reproductive and pod formation, seed enlargement. Deficit treatments were beneficial to improving crop yield and WUE. The optimal schedules were: the corn was irrigated with four times in key growth stages, and the irrigation quota was 21 mm; irrigation occurred six times in both normal and dry year, with quotas of 84 mm and 134 mm, respectively; the soybean was filled with six times in key growth stages, and the irrigation quotas were 10 mm, 28 mm and 89 mm in wet, normal and dry year, respectively. The evaluation method of irrigation schedule provided a theoretical basis for agricultural management and planting in the basin.

ACS Style

Qiang Fu; Liyan Yang; Heng Li; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Mo Li; Yan Zhang. Study on the Optimization of Dry Land Irrigation Schedule in the Downstream Songhua River Basin Based on the SWAT Model. Water 2019, 11, 1147 .

AMA Style

Qiang Fu, Liyan Yang, Heng Li, Tianxiao Li, Dong Liu, Yi Ji, Mo Li, Yan Zhang. Study on the Optimization of Dry Land Irrigation Schedule in the Downstream Songhua River Basin Based on the SWAT Model. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1147.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qiang Fu; Liyan Yang; Heng Li; Tianxiao Li; Dong Liu; Yi Ji; Mo Li; Yan Zhang. 2019. "Study on the Optimization of Dry Land Irrigation Schedule in the Downstream Songhua River Basin Based on the SWAT Model." Water 11, no. 6: 1147.