Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence under diverse environmental conditions is a desirable characteristic for crops. Common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) differ in their low temperature tolerance regarding growth and yield. Cultivars tolerant to low temperature during the germination and emergence stages and carriers of the grain quality standards demanded by consumers are needed for the success of the bean crop. The objectives of this study were i) to screen the seedling emergence and the phenotypic response of bean germplasm under a range of temperatures in controlled chamber and field conditions to display stress-tolerant genotypes with good agronomic performances and yield potential, and ii) to compare the emergence of bean seedlings under controlled environment and in open field conditions to assess the efficiency of genebanks standard germination tests for predicting the performance of the seeds in the field. Three trials were conducted with 28 dry bean genotypes in open field and in growth chamber under low, moderate and warm temperature. Morpho-agronomic data were used to evaluate the phenotypic performance of the different genotypes. Cool temperatures resulted in a reduction of the rate of emergence in the bean genotypes, however, emergence and early growth of bean could be under different genetic control and these processes need further research to be suitably modeled. Nine groups arose from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) representing variation in emergence time and proportion of emergence in the controlled chamber and in the open field indicating a trend to lower emergence in large and extra-large seeded genotypes. Screening of seedling emergence and phenotypic response of the bean germplasm under a range of temperatures in controlled growth chambers and under field conditions showed several genotypes, as landraces 272, 501, 593 and the cultivar Borlotto, with stress-tolerance at emergence and high yield potential that could be valuable genetic material for breeding programs. Additionally, the potential genetic erosion in genebanks was assessed. Regarding bean commercial traits, under low temperature at sowing time seed reached larger size and crop yield was higher compared to warmer temperatures at the sowing time. Therefore, early sowing of bean is strongly recommended.

Pea is an important grain legume and vegetable in the South of Europe where it is grown on small farms and gardens using traditional varieties and methods during the winter. Variability in old, unimproved varieties needs to be determined in order to create useful genetic variation for broadening the narrow genetic base of commercial cultivars and for making efficient use of available resources. One hundred and four unimproved pea varieties and ten elite cultivars were evaluated in 1991 and 1992 at two locations for seed and vegetable quality, canopy and agronomic traits. Significant genotype by environment (G × E) interactions were found for protein concentration, fresh seed size and weight, canopy traits, pod length and weight, days to flowering, and days to fresh seed and pod maturity. There were significant differences between unimproved pea varieties for all traits studied except for seed soluble sugars and seed tenderness. Most of the significant differences for seed and vegetable quality traits were observed in the unimproved germplasm from the South of Europe when compared with differences within the elite germplasm. Data from the evaluation of available pea germplasm provide information needed by breeders to develop varieties efficiently for the different needs of growers, processors and feed manufacturers. The relevance of these results in devising breeding strategies is discussed. Key words: Pisum sativum, seed and vegetable quality, field performance, genotype by environment interaction

Editorial: Protein Crops: Food and Feed for the Future