Systematic investigations involving laboratory, analytical, and field trials were carried out to obtain the most efficient adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from industrial effluent. Modification of the zeolite (Z) by the Acanthophora Spicifera algae (AS; marine algae) was evaluated in terms of adsorption capability of the zeolite to remove CR dye from aqueous solution. The zeolite/algae composite (ZAS) was fabricated using the wet impregnation technique. The AS, Z, and the synthesized ZAS composite were analyzed utilizing various characterization techniques. The newly synthesized ZAS composite has an adsorption capacity that is significantly higher than that of Z and AS, particularly at low CR concentrations. Batch experiments were carried out to explore the effects of different experimental factors, as well as the dye adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Owing to the presence of intermolecular interactions, the computational analysis showed that the adsorption of the CR molecule on zeolite surfaces is exothermic, energetically favorable, and spontaneous. Furthermore, growing the zeolite surface area has no discernible effect on the adsorption energies in all configurations. The ZAS composite may be used as a low-cost substitute adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from industrial wastewater at lower dye concentrations, according to the experimental results. Adsorption of CR dye onto Z, AS, and ZAS adsorbents was adequately explained by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. The sorption mechanism was also evaluated using Weber’s intra-particle diffusion module. Finally, field testing revealed that the newly synthesized adsorbent was 98.0% efficient at extracting dyes from industrial wastewater, proving the foundation of modern eco-friendly materials that aid in the reuse of industrial wastewater.

A dependent step-by-step study that included experimental and field study was applied to explore the simplest and most effective system that could be applied for adsorption of Congo Red (CR) dye from the effluent of wastewater that comes out from different industries. Zeolite (Z) surface and pores were subjected to a modification process using green seaweed (GS) algae. Thereafter, each Z, GS, and composite from both were evaluated based on the adsorption efficacy to clean up CR dyes from aqueous solutions. A wet impregnation method was followed to fabricate the zeolite/algae (ZGS) nanocomposite which was characterized using the most appropriate characterization techniques. Batch experiments were selected to be the method of choice in order to follow up the performance of the adsorption process versus different practical variables. Moreover, dye adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated as well. At lowered concentrations of CR, the novel nanocomposite ZGS revealed more efficacy than its counterparts, Z and GS, in terms of the adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 8.10, 10.30, and 19.70 mg/g for Z, GS, and ZGS, respectively. Laboratory tests confirmed that the novel nanocomposite ZGS could be introduced as a new and economical nanoadsorbent to capture and remove negatively charged dyes from wastewater effluents that come out from industries at lower concentrations of CR dye and analogous compounds. The dye adsorption on GS, Z, and ZGS coincide with the pseudo-first, Langmuir isotherm, and second-order models. Evaluation for the sorption mechanism was conducted using a diffusion model known as Weber’s intraparticle. Depending on the last findings, field experiments on removing dyes from industrial wastewater revealed optimistic findings as the efficiency of our modern and eco-friendly nanoadsorbent reached 91.11%, which helps in the reuse of industrial wastewater.

Glauconite (Gl), a naturally occurring clay material, was utilized as an affordable and ecologically friendly adsorbent to explore its capturing capacity towards Congo red (CR) dye from textile industrial waste effluent. To improve adsorption and removal effectiveness, a modification technique utilizing polyaniline (PAN) was investigated. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transformer infrared (FTI-R) were applied as strong familiar characterization techniques for all used adsorbents. The effects of starting concentration, contact duration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature on the adsorption process were also studied. The reusability of the adsorbent was studied over four adsorption cycles. The results show that PAN modification of Gl enhances the effectiveness of CR elimination. The clearance efficiency of raw and modified glauconite at 25 °C and pH 7 was 77% and 91%, respectively. The kinetics and isotherms of Congo red dye adsorption were investigated using batch studies to determine the impacts of various experimental conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the glauconite/polyaniline (Gl/PAN) nanocomposite rose from 11.9 mg/g for Gl to 14.1 mg/g in accordance with the isotherm analysis, which shows that the Langmuir isotherm properly characterizes the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.998) properly expresses the experimental data. The reusability research proved that the adsorbents may be reused effectively. The overall results suggest that the modified Gl by PAN might be used as a low-cost, natural adsorbent for eliminating CR color from textile effluent.

To explore the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from textile effluent, natural clay glauconite was employed as a sustainable and inexpensive adsorbent. The effects of varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on glauconite alteration were examined. Furthermore, this research focuses on the optimal NaOH concentration that improves removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. Thus, four NaOH solutions of concentrations ranging from 1 M to 4 M were used to activate glauconite raw (GL), indicated as GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M. These samples were characterized using different analysis tools. The effects of starting concentration, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, and reusability on removal efficacy were all investigated. The data show that the CR removal efficiency increases with modification up to a 2 M NaOH activation, beyond which it begins to decrease. At 25 °C and pH 7, the CR removal efficiencies were ~77%, 72%, 80%, 34.5%, and 30.5% by GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M, respectively. Batch experiments were performed to explore both the kinetics and isotherms of CR adsorption to determine the impact of different experimental conditions accurately. Moreover, isotherm interpretations demonstrated that the Freundlich isotherm closely matches the experimental results. The pseudo-second-order model clearly explains the obtained results (R² = 0.998) from 5 to 25 ppm for GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, and GLACT3M, but GLACT4 is expressed by the Elovich model from 20 to 25 ppm. The reusability investigation revealed that the reusability of adsorbents could be achieved efficiently. The findings suggest that glauconite and its NaOH-activated forms can be employed as natural and affordable adsorbents for removing CR from textile effluent.

Industrial wastewater is obtained from industrial activities that include any solids that become useless during the manufacturing process. These wastes are considered as international green problems so significant solutions must be taken to confront these problems and reduce their environmental burden and effect. Removal of dyes from industrial wastes using zeolite and marine algae by adsorption technique has a lot of advantages as the zero cost, obtainability, high effectiveness, and ecological alternative source. Dyes adsorption onto zeolite and marine algae surfaces is a complicated method that affected by numerous factors like contact time, initial dye concentration, solution pH, catalyst weight and temperature In this review, we present definition of marine algae and their classification, definition of Zeolite , industrial wastewater and their effect on the eco system, water treatment methods which include chemical, biological, Combinatorial method, nanotechnology-based and physical methods, uses of algae and natural zeolite in wastewater treatment and finally we discuss the factors that affect dyes adsorption onto zeolite and marine algae surfaces, such as contact time, temperature, solution pH and catalyst dose. The principal conclusions of this review are that the dye removal% is high In the early time of the adsorption operation but it reduce still it reaches equilibrium, Temperature negatively affects the dye adsorption method, There is a specific pH value for each catalyst, at which the optimum adsorption of dyes happens as well as adsorbent dose growth in general enhances catalytic activity because of the increase in total surface area and the total of active sites on catalyst surface. For optimizing the conditions for dye adsorption onto zeolite and marine algae, the factors that affect dye adsorption onto zeolite and marine algae surfaces should be known.