Reactions of hydrazonoyl halides and each of methyl 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbodithioate and 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide afforded 2-(1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazono)-3-phenyl-5-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 5-(4-substituted)diazenyl)-2-(2-(1-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-arylthiazoles, respectively. Analogously, the reactions of hydrazonoyl halides with 7-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-5-phenyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one gave 3-(4-substituted)-8-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-phenyl-1-arylpyrido[2,3-d]-[1,2,4]-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrimidin- 5(1H)-ones in a good yield. The structures of the newly synthesized were elucidated via elemental analysis, spectral data and alternative synthesis routes whenever possible. Twelve of the newly synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their antitumor activity against human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Their structure activity relationships (SAR) were also studied. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative 9b (IC₅₀ = 2.94 µM) has promising antitumor activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and the thiazole derivative 12a has promising inhibitory activity against both the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and the breast carcinoma cell line (IC₅₀ = 1.19, and 3.4 µM, respectively).

Lead is one of the fundamentally risky metal ions existing in wastewater. A laboratory batch technique carried out to study the impact of initial concentration, pH, temperature, a dose of adsorbent and contact time on the elimination of lead ions onto oil shell sedimentary rock as natural clay. Two natural inorganic composites Kaolinite/Smectite-A and Kaolinite/Smectite-B have been used. The lead removal enlarged with rising initial metal solution concentration, contact time and pH. The elimination reaction speed was high at the initial period of contact time and then decreased to attain equilibrium at 45, 30 min for Kaolinite/Smectite-A and Kaolinite/Smectite-B adsorbents, respectively. Mutually, Langmuir and Freundlich’s isotherms are applicable to describe the metals adsorption and thermodynamic parameters ΔG; ΔS and ΔH were calculated indicating that the adsorption process is physisorption, spur-of-the-moment and endothermic.

Systematic investigations involving laboratory, analytical, and field trials were carried out to obtain the most efficient adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from industrial effluent. Modification of the zeolite (Z) by the Acanthophora Spicifera algae (AS; marine algae) was evaluated in terms of adsorption capability of the zeolite to remove CR dye from aqueous solution. The zeolite/algae composite (ZAS) was fabricated using the wet impregnation technique. The AS, Z, and the synthesized ZAS composite were analyzed utilizing various characterization techniques. The newly synthesized ZAS composite has an adsorption capacity that is significantly higher than that of Z and AS, particularly at low CR concentrations. Batch experiments were carried out to explore the effects of different experimental factors, as well as the dye adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Owing to the presence of intermolecular interactions, the computational analysis showed that the adsorption of the CR molecule on zeolite surfaces is exothermic, energetically favorable, and spontaneous. Furthermore, growing the zeolite surface area has no discernible effect on the adsorption energies in all configurations. The ZAS composite may be used as a low-cost substitute adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from industrial wastewater at lower dye concentrations, according to the experimental results. Adsorption of CR dye onto Z, AS, and ZAS adsorbents was adequately explained by pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. The sorption mechanism was also evaluated using Weber’s intra-particle diffusion module. Finally, field testing revealed that the newly synthesized adsorbent was 98.0% efficient at extracting dyes from industrial wastewater, proving the foundation of modern eco-friendly materials that aid in the reuse of industrial wastewater.

Glauconite (Gl), a naturally occurring clay material, was utilized as an affordable and ecologically friendly adsorbent to explore its capturing capacity towards Congo red (CR) dye from textile industrial waste effluent. To improve adsorption and removal effectiveness, a modification technique utilizing polyaniline (PAN) was investigated. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transformer infrared (FTI-R) were applied as strong familiar characterization techniques for all used adsorbents. The effects of starting concentration, contact duration, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature on the adsorption process were also studied. The reusability of the adsorbent was studied over four adsorption cycles. The results show that PAN modification of Gl enhances the effectiveness of CR elimination. The clearance efficiency of raw and modified glauconite at 25 °C and pH 7 was 77% and 91%, respectively. The kinetics and isotherms of Congo red dye adsorption were investigated using batch studies to determine the impacts of various experimental conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the glauconite/polyaniline (Gl/PAN) nanocomposite rose from 11.9 mg/g for Gl to 14.1 mg/g in accordance with the isotherm analysis, which shows that the Langmuir isotherm properly characterizes the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.998) properly expresses the experimental data. The reusability research proved that the adsorbents may be reused effectively. The overall results suggest that the modified Gl by PAN might be used as a low-cost, natural adsorbent for eliminating CR color from textile effluent.

Treatment of produced water in oil fields has become a tough challenge for oil producers. Nanofiltration, a promising method for water treatment, has been proposed as a solution. The phase inversion technique was used for the synthesis of nanofiltration membranes of polyethersulfone embedded with graphene oxide nanoparticles and polyethersulfone embedded with titanium nanoribbons. As a realistic situation, water samples taken from the oil field were filtered using synthetic membranes at an operating pressure of 0.3 MPa. Physiochemical properties such as water flux, membrane morphology, flux recovery ratio, pore size and hydrophilicity were investigated. Additionally, filtration efficiency for removal of constituent ions, oil traces in water removal, and fouling tendency were evaluated. The constituent ions of produced water act as the scaling agent which threatens the blocking of the reservoir bores of the disposal wells. Adding graphene oxide (GO) and titanium nanoribbons (TNR) to polyethersulfone (PES) enhanced filtration efficiency, water flux, and anti-fouling properties while also boosting hydrophilicity and porosity. The PES-0.7GO membrane has the best filtering performance, followed by the PES-0.7TNR and pure-PES membranes, with chloride salt rejection rates of 81%, 78%, and 35%; oil rejection rates of 88%, 85%, and 71%; and water fluxes of 85, 82, and 42.5 kg/m² h, respectively. Because of its higher hydrophilicity and physicochemical qualities, the PES-0.7GO membrane outperformed the PES-0.7TNR membrane. Nanofiltration membranes embedded with nanomaterial described in this work revealed encouraging long-term performance for oil-in-water trace separation and scaling agent removal.

To explore the adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from textile effluent, natural clay glauconite was employed as a sustainable and inexpensive adsorbent. The effects of varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on glauconite alteration were examined. Furthermore, this research focuses on the optimal NaOH concentration that improves removal efficiency and adsorption capacity. Thus, four NaOH solutions of concentrations ranging from 1 M to 4 M were used to activate glauconite raw (GL), indicated as GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M. These samples were characterized using different analysis tools. The effects of starting concentration, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, and reusability on removal efficacy were all investigated. The data show that the CR removal efficiency increases with modification up to a 2 M NaOH activation, beyond which it begins to decrease. At 25 °C and pH 7, the CR removal efficiencies were ~77%, 72%, 80%, 34.5%, and 30.5% by GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, GLACT3M, and GLACT4M, respectively. Batch experiments were performed to explore both the kinetics and isotherms of CR adsorption to determine the impact of different experimental conditions accurately. Moreover, isotherm interpretations demonstrated that the Freundlich isotherm closely matches the experimental results. The pseudo-second-order model clearly explains the obtained results (R² = 0.998) from 5 to 25 ppm for GL, GLACT1M, GLACT2M, and GLACT3M, but GLACT4 is expressed by the Elovich model from 20 to 25 ppm. The reusability investigation revealed that the reusability of adsorbents could be achieved efficiently. The findings suggest that glauconite and its NaOH-activated forms can be employed as natural and affordable adsorbents for removing CR from textile effluent.