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Xiaodong Liu
Rapid Road Transport, TUMCREATE Ltd., 1 Create Way, Create Tower 10-02, 138602 Singapore

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Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives
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The COVID-19 pandemic triggers a pause in the urban transport system by creating disruptive impacts on both passenger and delivery services. A key prompt stemming from the outbreak of COVID-19 is for transportation engineers to re-think existing issues regarding urban transportation system and to develop innovative solutions to better cater to demands. An urban-based integrated automated public transportation system (APTS) that serves both people and freight is examined which leverages on emerging technologies such as information communication technology and automated vehicle. An illustrative example of an APTS, namely Dynamic Autonomous Road Transit (DART), is introduced, and the technical challenges are summarised. An APTS typology and components to model such an integrated mobility system for the urban area are described. Issues concerning business model and governance intervention to promote such an urban integration are explicitly discussed.

ACS Style

Shanshan Sun; Yiik Diew Wong; Xiaodong Liu; Andreas Rau. Exploration of an integrated automated public transportation system. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 2020, 8, 100275 .

AMA Style

Shanshan Sun, Yiik Diew Wong, Xiaodong Liu, Andreas Rau. Exploration of an integrated automated public transportation system. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2020; 8 ():100275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanshan Sun; Yiik Diew Wong; Xiaodong Liu; Andreas Rau. 2020. "Exploration of an integrated automated public transportation system." Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 8, no. : 100275.

Conference paper
Published: 01 October 2019 in 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC)
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One typical application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is vehicle platooning where a group of vehicles travel with smaller inter-vehicle distance safely, improving energy efficiency as well as road capacity and traffic safety. Truck platooning on highways has been widely studied and showed the aforementioned effects. However, the platooning of buses in urban environments have not been investigated thoroughly in the literature. This paper examines the effects of bus platooning with respect to traffic control and energy consumption.Microscopic traffic simulations have been conducted to demonstrate that bus platooning improves the quality of service of buses and maintains the quality of the traffic flow. Subsequently, driving cycles of buses generated from the simulation study serve as input for an energy consumption analysis, showing that not only bus platooning itself result in a reduction of energy consumption but the traffic signal prioritisation for bus platooning lead to additional energy savings.

ACS Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Xiaodong Liu; Frederik R. Bachmann; Meng Xie; Aybike Ongel; Fritz Busch. Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) 2019, 974 -980.

AMA Style

Ganesh Sethuraman, Xiaodong Liu, Frederik R. Bachmann, Meng Xie, Aybike Ongel, Fritz Busch. Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment. 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC). 2019; ():974-980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ganesh Sethuraman; Xiaodong Liu; Frederik R. Bachmann; Meng Xie; Aybike Ongel; Fritz Busch. 2019. "Effects of Bus Platooning in an Urban Environment." 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC) , no. : 974-980.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2019 in Sustainability
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The development of advanced technologies has led to the emergence of autonomous vehicles. Herein, autonomous public transport (APT) systems equipped with prioritization measures are being designed to operate at ever faster speeds compared to conventional buses. Innovative APT systems are configured to accommodate prevailing passenger demand for peak as well as non-peak periods, by electronic coupling and decoupling of platooned units along travel corridors, such as the dynamic autonomous road transit (DART) system being researched in Singapore. However, there is always the trade-off between high vehicle speed versus passenger ride comfort, especially lateral ride comfort. This study analyses a new APT system within the urban context and evaluates its performance using microscopic traffic simulation. The platooning protocol of autonomous vehicles was first developed for simulating the coupling/decoupling process. Platooning performance was then simulated on VISSIM platform for various scenarios to compare the performance of DART platooning under several ride comfort levels: three bus comfort and two railway criteria. The study revealed that it is feasible to operate the DART system following the bus standing comfort criterion (ay = 1.5 m/s2) without any significant impact on system travel time. For the DART system operating to maintain a ride comfort of the high-speed train (HST) and light rail transit (LRT), the delay can constitute up to ≈ 10% and ≈ 5% of travel time, respectively. This investigation is crucial for the system delay management towards precisely designed service frequency and improved passenger ride comfort.

ACS Style

Teron Nguyen; Meng Xie; Xiaodong Liu; Nimal Arunachalam; Andreas Rau; Bernhard Lechner; Fritz Busch; Y. D. Wong. Platooning of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles: The Influence of Ride Comfort on Travel Delay. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5237 .

AMA Style

Teron Nguyen, Meng Xie, Xiaodong Liu, Nimal Arunachalam, Andreas Rau, Bernhard Lechner, Fritz Busch, Y. D. Wong. Platooning of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles: The Influence of Ride Comfort on Travel Delay. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5237.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teron Nguyen; Meng Xie; Xiaodong Liu; Nimal Arunachalam; Andreas Rau; Bernhard Lechner; Fritz Busch; Y. D. Wong. 2019. "Platooning of Autonomous Public Transport Vehicles: The Influence of Ride Comfort on Travel Delay." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5237.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Journal of Transport Geography
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This paper proposes an innovative method of replicating the multi-modal public transport system in Singapore with high precision using smart card database. It replicates the operation of public transport system with known exogenous passenger demand and provides many operational details, including passenger inter-modal trip chains, operational timetable, and detailed transfer behaviour. The paper elaborates on the methodology of the replication including data cleaning, filtering, processing and converting the collected data to meaningful information such as bus journey trajectories and metro system timetable. Thereafter, actualised passenger trip chains are directly assigned to the replicated public transport supply. The resulting replication covers almost 96% of trips made in public transport in Singapore. It provides solid quantitative information on several aspects to support decision making, including precise temporal and spatial travel demand analysis, transfer pattern analysis, traffic condition investigation and bus utilisation analysis.

ACS Style

Xiaodong Liu; Yuan Zhou; Andreas Rau. Smart card data-centric replication of the multi-modal public transport system in Singapore. Journal of Transport Geography 2019, 76, 254 -264.

AMA Style

Xiaodong Liu, Yuan Zhou, Andreas Rau. Smart card data-centric replication of the multi-modal public transport system in Singapore. Journal of Transport Geography. 2019; 76 ():254-264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaodong Liu; Yuan Zhou; Andreas Rau. 2019. "Smart card data-centric replication of the multi-modal public transport system in Singapore." Journal of Transport Geography 76, no. : 254-264.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Journal of Public Transportation
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The design of bus stops significantly affects bus operation. The delay time caused by inappropriate bus stop design adversely influences the efficiency of the system. This paper aims to examine the influence of bus stops on bus operating time components through statistical analysis, using Singapore as a case study. Two common types of bus stops, bus bay and curb-side stop, were investigated during the field survey to obtain actual data of bus operation at stops. Sixteen stops were chosen in pairs to compare the differences in operating time at bus stops. Bus operating times, including acceleration time, dwell time, deceleration time, and delay time, were recorded, with five types of delay time categorized. A total of 2,653 valid data records were collected and processed. The results showed that buses have better operational performance at curb-side stops than at bus bays in terms of average passenger boarding and alighting time and acceleration time. These findings have operational and planning implications for transport authorities and operators with regard to evaluating the performance of bus operation and improving the design of bus stops.

ACS Style

Xiaodong Liu; Yao Yang; Meng Meng; Andreas Rau; Tum Create Ltd.. Impact of Different Bus Stop Designs on Bus Operating Time Components. Journal of Public Transportation 2017, 20, 104 -118.

AMA Style

Xiaodong Liu, Yao Yang, Meng Meng, Andreas Rau, Tum Create Ltd.. Impact of Different Bus Stop Designs on Bus Operating Time Components. Journal of Public Transportation. 2017; 20 (1):104-118.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaodong Liu; Yao Yang; Meng Meng; Andreas Rau; Tum Create Ltd.. 2017. "Impact of Different Bus Stop Designs on Bus Operating Time Components." Journal of Public Transportation 20, no. 1: 104-118.