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Prof. Włodzimierz Szczepaniak
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

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0 Molten salts
0 nonferrous metals
0 Chemical Metallurgy
0 High Temperature Processes For Waste
0 Rare Elements

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High Temperature Processes For Waste
Rare Elements

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Journal article
Published: 26 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Gasification under steam excess of the residual from mechanical treatment of municipal solid waste (RMT-MSW, refuse derived fuel (RDF)-type) was investigated in a laboratory batch reactor, equipped with a section for high-temperature gas equilibration. Experiments were performed with recirculation of the condensate and residual tars/oils, for closing of the process loop. Gas emissions were registered at 300–500 °C (pyrolysis; maximum at 390 °C) and 650–800 °C (gasification; maximum at 740 °C). Peak areas, equivalent to the gas volume, were in a general proportion of 55:45. Mass of tars and oils collected together with condensing steam was only equal to 0.15% of the average weight loss of the RMT-MSW. Ninety-seven percent of organic compounds, mainly naphthalene, phenanthrene and derivatives, was separable by a simple filtration. Concentration of metals in aqueous condensate was equal to 135 mg/dm3, 98.5% by mass was potassium and sodium ions. Concentration of NH4+ was equal to 2.49 g/dm3 (mostly carbonate). According to the thermodynamic evaluation, volume of the process gas was equal to 2.11 m3 (dry, 25 °C, 1 bar) per 1 kg of the dry waste. Standard enthalpy of the gas combustion was 24.6 MJ/kg of the dry waste; approximately 16% of this energy was due to endothermicity of the process.

ACS Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Rafał Wysokiński; Piotr Rutkowski. Intensity of the Process Gas Emission from the Thermal Treatment of the 60–340 mm MSW Fraction under Steam. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7980 .

AMA Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Rafał Wysokiński, Piotr Rutkowski. Intensity of the Process Gas Emission from the Thermal Treatment of the 60–340 mm MSW Fraction under Steam. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Rafał Wysokiński; Piotr Rutkowski. 2020. "Intensity of the Process Gas Emission from the Thermal Treatment of the 60–340 mm MSW Fraction under Steam." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7980.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2020 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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Comparison of leachability of a set of 31 elements from ashes prepared by laboratory-scale experiments of incineration and allothermal steam gasification of the residual from mechanical treatment of municipal solid waste (RMT-MSW) has been discussed in terms of the oxygen potential (RTlnpO2) of high temperature (HT) process. Both incineration and steam gasification enable elimination of organic components and carbonaceous residue from the waste. The essential difference between ashes from oxygen incineration and steam gasification consists in (1) higher leachability of metals from gasification ash by diluted (2 M) inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3) and (2) preservation of metallic form of copper in gasification process. Grinding and fractioning of ashes revealed that pieces of metallic Al were accumulated mainly in the coarser grains, but also in fine fraction 0.16 < ø < 0.50 mm of the ash from gasification. Fractioning of ground ashes enabled the accumulation of 39% of Al, 55% Cu and 29% Zn, held in the ash grains with ø > 0.50 mm after incineration and 63% of Al, 84.% of Cu and 80% of Zn – in the ash grains ø > 0.16 mm after gasification, with 3.80% and 14.8% of the ash mass, respectively. Contrary to incineration, 82% of copper was accumulated in fraction 0.16 < ø < 0.50 mm of the ash from gasification (8.5 wt.% of the ash) and was leached primarily by HNO3.

ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Anna Szymczycha-Madeja. Comparison of leaching of metals from ground ashes prepared by steam gasification and incineration of the 60–340 mm MSW fraction. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2020, 8, 104029 .

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Anna Szymczycha-Madeja. Comparison of leaching of metals from ground ashes prepared by steam gasification and incineration of the 60–340 mm MSW fraction. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2020; 8 (4):104029.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Anna Szymczycha-Madeja. 2020. "Comparison of leaching of metals from ground ashes prepared by steam gasification and incineration of the 60–340 mm MSW fraction." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8, no. 4: 104029.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Nukleonika
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The neutron powder diffraction technique has been used for structural studies of Rb2UBr6 solid electrolyte as a function of temperature. The low-, room-, and high-temperature structures have been determined. At the temperature range of 4.2–80 K, the compound crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell in the P21/c space group. At 80 K and 853 K, the compound crystallizes in a tetragonal unit cell in the P4/mnc space group. At 300 K, the lattice constants are a = b = 7.745(1) and c = 11.064(1) Å. At the temperature range of 853–960 K, a trigonal phase is observed in the Pʒ̄ml space group.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Małetka; Eric Ressouche; Hakan Rundlof; Rolland Tellgren; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Crystalline structures of Rb2UBr6 ionic conductor determined by neutron diffraction. Nukleonika 2020, 65, 3 -11.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Małetka, Eric Ressouche, Hakan Rundlof, Rolland Tellgren, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Crystalline structures of Rb2UBr6 ionic conductor determined by neutron diffraction. Nukleonika. 2020; 65 (1):3-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Małetka; Eric Ressouche; Hakan Rundlof; Rolland Tellgren; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2020. "Crystalline structures of Rb2UBr6 ionic conductor determined by neutron diffraction." Nukleonika 65, no. 1: 3-11.

Conference paper
Published: 24 September 2019 in E3S Web of Conferences
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PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards) are important parts of electronic equipment and their use increases with technology development. Recycling of waste PCBs is challenging due to their complex structure and receives wide concerns as the amount of this type of waste is growing rapidly. In the article, the experiment of pyrolysis carried out with electronic waste sample was presented. The material employed in the present work was inverter of the LCD screen that it the example of the multilayer PCB. The correlation between pyrolysis temperature and gas emission from the system, which is associated with epoxy resin decomposition, is presented in the article.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Decomposition of LCD screen inverter by pyrolysis. E3S Web of Conferences 2019, 116, 00024 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Gurgul, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Decomposition of LCD screen inverter by pyrolysis. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019; 116 ():00024.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2019. "Decomposition of LCD screen inverter by pyrolysis." E3S Web of Conferences 116, no. : 00024.

Conference paper
Published: 03 July 2018 in E3S Web of Conferences
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Steam gasification seems a promising technology of waste transformation since the steam is the only oxidizing reagent in the process and gaseous carrier of volatiles. Gasses are equilibrated at high temperature for conversion to the H2-rich syngas. After this step, the excess of steam condenses during cooling, together with non-converted tars, oils and fine particles. Condensing steam efficiently absorbs hydrogen bromide and hydrogen chloride. The use of steam eliminates carbonaceous residue from the solid mineral/metal product, which is convenient for further processing (for example extraction of metals). The syngas and the solid residue are generally the only products of gasification, because aqueous condensate may be returned to the process together with non-volatile hydrocarbons and sediments. The process was illustrated by laboratory scale gasification experiments with a) carton packaging, b) abrasive disc, c) pork bones, d) Cu multiwire cable e) PC/AT card and f) inverter (PCB board). The mineral/metal products of gasification may be considered as a raw materials for further processing, including typical routes of metals recovery. There is no direct emission to the atmosphere from the process. However, providing the energy from the syngas back to the reactor as well as the energy balance of steam condensation and recirculation of condensate to the reactor need careful analysis.

ACS Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Agnieszka Gurgul. Steam gasification for waste valorization with energy recovery. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 44, 00170 .

AMA Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Agnieszka Gurgul. Steam gasification for waste valorization with energy recovery. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 44 ():00170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Agnieszka Gurgul. 2018. "Steam gasification for waste valorization with energy recovery." E3S Web of Conferences 44, no. : 00170.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Constructional complexity of items and their integration are the most distinctive features of electronic wastes. These wastes consist of mineral and polymeric materials and have high content of valuable metals that could be recovered. Elimination of polymeric components (especially epoxy resins) while leaving non-volatile mineral and metallic phases is the purpose of thermal treatment of electronic wastes. In the case of gasification, gaseous product of the process may be, after cleaning, used for energy recovery or chemical synthesis. If not melted, metals from solid products of thermal treatment of electronic waste could be recovered by hydrometallurgical processing. Three basic, high temperature ways of electronic waste processing, i.e. smelting/incineration, pyrolysis and steam gasification were shortly discussed in the paper, giving a special attention to gasification under steam, illustrated by laboratory experiments.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Incineration and pyrolysis vs. steam gasification of electronic waste. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 624, 1119 -1124.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Gurgul, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Incineration and pyrolysis vs. steam gasification of electronic waste. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 624 ():1119-1124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2018. "Incineration and pyrolysis vs. steam gasification of electronic waste." Science of The Total Environment 624, no. : 1119-1124.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
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ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Piotr Rutkowski; Katarzyna Ochromowicz; Anna Leśniewicz; Jacek Chęcmanowski. Decomposition of the ISA-card under steam for valorized polymetallic raw material. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2018, 130, 256 -268.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Piotr Rutkowski, Katarzyna Ochromowicz, Anna Leśniewicz, Jacek Chęcmanowski. Decomposition of the ISA-card under steam for valorized polymetallic raw material. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2018; 130 ():256-268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Piotr Rutkowski; Katarzyna Ochromowicz; Anna Leśniewicz; Jacek Chęcmanowski. 2018. "Decomposition of the ISA-card under steam for valorized polymetallic raw material." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 130, no. : 256-268.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Environment Protection Engineering
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ACS Style

Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Iwona Pasiecznik; Paweł Pohl; Piotr Rutkowski. Adsorption of the La3+ and Dy3+ ions on bio-hydroxyapatite obtained from pork bones gasified with steam. Environment Protection Engineering 2018, 44, 1 .

AMA Style

Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Iwona Pasiecznik, Paweł Pohl, Piotr Rutkowski. Adsorption of the La3+ and Dy3+ ions on bio-hydroxyapatite obtained from pork bones gasified with steam. Environment Protection Engineering. 2018; 44 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Iwona Pasiecznik; Paweł Pohl; Piotr Rutkowski. 2018. "Adsorption of the La3+ and Dy3+ ions on bio-hydroxyapatite obtained from pork bones gasified with steam." Environment Protection Engineering 44, no. 1: 1.

Conference paper
Published: 07 November 2017 in E3S Web of Conferences
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The article presents results of laboratory tests of removing boron and arsenium from non-ideal solutions using double-layered magnesium/aluminium hydroxides (Mg/Al Double-Layered Hydroxide – DLH) produced with nitrate-chloride method. In research, wastewater from an installation for flue gas desulfurization was examined. Double-layered hydroxides are perfect absorbents for anionic compounds. The research proved high effectiveness of preparation with reference to arsenium, as well as confirmed the effect of presence of sulfatic and arsenate ions on the effectiveness of boron removal. On the basis of research on absorption kinetics a theoretical dose of DLH/NO3-Cl/M preparation was calculated and compared with a dose that ensures emimination of boron below the limit standarized by the national regulations. Application of double-layered magnesium/aluminium hydroxides for boron elimination from industrial wastewater requires significantly higher doses of preparation than those calculated in model investigations. It is due to the priority of removal of multivalent ions, such as sulfatic, arsenate or phosphate ions, by DLH/NO3-Cl/M.

ACS Style

Iwona Pasiecznik; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Chemical treatment of wastewater from flue gas desulphurisation. E3S Web of Conferences 2017, 22, 00133 .

AMA Style

Iwona Pasiecznik, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Chemical treatment of wastewater from flue gas desulphurisation. E3S Web of Conferences. 2017; 22 ():00133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iwona Pasiecznik; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. 2017. "Chemical treatment of wastewater from flue gas desulphurisation." E3S Web of Conferences 22, no. : 00133.

Conference paper
Published: 07 November 2017 in E3S Web of Conferences
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Three high temperature processes of the electronic waste processing: smelting/incineration, pyrolysis and gasification were shortly discussed. The most distinctive feature of electronic waste is complexity of components and their integration. This type of waste consists of polymeric materials and has high content of valuable metals that could be recovered. The purpose of thermal treatment of electronic waste is elimination of plastic components (especially epoxy resins) while leaving non-volatile mineral and metallic phases in more or less original forms. Additionally, the gaseous product of the process after cleaning may be used for energy recovery or as syngas.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Incineration, pyrolysis and gasification of electronic waste. E3S Web of Conferences 2017, 22, 60 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Gurgul, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Incineration, pyrolysis and gasification of electronic waste. E3S Web of Conferences. 2017; 22 ():60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Gurgul; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2017. "Incineration, pyrolysis and gasification of electronic waste." E3S Web of Conferences 22, no. : 60.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Journal of Molecular Liquids
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Electrical conductivity of not investigated yet molten binary system LiCl-DyCl3 has been determined in the temperature range 823–1073 K. Temperature dependence of specific conductance of melts was fitted by the second order polynomial and molar conductivity by classical Arrhenius equation. The results were discussed in combination with the electrical conductivity data for other alkali metal chloride – dysprosium chloride and lithium chloride – lanthanide chloride melts. It was found that the lithium system differs from other alkali metal ones particularly in deviation from additivity rule (the maximum of deviation is significantly shifted to DyCl3-rich melt) and dependency of molar conductivity on the melt composition (for the lithium system conductivity regularly decreases with the increase of DyCl3 content whereas for other systems there are maxima of the first derivative of this dependence at xDyCl3 = 0.6–0.7), most likely due to the reduction of stability of dysprosium complex species by lithium cation.

ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Electrical conductivity of molten lithium chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride system compared to other alkali metal chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride and lithium chloride – lanthanide(III) chloride systems. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2016, 222, 818 -822.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Electrical conductivity of molten lithium chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride system compared to other alkali metal chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride and lithium chloride – lanthanide(III) chloride systems. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016; 222 ():818-822.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. 2016. "Electrical conductivity of molten lithium chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride system compared to other alkali metal chloride – dysprosium(III) chloride and lithium chloride – lanthanide(III) chloride systems." Journal of Molecular Liquids 222, no. : 818-822.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Journal of Power Sources
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The article discusses the current situation of the spent batteries and portable accumulators management. It reviews recycling technologies of the spent batteries and portable accumulators which are used in the manufacturing installations in the world. Also, it presents the authors’ research results on the reductive acidic leaching of waste material of the zinc-carbon batteries (Zn-C) and zinc-manganese batteries (alkaline Zn-MnO2) delivered by a company dealing with mechanical treatment of this type of waste stream. The research data proved that the reductive acidic leaching (H2SO4 + C2H2O4) of the battery’s black mass allows to recover 85.0% of zinc and 100% of manganese. Moreover, it was found that after the reductive acidic leaching it is possible to recover nearly 100% of manganese, iron, cadmium, and chromium, 98.0% of cobalt, 95.5% of zinc, and 85.0% of copper and nickel from the solution with carbonate method. On the basis of the results, it is possible to assume that the carbonate method can be used for the preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite.

ACS Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek; W. Szczepaniak; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid. Journal of Power Sources 2016, 325, 220 -228.

AMA Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek, W. Szczepaniak, Paweł Maciejewski, Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid. Journal of Power Sources. 2016; 325 ():220-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek; W. Szczepaniak; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. 2016. "Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid." Journal of Power Sources 325, no. : 220-228.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2016 in Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S
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Gasification of oat grains with steam at normal pressure has been performed in a laboratory scale. Experiments were carried out in a vertical quartz reactor, with a steady flow of the steam and immediate tars conversion at 900ºC on the catalytic bed prepared from local clay with simple additives. Condensation of steam excess enabled essential elimination of non-volatile components of the gas stream. Condensates were analyzed with GC-MS. The highest level of organic compounds was detected in experiment with non-catalytic bed of small quartz pieces (90.2 mg/15 g of oat grains) and successful decreased by 86% for original clay without additives (precursors), 94% for clay with magnesium precursor, 97% with iron and more than 99% with calcium one.

ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Amelia Zielińska; Piotr Rutkowski. Steam gasification of oat with conversion of tars on clay catalyst and gas cleaning by condensation of steam. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 2016, 23, 33 -48.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Amelia Zielińska, Piotr Rutkowski. Steam gasification of oat with conversion of tars on clay catalyst and gas cleaning by condensation of steam. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S. 2016; 23 (1):33-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Amelia Zielińska; Piotr Rutkowski. 2016. "Steam gasification of oat with conversion of tars on clay catalyst and gas cleaning by condensation of steam." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 1: 33-48.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Waste Management
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Screened multiwire, PVC insulated tinned copper cable was gasified with steam at high temperature (HTSG) under atmospheric pressure for recovery of cooper. Gases from the process were additionally equilibrated at 850°C on the bed of calcined clay granules and more than 98% of C+H content in the cable was transformed to non-condensing species. Granules prepared from local clay were generally resistant for chlorination, there was also almost no deposition of metals, Cu and Sn, on the catalytic bed. It was found that 28% of chlorine reacted to form CaCl2, 71% was retained in aqueous condensate and only 0.6% was absorbed in alkaline scrubber. More than 99% of calcium existed in the process solid residue as a mixture of calcium chloride and calcium oxide/hydroxide. PVC and other hydrocarbon constituents were completely removed from the cable sample. Copper was preserved in original form and volatilization of copper species appeared insignificant. Tin was alloying with copper and its volatilization was less than 1%. Fractionation and speciation of metals, chlorine and calcium were discussed on the basis of equilibrium model calculated with HSC Chemistry software. High temperature steam gasification prevents direct use of the air and steam/water is in the process simultaneously gaseous carrier and reagent, which may be recycled together with hydrocarbon condensates.

ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Piotr Rutkowski; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Recovery of copper from PVC multiwire cable waste by steam gasification. Waste Management 2015, 46, 488 -496.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Piotr Rutkowski, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Recovery of copper from PVC multiwire cable waste by steam gasification. Waste Management. 2015; 46 ():488-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Piotr Rutkowski; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. 2015. "Recovery of copper from PVC multiwire cable waste by steam gasification." Waste Management 46, no. : 488-496.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Journal of Molecular Liquids
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ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak. Electrical conductivity of molten cesium chloride–dysprosium(III) chloride system. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2015, 208, 47 -51.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak. Electrical conductivity of molten cesium chloride–dysprosium(III) chloride system. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2015; 208 ():47-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak. 2015. "Electrical conductivity of molten cesium chloride–dysprosium(III) chloride system." Journal of Molecular Liquids 208, no. : 47-51.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Journal of Power Sources
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste. Journal of Power Sources 2014, 270, 668 -674.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste. Journal of Power Sources. 2014; 270 ():668-674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2014. "Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste." Journal of Power Sources 270, no. : 668-674.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Electrochimica Acta
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ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski. Electrical conductivity of molten KCl–DyCl3 system—Comparison with other KCl–LnCl3 systems. Electrochimica Acta 2013, 114, 424 -429.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Bartłomiej Ciechanowski. Electrical conductivity of molten KCl–DyCl3 system—Comparison with other KCl–LnCl3 systems. Electrochimica Acta. 2013; 114 ():424-429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski. 2013. "Electrical conductivity of molten KCl–DyCl3 system—Comparison with other KCl–LnCl3 systems." Electrochimica Acta 114, no. : 424-429.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2010 in Electrochimica Acta
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CsCl–NdCl3 is the next of binary MCl–NdCl3 systems (M: alkali metal) investigated for determination of relative internal mobilities of cations (bCs, bNd) by countercurrent electromigration method (Klemm's method). The results have been presented as isotherms of internal mobilities of Cs+ and Nd3+ ions on NdCl3 equivalent fraction (yNd). It has been found that internal mobility of cesium cations is higher than neodymium ones in the entire composition range (what is typical for nonsymmetrical MCl–LnCl3 systems (M: Li, Na, K; Ln: La, Nd, Dy)) and decreases with increase of NdCl3 concentration in the melt. Generally, dependence of internal mobility of lanthanide cations in melts with alkali metal chlorides on lanthanide (i.e. its atomic number and concentration) seems strongly related to stability of chloride complex anions of lanthanides in the melt. Investigated systems may be divided into two classes. The first class includes MCl–NdCl3 systems (M: Li, Na) characterized by decrease of bNd with increase of NdCl3 concentration. The second includes KCl–LnCl3 systems (Ln: La, Nd, Dy) and presented here CsCl–NdCl3 system, and is characterized by increase of bLn with concentration of Ln3+ cation. The dependence of bNd on NdCl3 concentration at 1073 K was fitted (as for other systems) by a simple equation of the form: bLn=bLn0+a(1−yLnCl3)2, where bLn0 is the internal mobility of Ln3+ cations in pure molten LnCl3, a the difference between internal mobility of Ln3+ cations in pure molten LnCl3 and infinitely diluted LnCl3 in molten alkali metal chloride (extrapolated), and yLnCl3yLnCl3 is the equivalent fraction of LnCl3.

ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski; Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak; Wiesław Gaweł. Internal cation mobility in molten CsCl–NdCl3 system at 1073K. Electrochimica Acta 2010, 55, 3409 -3413.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Bartłomiej Ciechanowski, Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak, Wiesław Gaweł. Internal cation mobility in molten CsCl–NdCl3 system at 1073K. Electrochimica Acta. 2010; 55 (9):3409-3413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski; Wlodzimierz Szczepaniak; Wiesław Gaweł. 2010. "Internal cation mobility in molten CsCl–NdCl3 system at 1073K." Electrochimica Acta 55, no. 9: 3409-3413.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Electrochimica Acta
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ACS Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Wiesław Gaweł. Internal cation mobility in molten LiCl–NdCl3 system. Electrochimica Acta 2008, 53, 2081 -2086.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Bartłomiej Ciechanowski, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Wiesław Gaweł. Internal cation mobility in molten LiCl–NdCl3 system. Electrochimica Acta. 2008; 53 (5):2081-2086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Bartłomiej Ciechanowski; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Wiesław Gaweł. 2008. "Internal cation mobility in molten LiCl–NdCl3 system." Electrochimica Acta 53, no. 5: 2081-2086.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2007 in Journal of Molecular Liquids
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Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Internal mobility of Ln3+ ions in the KCl-LnCl3 and NaCl-NdCl3 systems. A single coefficient correlation model. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2007, 137, 36 -42.

AMA Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. Internal mobility of Ln3+ ions in the KCl-LnCl3 and NaCl-NdCl3 systems. A single coefficient correlation model. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2007; 137 (1):36-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Monika Zabłocka-Malicka; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak. 2007. "Internal mobility of Ln3+ ions in the KCl-LnCl3 and NaCl-NdCl3 systems. A single coefficient correlation model." Journal of Molecular Liquids 137, no. 1: 36-42.