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Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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Review
Published: 01 June 2021 in Recycling
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The automotive industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the modern economy. Growing customer expectations, implementing solutions related to electromobility, and increasingly stringent legal restrictions in the field of environmental protection, determine the development and introduction of innovative technologies in the field of car production. To power the most modern vehicles that include electric and hybrid cars, packages of various types of lithium-ion cells are used, the number of which is constantly growing. After use, these batteries, due to their complex chemical composition, constitute hazardous waste that is difficult to manage and must be recycled in modern technological lines. The article presents the morphological characteristics of the currently used types of Li-ion cells, and the threats to the safety of people and the environment that may occur in the event of improper use of Li-ion batteries and accumulators have been identified and described on the basis of the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council (EC) No. 1272/2008 of 16 December 2008 and No. 1907/2006 of 18 December 2006 on the classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures and the registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH), establishing the European Chemicals Agency.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Weronika Urbańska; Anna Janicka; Maciej Zawiślak; Jędrzej Matla. The Necessity of Recycling of Waste Li-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles as Objects Posing a Threat to Human Health and the Environment. Recycling 2021, 6, 35 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Weronika Urbańska, Anna Janicka, Maciej Zawiślak, Jędrzej Matla. The Necessity of Recycling of Waste Li-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles as Objects Posing a Threat to Human Health and the Environment. Recycling. 2021; 6 (2):35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Weronika Urbańska; Anna Janicka; Maciej Zawiślak; Jędrzej Matla. 2021. "The Necessity of Recycling of Waste Li-Ion Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles as Objects Posing a Threat to Human Health and the Environment." Recycling 6, no. 2: 35.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2021 in Energies
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The Zn(II) and Mn(II) removal by an ion flotation process from model and real dilute aqueous solutions derived from waste batteries was studied in this work. The research aimed to determine optimal conditions for the removal of Zn(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous solutions after acidic leaching of Zn-C and Zn-Mn waste batteries. The ion flotation process was carried out at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Two organic compounds used as collectors were applied, i.e., m-dodecylphosphoric acid 32 and m-tetradecylphosphoric 33 acid in the presence of a non-ionic foaming agent (Triton X-100, 29). It was found that both compounds can be used as collectors in the ion flotation for Zn(II) and Mn(II) removal process. Process parameters for Zn(II) and Mn(II) flotation have been established for collective or selective removal metals, e.g., good selectivity coefficients equal to 29.2 for Zn(II) over Mn(II) was achieved for a 10 min process using collector 32 in the presence of foaming agent 29 at pH = 9.0.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Katarzyna Grudniewska; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Removal of Zn(II) and Mn(II) by Ion Flotation from Aqueous Solutions Derived from Zn-C and Zn-Mn(II) Batteries Leaching. Energies 2021, 14, 1335 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Katarzyna Grudniewska, Paweł Maciejewski, Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Removal of Zn(II) and Mn(II) by Ion Flotation from Aqueous Solutions Derived from Zn-C and Zn-Mn(II) Batteries Leaching. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Katarzyna Grudniewska; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. 2021. "Removal of Zn(II) and Mn(II) by Ion Flotation from Aqueous Solutions Derived from Zn-C and Zn-Mn(II) Batteries Leaching." Energies 14, no. 5: 1335.

Case report
Published: 12 December 2019 in Batteries
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The paper presents the market of portable lithium-ion batteries in the European Union (EU) with particular emphasis on the stream of used Li-ion cells in Poland by 2030. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that, despite a decade of efforts in Poland, it has not been possible to create an effective management system for waste batteries and accumulators that would include waste management (collection and selective sorting), waste disposal (a properly selected mechanical method) and component recovery technology for reuse (pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods). This paper also brings attention to the fact that this EU country with 38 million people does not have in its area a recycling process for used cells of the first type of zinc-carbon, zinc-manganese or zinc-air, as well as the secondary type of nickel-hydride and lithium-ion, which in the stream of chemical waste energy sources will be growing from year to year.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Weronika Urbańska. Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland. Batteries 2019, 5, 75 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Weronika Urbańska. Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland. Batteries. 2019; 5 (4):75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Weronika Urbańska. 2019. "Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland." Batteries 5, no. 4: 75.

Research article
Published: 16 January 2019 in Journal of Chemistry
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The catalytic activity of the Mn-Zn ferrites obtained by chemical methods from a solution after acid leaching of waste Zn-C and Zn-Mn batteries was studied. Precursors of metal ions (Fe, Mn, and Zn) were obtained using different precipitating agents ((NH4)2C2O4, Na2CO3, and NaOH), and then, the combustion route was used to prepare catalytically active nanocrystalline ferrites. The obtained ferrite catalysts differ in terms of microstructure, the number of acid and base sites, and the surface composition depending on the ion precursor used in the combustion process. All prepared materials were catalytically active in the butan-1-ol conversion test. Depending on the ion precursor applied in the combustion process, a selective catalyst towards aldehyde (carbonate precursor) or ketone (hydroxide precursor) formation can be obtained. Furthermore, the catalyst prepared from the hydroxide precursor exhibits the highest catalytic activity in the n-butanol test (nearly 100% conversion under the experiment conditions).

ACS Style

Katarzyna Winiarska; Roman Klimkiewicz; Włodzimierz Tylus; Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Juliusz Winiarski; Bogdan Szczygieł; Irena Szczygieł. Study of the Catalytic Activity and Surface Properties of Manganese-Zinc Ferrite Prepared from Used Batteries. Journal of Chemistry 2019, 2019, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Winiarska, Roman Klimkiewicz, Włodzimierz Tylus, Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Juliusz Winiarski, Bogdan Szczygieł, Irena Szczygieł. Study of the Catalytic Activity and Surface Properties of Manganese-Zinc Ferrite Prepared from Used Batteries. Journal of Chemistry. 2019; 2019 ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Winiarska; Roman Klimkiewicz; Włodzimierz Tylus; Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Juliusz Winiarski; Bogdan Szczygieł; Irena Szczygieł. 2019. "Study of the Catalytic Activity and Surface Properties of Manganese-Zinc Ferrite Prepared from Used Batteries." Journal of Chemistry 2019, no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2018 in Waste Management
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The utilization of the stream of waste secondary nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells, representing annually about 33% of all consumer batteries and accumulators placed on the Polish market, will soon become a big challenge for both legislators and plants dealing with the recycling of this type of hazardous waste. It is due to the fact that no company in Poland operating on the market has a complete technology for the processing of a full stream of waste chemical energy sources produced in this country. Until now, the most commonly used techniques of processing this type of waste were pyrometallurgical process. In this paper, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stream of waste batteries and accumulators collected at separate collection points are presented. The results of metal recovery: caesium, lanthanum, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc from the stream of waste Ni-MH cells, type R6 (AA), using hydrometallurgical methods are also offered. The paper demonstrates that one-stage leaching at an initial temperature of 25.0 °C, with 3 M H2SO4 and at the solid to liquid ratio of s/l = 1/10, within 75 min, at a mixing speed of 500 rpm and in a strongly acidic environment should be adopted as optimal parameters for acid leaching of the paramagnetic fraction created after mechanical machining of Ni-MH battery, for which the leaching rates of individual metals were as follows: Ce - 97.7%, La - 88.7%, Co - 79.4%, Fe - 68.5%, Mn - 91.9%, Ni - 66.2% and Zn - 100%.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: Ce, La, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells. Waste Management 2018, 77, 213 -219.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: Ce, La, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells. Waste Management. 2018; 77 ():213-219.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. 2018. "Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: Ce, La, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells." Waste Management 77, no. : 213-219.

Article
Published: 04 June 2018 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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Mn–Zn ferrite was prepared from the solution after acid leaching of spent batteries by co-precipitation method using ammonia oxalate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide as precipitating agents. The co-precipitation process was performed at temperature of over 50 °C by continuous magnetic stirring. The precipitates were pre-sintered at 850 °C in air. Dilatometric study has revealed that lowest shrinkage (only 5.6%) showed a material obtained from an oxalate precipitant. After pressing and high-temperature sintering at 1325 °C, it showed both insufficient density and the presence of pores, which contribute to the deterioration in the magnetic properties of the ferrites: the low magnetic permeability value and high magnetic losses. Ferrite prepared from hydroxide and carbonate precipitant showed a much higher shrinkage, sintered density and much higher magnetic permeability compared with the ferrite prepared from oxalate precursor.

ACS Style

Irena Szczygieł; Katarzyna Winiarska; Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. The study of thermal, microstructural and magnetic properties of manganese–zinc ferrite prepared by co-precipitation method using different precipitants. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2018, 134, 51 -57.

AMA Style

Irena Szczygieł, Katarzyna Winiarska, Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. The study of thermal, microstructural and magnetic properties of manganese–zinc ferrite prepared by co-precipitation method using different precipitants. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2018; 134 (1):51-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irena Szczygieł; Katarzyna Winiarska; Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek. 2018. "The study of thermal, microstructural and magnetic properties of manganese–zinc ferrite prepared by co-precipitation method using different precipitants." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 134, no. 1: 51-57.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2016 in Journal of Power Sources
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The article discusses the current situation of the spent batteries and portable accumulators management. It reviews recycling technologies of the spent batteries and portable accumulators which are used in the manufacturing installations in the world. Also, it presents the authors’ research results on the reductive acidic leaching of waste material of the zinc-carbon batteries (Zn-C) and zinc-manganese batteries (alkaline Zn-MnO2) delivered by a company dealing with mechanical treatment of this type of waste stream. The research data proved that the reductive acidic leaching (H2SO4 + C2H2O4) of the battery’s black mass allows to recover 85.0% of zinc and 100% of manganese. Moreover, it was found that after the reductive acidic leaching it is possible to recover nearly 100% of manganese, iron, cadmium, and chromium, 98.0% of cobalt, 95.5% of zinc, and 85.0% of copper and nickel from the solution with carbonate method. On the basis of the results, it is possible to assume that the carbonate method can be used for the preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite.

ACS Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek; W. Szczepaniak; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid. Journal of Power Sources 2016, 325, 220 -228.

AMA Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek, W. Szczepaniak, Paweł Maciejewski, Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid. Journal of Power Sources. 2016; 325 ():220-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Sobianowska-Turek; W. Szczepaniak; Paweł Maciejewski; Małgorzata Gawlik-Kobylińska. 2016. "Recovery of zinc and manganese, and other metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Na, K) from Zn-MnO2 and Zn-C waste batteries: Hydroxyl and carbonate co-precipitation from solution after reducing acidic leaching with use of oxalic acid." Journal of Power Sources 325, no. : 220-228.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2014 in Journal of Power Sources
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ACS Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste. Journal of Power Sources 2014, 270, 668 -674.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek, Włodzimierz Szczepaniak, Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste. Journal of Power Sources. 2014; 270 ():668-674.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Sobianowska-Turek; Włodzimierz Szczepaniak; Monika Zabłocka-Malicka. 2014. "Electrochemical evaluation of manganese reducers – Recovery of Mn from Zn–Mn and Zn–C battery waste." Journal of Power Sources 270, no. : 668-674.