This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Professor at Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia
Dr. Barbara E. Jensen was a Former Editor of the Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science (MPEES) journal. In this role and through her teaching, scholarship, and other professional services, she made enormous contributions to the field of physical education and exercise science, with a key and immutable focus on the advancement of measurement and evaluation theory and application. She made an ordinary college professor’s job extraordinary. Unpretentious and passionate with a distinctive pedagogy and sustainable devotion were her trademarks and unfailing legacies. By tracing and celebrating Dr. Jensen’s dedicated life, teaching practices, commitment to the Humanics Philosophy, and professional activities, this article sheds constructive light on the preparation, development, and advancement of future generations of measurement and evaluation specialists in physical education and exercise science, while paying tribute to a giant in the field.
James J Zhang; Kathleen Martin. We Stand on Her Shoulders: Tracing the Pedagogical Legacy of Dr. Barbara E. Jensen. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 2021, 25, 180 -189.
AMA StyleJames J Zhang, Kathleen Martin. We Stand on Her Shoulders: Tracing the Pedagogical Legacy of Dr. Barbara E. Jensen. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2021; 25 (2):180-189.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames J Zhang; Kathleen Martin. 2021. "We Stand on Her Shoulders: Tracing the Pedagogical Legacy of Dr. Barbara E. Jensen." Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 25, no. 2: 180-189.
China has entered into a new developmental phase where the government can promote national fitness, the sports industry, and city tourism, simultaneously. Rapidly becoming the largest single sporting events in China, marathon events help facilitate this integration. However, event organizers tend to focus on winning bids for events instead of improving event services and increasing the loyalty of runners to the host city, which could benefit the city for sustainable development. In this study, the antecedents affecting marathon runner loyalty to the city hosting the annual hallmark event (i.e., destination loyalty) were investigated by studying a sample of 392 repeat runners during a recent HengQin International Marathon (HQ-M). Conducting structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, the proposed model, integrating event service quality (ESQ), destination image (DI), satisfaction (SAT), and destination loyalty (DLOY), was confirmed. Nine hypothesized paths were identified among these four constructs, including six direct paths and three indirect paths. Meanwhile, mediation effects and serial mediation effects of DI and SAT between ESQ and DLOY were found. Good ESQ, positive DI, and high SAT were found both separately and collectively to enhance DLOY and have important implications for the strategic marketing of sporting events and sustaining city brand image.
Xiaoying Chen; Brian Yim; Ziqing Tuo; Liangjun Zhou; Ting Liu; James Zhang. “One Event, One City”: Promoting the Loyalty of Marathon Runners to a Host City by Improving Event Service Quality. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3795 .
AMA StyleXiaoying Chen, Brian Yim, Ziqing Tuo, Liangjun Zhou, Ting Liu, James Zhang. “One Event, One City”: Promoting the Loyalty of Marathon Runners to a Host City by Improving Event Service Quality. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (7):3795.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaoying Chen; Brian Yim; Ziqing Tuo; Liangjun Zhou; Ting Liu; James Zhang. 2021. "“One Event, One City”: Promoting the Loyalty of Marathon Runners to a Host City by Improving Event Service Quality." Sustainability 13, no. 7: 3795.
As a biennial event, the Ryder Cup is a men’s golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. Ernst & Young (EY) and Standard Life Investments (SLI), who are in same business category (i.e., financial services), have served as official partners of the event in recent years. While the two firms are willing to move away from the traditional sponsorship practices of category exclusivity deals, both have been able to achieve significant success through their collaborative efforts in activating their sponsorships. This is a new, fascinating phenomenon in both sponsorship concept and practice. Through an exploratory inductive inquiry process, in this study we conduct a case analysis by examining the sponsorship activations of EY and SLI at the 2014 Ryder Cup event held in the UK. The findings demonstrate that social media plays an impactful role in the companies’ ability to engage target audiences. EY used the Ryder Cup captain as a brand ambassador, who embodied its sponsorship theme of leadership and teamwork. SLI focused on running advertising campaigns to build company image and increase brand awareness.
Yunchao Bai; Brian Yim; John Breedlove; James Zhang. Moving Away from Category Exclusivity Deals to Sponsorship Activation Platforms: The Case of the Ryder Cup. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1151 .
AMA StyleYunchao Bai, Brian Yim, John Breedlove, James Zhang. Moving Away from Category Exclusivity Deals to Sponsorship Activation Platforms: The Case of the Ryder Cup. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYunchao Bai; Brian Yim; John Breedlove; James Zhang. 2021. "Moving Away from Category Exclusivity Deals to Sponsorship Activation Platforms: The Case of the Ryder Cup." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1151.
The financial sustainability of large-scale sport stadiums has become a challenging issue for sport organizations in China due to increasing market competition, lack of professional sport franchises to tenant the facilities, and gradual slow-down in Chinese GDP growth. Previous findings about operational performance of sport organizations identify organizational structure and public-private partnership (PPP) as important predictors. The aim of the current study was (a) to propose a predictive model for operational performance of large-scale stadiums in China and (b) to examine the relationships among organizational structure, PPP, and operational performance. We conducted a literature review to establish a theoretical framework for the proposed model, selected Yangzhou Sports Park and Xuzhou Olympic Sports Center to examine the relationships, and conducted expert interviews to examine the research questions. We found that Xuzhou’s operational performance was more effective due to several mechanisms related to both organizational structure and PPP: incentive, supervision, and assessment. Notably, using built-in benchmark monitoring procedures, Xuzhou managers identified a variety of constraints early on to address onsite problems while maintaining efficient communication among key PPP stakeholders.
Honggang Dong; Brian Yim; James Zhang. Organizational Structure, Public-Private Relationships, and Operational Performance of Large-Scale Stadiums: Evidence from Local Governments in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8002 .
AMA StyleHonggang Dong, Brian Yim, James Zhang. Organizational Structure, Public-Private Relationships, and Operational Performance of Large-Scale Stadiums: Evidence from Local Governments in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHonggang Dong; Brian Yim; James Zhang. 2020. "Organizational Structure, Public-Private Relationships, and Operational Performance of Large-Scale Stadiums: Evidence from Local Governments in China." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8002.
In the modern day sport marketplace, professional sport teams face tough competition to build and sustain a viable fan base. This study sought to address three research questions: (a) what are the factors that contribute to the socialization of sports fans in niche sport markets? (b) How do team-led and fan-led initiatives work to socialize fans? Finally, (c) to what extent do the socialization factors affect identify as a sports fan for a niche sport and overall fan consumption behavior? A questionnaire was administered to 535 NHL fans and data were analyzed through conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. The most notable findings revealed that influences from family or media exposure did not play a factor in the socialization of these fans, signaling the uniqueness of Sunbelt regional marketplace and a departure from traditional beliefs. Discussions are focused on interpreting theoretical and practical implications for socializing individuals into being hockey fans, growing professional hockey, projecting sustainable development, and providing a framework for other sport leagues.
Brandon Mastromartino; Tyreal Y. Qian; Jerred J. Wang; James J. Zhang. Developing a Fanbase in Niche Sport Markets: An Examination of NHL Fandom and Social Sustainability in the Sunbelt. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1115 .
AMA StyleBrandon Mastromartino, Tyreal Y. Qian, Jerred J. Wang, James J. Zhang. Developing a Fanbase in Niche Sport Markets: An Examination of NHL Fandom and Social Sustainability in the Sunbelt. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrandon Mastromartino; Tyreal Y. Qian; Jerred J. Wang; James J. Zhang. 2020. "Developing a Fanbase in Niche Sport Markets: An Examination of NHL Fandom and Social Sustainability in the Sunbelt." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1115.
Innovations are the foundation of an enterprise’s sustainable development, which is particularly important for sports firms in an evolving Chinese sport industrial environment. Analyzing publicly-listed sports firms on The New Third Board (NTB) in China, this study examined the influence of corporate financial capability and corporate governance structure on firms’ R&D intensity through a series of multiple regression models. Findings revealed that corporate financial capability is an important determinant of R&D intensity, and corporate governance structure has a small but meaningful effect on R&D intensity. Specifically, for Chinese sports firms, several financial capability indicators, such as return on equity, accounts receivable turnover, assets turnover, and profit growth rate, have positive relationships with R&D intensity; however, other financial capability indicators, such as leverage and cash flow, have negative relationships with R&D intensity. Limited evidence was found to support the notion that corporate governance significantly influences R&D intensity, although sports firms with good governance mechanisms are more likely to increase the positive effects of financial capabilities on R&D intensity while decreasing the negative effects. Discussions were centered on planning and executing R&D activities in sports companies.
Gang Chen; James J. Zhang; N. David Pifer. Corporate Governance Structure, Financial Capability, and the R&D Intensity in Chinese Sports Sector: Evidence from Listed Sports Companies. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6810 .
AMA StyleGang Chen, James J. Zhang, N. David Pifer. Corporate Governance Structure, Financial Capability, and the R&D Intensity in Chinese Sports Sector: Evidence from Listed Sports Companies. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (23):6810.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGang Chen; James J. Zhang; N. David Pifer. 2019. "Corporate Governance Structure, Financial Capability, and the R&D Intensity in Chinese Sports Sector: Evidence from Listed Sports Companies." Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6810.
The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationships among organizational culture, empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of professional sports organizations in South Korea. In particular, this study emphasized the mediating effect of empowerment on the relationship between organizational culture and OCB. Research participants were 606 employees affiliated with 42 professional sports teams. The validity and reliability of the involved measures were examined through conducting confirmatory factor, Cronbach’s alpha, and correlation analyses. A structural equation modeling analysis with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted to test the relationships among the research variables. The findings revealed that all of the sub-factors of organizational culture (i.e., clan culture, adhocracy culture, and market culture), with the exception of hierarchy culture, were positively influential of perceived empowerment, which was in turn positively influential of OCB. The path coefficients were statistically significant. The findings further revealed that perceived empowerment partially or fully mediated relationships between the sub-factors of organizational culture and OCB. Unlike previous studies, our study focused on studying organizational culture at a specific managerial level, an underdeveloped area of research in sport management. In particular, the findings of this study contribute to sport management practices by uncovering the mediating function of empowerment on the relationship between organizational culture and OCB, indicating the importance of empowering employees when managing professional sports organizations.
Yunduk Jeong; Euisoo Kim; Minhong Kim; James J. Zhang. Exploring Relationships among Organizational Culture, Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the South Korean Professional Sport Industry. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5412 .
AMA StyleYunduk Jeong, Euisoo Kim, Minhong Kim, James J. Zhang. Exploring Relationships among Organizational Culture, Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the South Korean Professional Sport Industry. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5412.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYunduk Jeong; Euisoo Kim; Minhong Kim; James J. Zhang. 2019. "Exploring Relationships among Organizational Culture, Empowerment, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the South Korean Professional Sport Industry." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5412.
Jerred Junqi Wang; Shuqi Zhang; James J. Zhang. Moderating Effects of Gender and Life Cycle in the Relationship between Desired Self-Image and Sport Participation Behavior: A Multi-Group Analysis. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 2018, 23, 337 -350.
AMA StyleJerred Junqi Wang, Shuqi Zhang, James J. Zhang. Moderating Effects of Gender and Life Cycle in the Relationship between Desired Self-Image and Sport Participation Behavior: A Multi-Group Analysis. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2018; 23 (4):337-350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJerred Junqi Wang; Shuqi Zhang; James J. Zhang. 2018. "Moderating Effects of Gender and Life Cycle in the Relationship between Desired Self-Image and Sport Participation Behavior: A Multi-Group Analysis." Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 23, no. 4: 337-350.
Research questions: The current study is aimed at providing preliminary answers to two research questions: (1) What salient self-images do people pursue for self-expression in the context of sport participation? (2) To what extent does participant desired self-image (PDSI) influence consumer behavior? Research methods: In Phase 1 of the study, a comprehensive review of literature, two focus groups, and an open-ended survey (N = 113) were conducted to generate the initial pool of self-images. In Phase 2, an exploratory factor analysis using online survey data (N = 370) was conducted to explore the underlying factor structure of PDSI. In Phase 3, a confirmatory factor analysis and a structural equation modeling analysis using online survey data (N = 483) were conducted to validate the proposed PDSI scale and test the influence of PDSI on consumer behavior. Results and findings: A PDSI measurement scale was developed and validated, resulting in 19 desired self-images under three dimensions: inner self-merit, lifestyle pursuance, and social self-presentation. Findings of the structural relationship model revealed that PDSI influenced personal involvement, money expenditure, and time expenditure. Implications: This study preliminarily unearthed salient items in PDSI, highlighted the symbolic nature of sport activities, and demonstrated the importance of PSDI in sport participation. These findings provided implications for practitioners to accommodate PDSI through long-term and integrated marketing efforts and shed a light on studies in branding, community sport, and public health.
Jerred Junqi Wang; Daniel L. Wann; Zhenqiu (Laura) Lu; James J. Zhang. Self-expression through sport participation: exploring participant desired self-image. European Sport Management Quarterly 2018, 18, 583 -606.
AMA StyleJerred Junqi Wang, Daniel L. Wann, Zhenqiu (Laura) Lu, James J. Zhang. Self-expression through sport participation: exploring participant desired self-image. European Sport Management Quarterly. 2018; 18 (5):583-606.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJerred Junqi Wang; Daniel L. Wann; Zhenqiu (Laura) Lu; James J. Zhang. 2018. "Self-expression through sport participation: exploring participant desired self-image." European Sport Management Quarterly 18, no. 5: 583-606.
The essence of sponsorship is reciprocity. Whereas sport organizations and event promoters have increasingly relied on sponsors' resources and financial support to stage their events, many companies have also been vigorously seeking sponsorship opportunities to actualize their marketing goals, such as enhancing brand equity. This research examines the impacts of sponsorship-linked marketing activities on perceived consumer-based brand equity elements (i.e., brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand awareness/associations) of the sponsor. This was done through a case study of how sponsorship-linked marketing strategy has shaped the development of Li Ning Company Limited, a Chinese sports apparel and equipment company. Results show that the branding effectiveness of sponsorship directly depends on event quality, perceived event-brand congruency, and brand experience, but not level of sports involvement.
Luke Lunhua Mao; James J. Zhang. Branding Through Sponsorship-Linked Marketing. Sports Media, Marketing, and Management 2018, 189 -212.
AMA StyleLuke Lunhua Mao, James J. Zhang. Branding Through Sponsorship-Linked Marketing. Sports Media, Marketing, and Management. 2018; ():189-212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuke Lunhua Mao; James J. Zhang. 2018. "Branding Through Sponsorship-Linked Marketing." Sports Media, Marketing, and Management , no. : 189-212.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the market demand of sport lottery in China from the following perspectives: available types and varieties of sport lottery, number of retail outlets, public welfare funds, promotion costs, per capita income, and population. Design/methodology/approach As the earliest province of issuing the sales of sport lottery and having one of the largest sales volumes in China, Guangdong Province was chosen for conducting the current study. Data were obtained from 14 sport lottery administration and distribution centers and statistics bureaus of 14 corresponding municipal cities. Multiple regression analysis was used. Findings Multiple regression analyses revealed that number of retail outlets, promotion cost, per capita income, and public welfare funds were positively (pp>0.05) related to total sport lottery sales. The findings are discussed in the context of theories and practices in the marketing and administration of sport lottery sales in China. Research limitations/implications Similar studies are suggested to be conducted in provinces and regions beyond Guangdong Province. Originality/value This study combined socioeconomic characteristics of the population, lottery game characteristics and management factors for the first time.
Liangjun Zhou; James J. Zhang. Variables affecting the market demand of sport lottery sales in China. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 2017, 18, 116 -136.
AMA StyleLiangjun Zhou, James J. Zhang. Variables affecting the market demand of sport lottery sales in China. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 2017; 18 (1):116-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiangjun Zhou; James J. Zhang. 2017. "Variables affecting the market demand of sport lottery sales in China." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 1: 116-136.
Purpose Growth of China’s sport industry has brought tremendous opportunities to sport and non-sport organizations domestically and globally; nonetheless, the enlargement has also raised many challenges. To a great extent, China has chartered into unprecedented new sport business territories. Because of social, cultural, historical, and governmental differences, many theories and knowledge, professional experiences, best practices, and lessons learned in Western countries may or may not be directly applicable to the diverse setting(s) in China. Until now, only limited empirical evidence is available to address these challenges. Thus, formulating a special issue in the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship to examine contemporary subject matters and concerns would be significantly meaningful to help understand, stimulate, and improve sport business operations in China, provide guidance to transnational organizations for doing sport-related business in China, offer constructive suggestions for Chinese corporations going global, and ultimately build up theories and best practices to address unique perspectives of China’s sport industry. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper is conceptual and presents a review of literature. Findings In addition to this leading paper, there are a total of eight manuscripts selected for this special issue inquiring on contemporary matters and development of China’s sport industry, including four short articles that were formulated based on qualitative research information derived from case studies and interviews and four full-length articles that adopted a quantitative research protocol or a mixed research design involving both qualitative and quantitative information. Research limitations/implications While it is impossible to capture all contemporary topics in the development of China’s sport industry within one journal issue, articles selected in this special issue of the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship have provided useful highlights into some of the critical issues faced by the industry and research directions by academicians. It is sincerely expected that studies in this special issue would help inspire more scholarly inquires and ultimately improve the continued formulation and advancement of a strong sport industry in China. Practical implications While it is impossible to capture all contemporary topics in the development of China’s sport industry within one journal issue, articles selected in this special issue of the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship have provided useful highlights into some of the critical issues faced by the industry and research directions by academicians. It is sincerely expected that studies in this special issue would help inspire more scholarly inquires and ultimately improve the continued formulation and advancement of a strong sport industry in China. Social implications While it is impossible to capture all contemporary topics in the development of China’s sport industry within one journal issue, articles selected in this special issue of the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship have provided useful highlights into some of the critical issues faced by the industry and research directions by academicians. It is sincerely expected that studies in this special issue would help inspire more scholarly inquires and ultimately improve the continued formulation and advancement of a strong sport industry in China. Originality/value While it is impossible to capture all contemporary topics in the development of China’s sport industry within one journal issue, articles selected in this special issue of the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship have provided useful highlights into some of the critical issues faced by the industry and research directions by academicians. It is sincerely expected that studies in this special issue would help inspire more scholarly inquires and ultimately improve the continued formulation and advancement of a strong sport industry in China.
Dongfeng Liu; James J. Zhang; Michel Desbordes. Sport business in China: current state and prospect. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 2017, 18, 2 -10.
AMA StyleDongfeng Liu, James J. Zhang, Michel Desbordes. Sport business in China: current state and prospect. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 2017; 18 (1):2-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDongfeng Liu; James J. Zhang; Michel Desbordes. 2017. "Sport business in China: current state and prospect." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 1: 2-10.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Chinese youth’s attention to and involvement with Chinese soccer and its professional league, the Chinese Super League (CSL), on their level of satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach A survey study was employed to test the hypotheses. Research participants (n=948) were students from five major universities that represented each of the five main geographic regions of China. Data were randomly assigned into two halves: one half for CFA (n=474) and the other half for structural equation modeling (SEM) (n=474). Mplus 7.0 was used to conduct both the CFA and SEM. Findings The findings of this study indicated an overall lack of attention to and involvement with Chinese soccer and CSL among Chinese youths. Discussions have been presented on the causes of the lack of youth passion for Chinese soccer and suggestions have been articulated to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of policy formulation, business operation and marketing strategy. Originality/value The present study built on the extant sport management literature, demonstrated the complexity of consumers’ cognition and conation in the professional soccer setting, and revealed counter-intuitive relationship between attitudinal traits and behavioral patterns, which in turn provided unique insights for Chinese professional soccer marketers, managers and administrators.
Tyreal Yizhou Qian; Jerred Junqi Wang; Winston Wen-Hao Chou; Euisoo Kim; James J. Zhang; Bo Gong. When the future of Chinese soccer is at stake. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 2017, 18, 29 -47.
AMA StyleTyreal Yizhou Qian, Jerred Junqi Wang, Winston Wen-Hao Chou, Euisoo Kim, James J. Zhang, Bo Gong. When the future of Chinese soccer is at stake. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 2017; 18 (1):29-47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTyreal Yizhou Qian; Jerred Junqi Wang; Winston Wen-Hao Chou; Euisoo Kim; James J. Zhang; Bo Gong. 2017. "When the future of Chinese soccer is at stake." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 1: 29-47.
Purpose Building upon the framework of glocalization, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the development of National Basketball Association (NBA) in Chinese market, explore its successful and unsuccessful places, and propose strategies of glocalization for the NBA as well as other overseas sport leagues. Design/methodology/approach The current case study was organized by summarizing the developmental history of NBA in China, analyzing its current promotional practices, investigating into its marketing strategies, and extrapolating practical references for other sport leagues aiming to penetrating into the Chinese marketplace. Findings The current case study concluded that when facing the current challenges, the NBA needs to bring authentic American cultural commodities while adding Chinese characteristics to accommodate local fans. Meanwhile, the NBA management needs to continue seeking ways to work out and through the differences in government models and cultural contexts between China and USA. In addition, this study suggested that the research framework of glocalization would be an ever intriguing inquiry needed for other sport organizations or leagues seeking expansion to overseas markets. Originality/value A thorough case study with the NBA that has achieved huge successes in Chinese markets will provide valuable implications for sport leagues to broaden their overseas markets.
Liangjun Zhou; Jerred Junqi Wang; Xiaoying Chen; Chundong Lei; James J. Zhang; Xiao Meng. The development of NBA in China: a glocalization perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 2017, 18, 81 -94.
AMA StyleLiangjun Zhou, Jerred Junqi Wang, Xiaoying Chen, Chundong Lei, James J. Zhang, Xiao Meng. The development of NBA in China: a glocalization perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 2017; 18 (1):81-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiangjun Zhou; Jerred Junqi Wang; Xiaoying Chen; Chundong Lei; James J. Zhang; Xiao Meng. 2017. "The development of NBA in China: a glocalization perspective." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 18, no. 1: 81-94.
We investigated the level of Chinese soccer fans' satisfaction with the development of professional soccer in China on the basis of their attention to, and involvement with, the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) and its teams. Research participants (N = 926) were spectators at CSL games who responded to a questionnaire. Results revealed that the attention consumers paid to, and their involvement with, the CSL were negatively related to their satisfaction with the league's operation and marketing. These findings contradict existing theories and beliefs that positive consumer cognition leads to positive consumer affect, indicating the presence of serious issues associated with the CSL administration. The failings of the CSL are discussed.
Bo Gong; Nathan Pifer; Jerry Junqi Wang; Minhong Kim; Minkil Kim; Tyreal Yizhou Qian; James J. Zhang. Fans' Attention to, Involvement in, and Satisfaction with Professional Soccer in China. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 2015, 43, 1667 -1682.
AMA StyleBo Gong, Nathan Pifer, Jerry Junqi Wang, Minhong Kim, Minkil Kim, Tyreal Yizhou Qian, James J. Zhang. Fans' Attention to, Involvement in, and Satisfaction with Professional Soccer in China. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 2015; 43 (10):1667-1682.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo Gong; Nathan Pifer; Jerry Junqi Wang; Minhong Kim; Minkil Kim; Tyreal Yizhou Qian; James J. Zhang. 2015. "Fans' Attention to, Involvement in, and Satisfaction with Professional Soccer in China." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 10: 1667-1682.
Luke Lunhua Mao; James J Zhang; Daniel Connaughton. Determinants of Demand for Sports Lottery: Insights from a Multilevel Model. Asian Economic and Financial Review 2015, 5, 973 -987.
AMA StyleLuke Lunhua Mao, James J Zhang, Daniel Connaughton. Determinants of Demand for Sports Lottery: Insights from a Multilevel Model. Asian Economic and Financial Review. 2015; 5 (8):973-987.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuke Lunhua Mao; James J Zhang; Daniel Connaughton. 2015. "Determinants of Demand for Sports Lottery: Insights from a Multilevel Model." Asian Economic and Financial Review 5, no. 8: 973-987.
This study assesses the economic impact of three major sport events – the Formula One Grand Prix (F1), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (ATP), and the Shanghai International Marathon (SIM) – on the host city in China. To that end, the authors estimate the amount of different types of attendees at the events, calculate the total expenditures generated by attendees, assess the new money inflow into the host economy and conduct an economic impact assessment via an input–output model using computer software. The results of this study confirm the notion that major sport events can be used as tools to increase the economic activities of the hosts. Furthermore, the study proposes a useful method of assessing the economic impact of sport events in non-consumer-driven economies, such as China.
Haiyan Huang; Luke Lunhua Mao; Suk-Kyu Kim; James J. Zhang. Assessing the Economic Impact of Three Major Sport Events in China: The Perspective of aTtendees. Tourism Economics 2014, 20, 1277 -1296.
AMA StyleHaiyan Huang, Luke Lunhua Mao, Suk-Kyu Kim, James J. Zhang. Assessing the Economic Impact of Three Major Sport Events in China: The Perspective of aTtendees. Tourism Economics. 2014; 20 (6):1277-1296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaiyan Huang; Luke Lunhua Mao; Suk-Kyu Kim; James J. Zhang. 2014. "Assessing the Economic Impact of Three Major Sport Events in China: The Perspective of aTtendees." Tourism Economics 20, no. 6: 1277-1296.
Our aim in this study was to examine the structural relationships among service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Participants, who were all aged 60 years or older and who were members of a sport and fitness center, completed surveys to assess these relationships. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that provision of high-quality services for older adult consumers in a sport and fitness center elevated perceived value, enhanced customer satisfaction, reduced complaint behavior, and ultimately increased the likelihood of renewed membership and continued use of the center facilities.
Hyun Soon Yu; James J. Zhang; Dae Hyun Kim; Kuan Chou Chen; Christopher P Henderson; Sophia D. Min; Haiyan Huang. Service Quality, Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention Among Fitness Center Members Aged 60 Years and Over. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 2014, 42, 757 -767.
AMA StyleHyun Soon Yu, James J. Zhang, Dae Hyun Kim, Kuan Chou Chen, Christopher P Henderson, Sophia D. Min, Haiyan Huang. Service Quality, Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention Among Fitness Center Members Aged 60 Years and Over. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 2014; 42 (5):757-767.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun Soon Yu; James J. Zhang; Dae Hyun Kim; Kuan Chou Chen; Christopher P Henderson; Sophia D. Min; Haiyan Huang. 2014. "Service Quality, Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intention Among Fitness Center Members Aged 60 Years and Over." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 42, no. 5: 757-767.
Our purpose was to examine the relationship between spectator social motivations and sport consumption behavior in the context of Formula One (F-1) motor-racing events. Respondents were spectators who attended 3 F-1 races held in Shanghai, China. Through a structural equation modeling analysis, we found that achievement seeking and salubrious effects were motivating factors related to repurchase intentions. Achievement seeking, entertainment, and catharsis were also motivating factors associated with word-of-mouth intentions concerning F-1 events.
Suk-Kyu Kim; Kevin K. Byon; Jae-Gu Yu; James J. Zhang; Chong Kim. Social motivations and consumption behavior of spectators attending a Formula one motor-racing event. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 2013, 41, 1359 -1377.
AMA StyleSuk-Kyu Kim, Kevin K. Byon, Jae-Gu Yu, James J. Zhang, Chong Kim. Social motivations and consumption behavior of spectators attending a Formula one motor-racing event. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 2013; 41 (8):1359-1377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuk-Kyu Kim; Kevin K. Byon; Jae-Gu Yu; James J. Zhang; Chong Kim. 2013. "Social motivations and consumption behavior of spectators attending a Formula one motor-racing event." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 41, no. 8: 1359-1377.