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Climate change has major effects on the planet, and its consequences on today’s society are undeniable. Climate change is the cause of the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events including floods. Flood management in Europe has experienced a significant change due to the emergence of the Flood Directive and its implementation in national regulations. The Flood Directive requires the inclusion of the effects of climate change. With multiple factors such as governmental and administrative diversity, and various management tools, each country uses a different methodology. This research conducts a bibliographic review to analyze the methodological approaches applied by four different countries—the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain—showing their differences and the causes of such differences and examining the common weaknesses and strengths in the countries’ approach. To this end, it analyzes how to include climate change in the implementation of the Flood Directive in the four countries studied throughout the two cycles. Developing a uniform approach to FD implementation has been hampered by (1) different starting points in the technology of flood prediction, (2) widely varying “traditional” approaches to flood and risk management, and (3) differing levels of the integration of local, regional, and national agencies. Development under the FD has, however, led to increased awareness of the common uncertainty associated with the different current methodologies and the need to deepen the knowledge of climate change as well as the need to develop the technology to reduce said uncertainty.
Nuria Holguin; Arantza Mugica; Olatz Ukar. How Is Climate Change Included in the Implementation of the European Flood Directive? Analysis of the Methodological Approaches of Different Countries. Water 2021, 13, 1490 .
AMA StyleNuria Holguin, Arantza Mugica, Olatz Ukar. How Is Climate Change Included in the Implementation of the European Flood Directive? Analysis of the Methodological Approaches of Different Countries. Water. 2021; 13 (11):1490.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuria Holguin; Arantza Mugica; Olatz Ukar. 2021. "How Is Climate Change Included in the Implementation of the European Flood Directive? Analysis of the Methodological Approaches of Different Countries." Water 13, no. 11: 1490.
Additive Manufacturing, AM, is considered to be environmentally friendly when compared to conventional manufacturing processes. Most researchers focus on resource consumption when performing the corresponding Life Cycle Analysis, LCA, of AM. To that end, the sustainability of AM is compared to processes like milling. Nevertheless, factors such as resource use, pollution, and the effects of AM on human health and society should be also taken into account before determining its environmental impact. In addition, in powder-based AM, handling the powder becomes an issue to be addressed, considering both the operator´s health and the subsequent management of the powder used. In view of these requirements, the fundamentals of the different powder-based AM processes were studied and special attention paid to the health risks derived from the high concentrations of certain chemical compounds existing in the typically employed materials. A review of previous work related to the environmental impact of AM is presented, highlighting the gaps found and the areas where deeper research is required. Finally, the implications of the reuse of metallic powder and the procedures to be followed for the disposal of waste are studied.
Jon Iñaki Arrizubieta; Olatz Ukar; Marta Ostolaza; Arantza Mugica. Study of the Environmental Implications of Using Metal Powder in Additive Manufacturing and Its Handling. Metals 2020, 10, 261 .
AMA StyleJon Iñaki Arrizubieta, Olatz Ukar, Marta Ostolaza, Arantza Mugica. Study of the Environmental Implications of Using Metal Powder in Additive Manufacturing and Its Handling. Metals. 2020; 10 (2):261.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJon Iñaki Arrizubieta; Olatz Ukar; Marta Ostolaza; Arantza Mugica. 2020. "Study of the Environmental Implications of Using Metal Powder in Additive Manufacturing and Its Handling." Metals 10, no. 2: 261.
The electricity sector has been subjected to major changes in the last few years. Previously, there existed a regulated system where electric companies could know beforehand the amount of energy each generator would produce, hence basing their largely operational strategy on cost minimization in order to increase their profits. In Spain, from 1988 till 1997, electricity prices were established by the ‘Marco Legal Estable’ – Stable Legal Framework –, where the Ministry of Industry and Energy acknowledged the existence of certain generation costs related to each type of technology. It was an industrial sector with no actual competition and therefore, with very few controllable risks. In the aftermath of the electricity market liberalization competition and uncertainty arose. Electricity spot prices became highly volatile due to the specific characteristics of electricity as a commodity. Long-term contracts allowed for hedge funds to act against price fluctuation in the electricity market. As a consequence, developing an accurate electricity price forecasting model is an extremely difficult task for electricity market agents. This work aims to propose a methodology to improve the limitations of those methodologies just using historical data to forecast electricity prices. In this manner, and in order to gain access to more recent data, instead of using natural gas prices and electricity load historical data, a regression model to forecast the evolution of natural gas prices, and a model based on artificial neural networks (ANN) to forecast electricity loads, are proposed. The results of these models are used as input for an electricity price forecast model. Finally, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, several study cases applied to the Spanish market, using real price data, are presented.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
María Ortiz; Olatz Ukar; Filipe Azevedo; Arantza Múgica. Price forecasting and validation in the Spanish electricity market using forecasts as input data. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2016, 77, 123 -127.
AMA StyleMaría Ortiz, Olatz Ukar, Filipe Azevedo, Arantza Múgica. Price forecasting and validation in the Spanish electricity market using forecasts as input data. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2016; 77 ():123-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Ortiz; Olatz Ukar; Filipe Azevedo; Arantza Múgica. 2016. "Price forecasting and validation in the Spanish electricity market using forecasts as input data." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 77, no. : 123-127.
Wind turbines are often very high structures that are usually installed in high keraunic level areas. The keraunic level is the number of storm days per year. Therefore, wind farms are very vulnerable to lightning discharge. The damage due to a lightning strike can be reduced if the high current is quickly conducted to the ground. To date, wind turbine grounding system designs have been based on prior experience, without accurately studying transient grounding system behavior. In this work, typical wind farm grounding system geometries are analyzed in the context of lightning strikes.
Olatz Ukar; Inmaculada Zamora. Wind farm grounding system design for transient currents. Renewable Energy 2011, 36, 2004 -2010.
AMA StyleOlatz Ukar, Inmaculada Zamora. Wind farm grounding system design for transient currents. Renewable Energy. 2011; 36 (7):2004-2010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlatz Ukar; Inmaculada Zamora. 2011. "Wind farm grounding system design for transient currents." Renewable Energy 36, no. 7: 2004-2010.