Droplet-based microfluidics (DBM) has emerged as a powerful tool for a wide range of biochemical applications, from single-cell analysis and drug screening to diagnostics and tissue engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in droplet generation and trapping techniques, highlighting both passive and active approaches. Passive methods—such as co-flow, cross-flow, and flow-focusing geometries—rely on hydrodynamic instabilities and capillary effects, offering simplicity and integration with compact devices, though often at the cost of tunability. In contrast, active methods exploit external fields—electric, magnetic, thermal, or mechanical—to enable on-demand droplet control, allowing for higher precision and throughput. Furthermore, we explore innovative trapping mechanisms such as hydrodynamic resistance networks, microfabricated U-shaped wells, and anchor-based systems that enable precise spatial immobilization of droplets. In the final section, we also examine active droplet sorting strategies, including electric, magnetic, acoustic, and thermal methods, as essential tools for downstream analysis and high-throughput workflows. These manipulation strategies facilitate in situ chemical and biological analyses, enhance experimental reproducibility, and are increasingly adaptable to industrial-scale applications. Emphasis is placed on the design flexibility, scalability, and biological compatibility of each method, offering critical insights for selecting appropriate techniques based on experimental needs and operational constraints.

We report on the preparation and stereolithographic 3D printing of a resin based on the composite between a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) host matrix and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) filler, and the related cumulative volatile organic compounds’ (VOCs) adsorbent properties. The control of all the steps for resin preparation and printing through morphological (SEM), structural (Raman spectroscopy) and functional (I/V measurements) characterizations allowed us to obtain conductive 3D objects of complex and reproducible geometry. These systems can interact with chemical vapors in the long term by providing a consistent and detectable variation of their structural and conductive characteristics. The materials and the manufacture protocol here reported thus propose an innovative and versatile technology for VOCs monitoring systems based on cumulative adsorption effects.

In-liquid biosensing is the new frontier of health and environment monitoring. A growing number of analytes and biomarkers of interest correlated to different diseases have been found, and the miniaturized devices belonging to the class of biosensors represent an accurate and cost-effective solution to obtaining their recognition. In this study, we investigate the effect of the solvent and of the substrate modification on thin films of organic semiconductor Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in order to improve the stability and electrical properties of an Electrolyte Gated Organic Field Effect Transistor (EGOFET) biosensor. The studied surface is the relevant interface between the P3HT and the electrolyte acting as gate dielectric for in-liquid detection of an analyte. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations were employed to study the effect of two solvents (toluene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) and of a commercial adhesion promoter (Ti Prime) on the morphological structure and electronic properties of P3HT film. Combining the results from these surface characterizations with electrical measurements, we investigate the changes on the EGOFET performances and stability in deionized (DI) water with an Ag/AgCl gate electrode.

In biosensing applications, the exploitation of organic transistors gated via a liquid electrolyte has increased in the last years thanks to their enormous advantages in terms of sensitivity, low cost and power consumption. However, a practical aspect limiting the use of these devices in real applications is the contamination of the organic material, which represents an obstacle for the realization of a portable sensing platform based on electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs). In this work, a novel contamination-free microfluidic platform allowing differential measurements is presented and validated through finite element modeling simulations. The proposed design allows the exposure of the sensing electrode without contaminating the EGOT device during the whole sensing tests protocol. Furthermore, the platform is exploited to perform the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a validation test for the introduced differential protocol, demonstrating the capability to detect BSA at 1 pM concentration. The lack of contamination and the differential measurements provided in this work can be the first steps towards the realization of a reliable EGOT-based portable sensing instrument.

In recent years, studies concerning Organic Bioelectronics have had a constant growth due to the interest in disciplines such as medicine, biology and food safety in connecting the digital world with the biological one. Specific interests can be found in organic neuromorphic devices and organic transistor sensors, which are rapidly growing due to their low cost, high sensitivity and biocompatibility. This trend is evident in the literature produced in Italy, which is full of breakthrough papers concerning organic transistors-based sensors and organic neuromorphic devices. Therefore, this review focuses on analyzing the Italian production in this field, its trend and possible future evolutions.

Electrolyte‐gated organic transistors (EGOTs) are emerging as an important tool in advanced biosensing applications. However, their widespread exploitation is still limited by their poor operational stability. In order to understand the causes of this unreliability, the proposed study focuses on the influence of electrical bias stress (EBS) on EGOTs operating in aqueous electrolytes. Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT)‐ and poly[3‐(5‐carboxypentyl)thiophene)] (P3CPT)‐based transistors are studied under the application of a bias in the continuous and pulse mode. Combining electrical and spectroscopic characterizations, it is possible to ascribe the performance variation of P3HT devices to backbone rearrangements induced by side chain oxidation, hydration, and interfacial electrochemical doping at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, while the presence of polar side chains in P3CPT enhances the oxidative degradation of the polymer throughout the bulk of the film. The charge‐trapping model based on a stretched exponential is commonly exploited for the description of EBS in solid dielectric organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). The same model is here applied to fit liquid dielectric EGOT behavior. The extracted material parameters are in good agreement with those found in the literature for P3HT‐based OFETs. Finally, a novel improvement of the model is proposed to allow reproducing P3CPT data by accounting for its different degradation process.