A customized passive battery management system (BMS), which offers a selection of different operating configurations regarding the connection of external sources and loads, has been developed. The device supports balance, charge, de-balance, discharge and permanent storage battery processes. The control unit is run by its own written algorithm (code). Suggestions for potential hardware and software changes that can be made to expand the capabilities of the device are listed. The device is tested in five different operating configurations and the output data (battery-cell voltages and balancing currents) are plotted in characteristic diagrams. The output data is analyzed and the unique capabilities of the device are explained. The detailed PCB design, code, and output measurement data files are included within the paper.

Battery energy storage systems are essential for grid stability and the efficient integration of renewable energy sources. Their performance is influenced by the efficiency of bidirectional converters, particularly under varying load conditions. This study presents a novel current-adaptive control strategy for a two-stage non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter designed to dynamically adjust the number of active branches based on real-time load variations. The proposed approach introduces a current-adaptive algorithm for branch activation and deactivation, combined with real-time temperature-based control decision making, which has not been explored in existing studies. The validation was conducted using real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation with the Typhoon HIL 402 system, ensuring accurate system representation. The results show an increase in average efficiency from $77.69\%$ to $83.15\%$ in Buck mode and from $81.00\%$ to $83.71\%$ in Boost mode, with a reduction in average power losses by $8.67\%$ and $13.31\%$, respectively. These findings underscore the need for further research on temperature-adaptive control for efficiency optimization and thermal management, which is currently ongoing and will be expanded in future work. Future efforts will focus on experimental validation using a physical prototype and further refinement of temperature-adaptive control strategies.

This paper gives a comprehensive approach to the emulation of photovoltaic (PV) plants made of different module technologies as well as varying peak power through the advanced fast PV power emulation technique. Even though PVs are recognized as a technology for CO₂ emissions mitigation, the proposed emulation technique provides the opportunity to replicate PV plant operation without a carbon footprint because of its working principle. The process of PV power plant emulation consists of several stages which are described in detail. An algorithm for determining PV power plant configuration based on the technical characteristics of the PV emulation system equipment is developed and presented, as well as an algorithm for preparing data on the current–voltage (i–v) characteristics used as input data into programmable sources that mimic the power plant PV array. A case study of a single day operation of PV power plants made of two different topologies and technologies was carried out with the fast PV power emulation approach and the results are evaluated and presented.

Bidirectional Interleaved Converters (BICs) are widely used in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) due to their modular structure, high efficiency, and reduced current ripple. However, under partial-load operation, conventional control strategies with fixed or purely current-based phase shedding repeatedly activate the same converter branches, resulting in increased switching losses, thermal imbalance, and uneven aging of power semiconductors. This paper proposes a temperature-adaptive control strategy for BICs aimed at improving light-load efficiency while actively balancing thermal stress between converter branches. The approach combines a current-adaptive phase-shedding algorithm with a temperature-based branch rotation mechanism, where real-time transistor junction temperature is used as the primary decision variable for branch activation and deactivation. An electro-thermal real-time simulation model of a two-branch BIC is developed using the Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) methodology in the Typhoon HIL environment. The proposed control strategy is validated through real-time CHIL experiments in both boost and buck operating modes under representative battery load profiles. The results demonstrate a reduction in average and peak transistor junction temperatures, improved thermal distribution between converter branches, and more uniform branch utilization, while preserving stable current regulation and power flow. The presented method represents a practical extension of conventional phase-shedding techniques and provides an implementation solution for improving efficiency and reliability of BICs in BESS applications.

Bidirectional Interleaved Converters (BICs) are widely used in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) due to their modular structure, high efficiency, and reduced current ripple. However, under partial-load operation, conventional control strategies with fixed or purely current-based phase shedding repeatedly activate the same converter branches, resulting in increased switching losses, thermal imbalance, and uneven aging of power semiconductors. This paper proposes a temperature-adaptive control strategy for BICs aimed at improving light-load efficiency while actively balancing thermal stress between converter branches. The approach combines a current-adaptive phase-shedding algorithm with a temperature-based branch rotation mechanism, where real-time transistor junction temperature is used as the primary decision variable for branch activation and deactivation. An electro-thermal real-time simulation model of a two-branch BIC is developed using the Controller Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) methodology in the Typhoon HIL environment. The proposed control strategy is validated through real-time CHIL experiments in both boost and buck operating modes under representative battery load profiles. The results demonstrate a reduction in average and peak transistor junction temperatures, improved thermal distribution between converter branches, and more uniform branch utilization, while preserving stable current regulation and power flow. The presented method represents a practical extension of conventional phase-shedding techniques and provides an implementation solution for improving efficiency and reliability of BICs in BESS applications.