The bioavailability of pollen bioactive compounds for humans is limited. In this study, our aim was to enhance the health-related benefits of pollen by fermentation with a Kombucha/SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts) consortium. We performed the fermentation of pollen suspended from the beginning with SCOBY on sweetened green tea or on Kombucha vinegar, by adding pollen after 20 days of Kombucha fermentation. We analyzed: formation of bioactive compounds (anti-oxidant polyphenols, soluble silicon, hydroxy-acids, short chain fatty acids—SCFA); parameters related to Kombucha fermentation (dynamics of lactic acid bacteria—LAB, formation of organic acids, soluble sugar evolution on Kombucha vinegar); the influence of Kombucha fermentation on pollen morphology and ultrastructure; in vitro cytotoxic and antitumoral effects of the Kombucha fermented pollen. The pollen addition increases LAB proportion in the total number of SCOBY microbial strains. SEM images highlight the adhesion of the SCOBY bacteria to pollen. Ultrastructural analysis reveals the release of the pollen content. The content of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, soluble silicon species and SCFA) is higher in the fermented pollen and the product shows a moderate antitumoral effect on Caco-2 cells. The health benefits of pollen are enhanced by fermentation with a Kombucha consortium.

Kefiran is the water-soluble branched glucogalactan from kefir grains and it contains Dgalactose and D-glucose units in approximately equal quantities

The skin, which represents about 16% of the total body mass, acts as a protective barrier against external microbial factors [¹]. Therefore, damaged tissues, especially burns, require rapid local coverage to avoid infections and to ensure the protective barrier function of the skin [²]. The aim of this study was to design and characterize new hydrogel formulations based on natural and synthetic polymers and that were biodegradable and cytocompatible to serve as temporary dressings with regenerative properties for skin wound healing. The proposed experimental variants of the hydrogels are based on mixtures of gelatin (Gel), sodium alginate (Alg), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and methylcellulose (MC1500) in different weight ratios: Gel-Alg (1:0.75, g/g), Gel-Alg-PVA (1:0.27:0.18, g/g/g) and Gel-Alg-MC1500 (1:0.26:0.35, g/g/g). Physicochemical and biochemical characterizations were performed to determine the swelling degree, biodegradation in physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C) and in the presence of collagenase (mimicking the inflamed wounded milieu), viscosity, and syneresis, while their ultrastructure was investigated by SEM analysis [³]. The L929 murine fibroblast culture was used to assess the in vitro cytocompatibility of the hydrogels after 24 h and 48 h of cultivation using quantitative MTT and LDH assays [⁴]. Cell morphology was observed in treated cultures by light microscopy after Giemsa staining. The physicochemical and biochemical analyses indicated that the novel polymeric hydrogels variants had a good swelling capacity due to the presence of Alg, had an adjustable viscosity, and controlled biodegradation over time in both physiological and inflamed conditions. Two mixture variants were outlined: Gel-Alg-PVA with reduced porosity and low biodegradability over time and Gel-Alg-MC1500 with increased porosity and higher biodegradation over time, even in the physiological environment. The SEM morphology observations showed that the hydrogels had a dense and microporous structure, with pores of irregular shapes and sizes, which could ensure skin protection against external microbial agents while also maintaining the required degree of humidity and oxygen exchange with the external environment. In vitro quantitative tests indicated a high degree of cytocompatibility for all of the tested hydrogels, with cell viability percentages higher than 90%. The cell morphology observations revealed that in the presence of hydrogel samples, the L929 murine fibroblasts maintained their normal phenotype, and the cell density was similar to that of the negative control (untreated cells). Overall, our findings indicated that the hydrogels containing synthetic polymers (Gel-Alg-PVA, Gel-Alg-MC1500) had adequate physicochemical, biochemical, and biological properties that should be further tested to determine their role as biomaterials for skin tissue engineering applications.

Freshwater fish skin and bones are usually by-products of the fish processing industry.