Particleboard is not entirely a wood replacement but a particular material with its properties, making it more effective at different times than heavy or solid wood. The world’s biggest concern is environmental problems with formaldehyde as a particulate board binder that can lead to human carcinogenic agents. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of particleboard production was performed using openLCA software. The impact assessment was carried out according to the software’s features. This preliminary investigation aims to analyze the chemical composition of particleboard and identify its environmental impact. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) system was used to track the functional group of aliphatic hydrocarbons, inorganic phosphates, and main aliphatic alcohols found in particleboards made in Malaysia. Based on the FTIR results, aliphatic groups were found in numerous aggravates that the spectroscopic infrared was likely to experience. The most important vibrational modes were C–H, at approximately 3000 cm⁻¹, and –CH deformations around 1460 cm⁻¹ and 1380 cm⁻¹. Eight effect groups demonstrated that 100% of the input and all analyses produced the same relative outcome. The life cycle of a product is determined by pollution of the air, water, and soil. Thus, particleboard has a minimal impact on the environment, except for global warming.

Affordable housing was developed in order to give equal opportunity for middle and low-incomers in owning a house, especially in Malaysia. To make sure that these people can have a quality house, the National Housing Policy (DRN) with Pelan Tindakan DRN has been introduced by the Malaysian Government to not only provide adequate housing, but also a comfortable, fun and affordable for the wellbeing of the people in Malaysia (KPKT, 2011). Therefore, sustainability for housing is important to achieve balance between economic development, social interactions and environmental impact by reducing the problems related to population growth, urbanisation, slums, poverty, climate change, lack of access to sustainable energy, and economic uncertainty. One of the goals in DRN and Pelan Tindakan Dasar Perumahan Negara (PTDRN) is to provide an affordable housing and ensure the people from low-income can own a house. However, there is an issue towards assessing the sustainability level of affordable housing, especially in social aspects. This study will discuss on sustainability of affordable housing in Malaysia focused on social aspects. Assessment of spatial indicators was conducted to assess the indicator's implementation of social aspect of the sustainability model. The indicators used in this study include public community facilities, health, safety, religion, and public transportation. These indicators will determine the level of sustainability of the affordable housing. From the results, most of the affordable housing in Malaysia is in intermediate level of sustainability in term of social aspects. These results can help/guide the Government in planning and development in the future, especially with collaboration from private agencies and non-government organization (NGO).

The use of digital twin technology in property management is examined in this study, with a focus on the Malaysian real estate market. Thus, the goal is to use digital twins with real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and building system optimisation to overcome the inefficiencies of traditional property management. The study has various significances, first as it fulfils the research goals of not only pinpointing the inefficiencies and problems that the traditional property management process in Malaysia is currently facing but also structuring a path towards having the advanced digital twin technology introduced to the given field. In general, the study examined both residential and commercial properties, including office buildings and high-rise apartments. A mixed methodology is used in the study, which includes quantitative data from 100 tenants and qualitative interviews with 50 property managers regarding the cost reduction, tenant satisfaction, and operational efficiency of digital twins. While quantitative data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical methods using SPSS as the preferred statistical package, qualitative data was subjected to thematic analysis. The results are maintenance expenses have decreased by 30%, tenant complaints have decreased by 25%, and operating expenses have decreased by 20%. These findings also highlight issues with key data integration, including scalability of digital twin applications, data security issues, and interoperability between legacy systems and digital twins. Despite the fact that the technology has many advantages, the study makes it evident that more research is required to fully examine cost-benefit analysis over an extended period of time and to determine whether the technology can scale across various property types. The results offer valuable perspectives for policymakers, property managers, and individuals seeking to incorporate these technologies into real estate management.