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Daniel Mon-López
Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF-Departamento de Deportes), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 27 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions designed to slow the spread of infection greatly disrupted people’s lives. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown on the psychology, training, and sleep habits of a cohort of basketball players. An online survey involving 169 professional and amateur athletes was conducted using four validated psychological questionnaires (WLEIS-S, POMS, BRS, SMS-II) and a Likert scale to measure the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and training variables. Gender differences in fatigue (p = 0.022); friendships (p = 0.017); others’ emotional appraisal (p< 0.001); and resilience (p = 0.031) were apparent, with higher values for women in all categories bar resilience. Comparisons before and during the lockdown revealed that all participants reduced their RPE (p< 0.001); training days (p = 0.004); and training hours (p< 0.001), and experienced a decline in the quality of sleep (p< 0.001). Sleep hours (p< 0.001) increased during lockdown. The professionals and females maintained their training days (p > 0.05), while the non-professionals and males did not. Psychological states during lockdown were a predictor of the differences in training and recovery variables. In situations where training and competition are limited, it is important to develop plans to maintain physical activity, good quality sleep, and promote greater emotional management and understanding to control negative moods.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Miriam Granado-Peinado; Alfonso de la Rubia; Diego Muriarte; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniel Mon-López. Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 9025 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Miriam Granado-Peinado, Alfonso de la Rubia, Diego Muriarte, Alberto Lorenzo, Daniel Mon-López. Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (17):9025.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Miriam Granado-Peinado; Alfonso de la Rubia; Diego Muriarte; Alberto Lorenzo; Daniel Mon-López. 2021. "Psychological States and Training Habits during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Spanish Basketball Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9025.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Emotional intelligence (EI) has been studied in relation to health and physical activity (PA) or in a sport-specific approach. EI is related to sports performance; however, combat sports seem to show characteristics of their own that involve better control of emotions than other sports. This study aimed to analyse whether there are differences in EI dimensions between those who do not achieve World Health Organization (WHO) PA recommendations, those who meet WHO PA recommendations, those who meet WHO PA recommendations practising sports, and judokas of different levels. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample comprised 2938 undergraduate students from Madrid and 487 active Spanish judokas. PA was measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). EI was assessed by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24). Three different one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA (controlling for gender and age) were conducted to compare the effect of type of group studied on the EI dimensions. Significant differences in EI dimensions were found between those who do not meet PA recommendations, those who meet PA recommendations, those who meet PA recommendations practising sports, and judo athletes of different levels. However, when controlling for gender and age, these differences remained specifically in emotional attention and in emotional repair. Judo athletes and high-performance judo athletes showed better EI than the rest of the studied groups.

ACS Style

Jorge Acebes-Sánchez; Cecilia Blanco-García; Ignacio Diez-Vega; Daniel Mon-López; Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo. Emotional Intelligence in Physical Activity, Sports and Judo: A Global Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8695 .

AMA Style

Jorge Acebes-Sánchez, Cecilia Blanco-García, Ignacio Diez-Vega, Daniel Mon-López, Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo. Emotional Intelligence in Physical Activity, Sports and Judo: A Global Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8695.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Acebes-Sánchez; Cecilia Blanco-García; Ignacio Diez-Vega; Daniel Mon-López; Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo. 2021. "Emotional Intelligence in Physical Activity, Sports and Judo: A Global Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8695.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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There seems to be a broad consensus that there is a positive correlation between resilience and sport performance. However, different studies show divergent results on the role played by certain variables in this relationship. This study aimed to analyze the possible relationships between resilience levels and the practiced sport according to gender, age, and competitive level of the athletes in 1047 competitive athletes from five different sports (handball, basketball, volleyball, athletics, and judo). Resilience was assessed with the Spanish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Results of independent samples t-tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant differences on the level of resilience according to the practiced sport or the competitive level. However, the analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that they were related to the gender and age of the athletes, being higher in males than in females, and there was a positive correlation with age. These results seem to suggest the convenience of using differentiated strategies, according to gender and age, when working on all those protective factors that could allow the athlete to perform better when facing adversity in the competitive environment.

ACS Style

Cecilia Blanco-García; Jorge Acebes-Sánchez; Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo; Daniel Mon-López. Resilience in Sports: Sport Type, Gender, Age and Sport Level Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8196 .

AMA Style

Cecilia Blanco-García, Jorge Acebes-Sánchez, Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo, Daniel Mon-López. Resilience in Sports: Sport Type, Gender, Age and Sport Level Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):8196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cecilia Blanco-García; Jorge Acebes-Sánchez; Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo; Daniel Mon-López. 2021. "Resilience in Sports: Sport Type, Gender, Age and Sport Level Differences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8196.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Psychological aspects like anxiety, injuries’ effects, professional psychological support (PPS), psychological training (PT), or athlete-coach relationships could influence shooters’ performance. This study tried to determine which aspects were critical from the shooters’ perspective. Eight elite shooters were interviewed. After using qualitative methods, the following categories were obtained: importance of PT; anxiety and competition relationship; mental preparation; PPS; stress during training; injuries’ psychological effects and coach’s influence. PT is important for shooter’s performance, being PPS a key aspect. Moreover, anxiety levels are critical, raising during the pre-competitive period and oscillating during competition. Furthermore, shooters considered more effective the stress placed on training by the coach than by themselves. Accordingly, the coach plays a key role. Surprisingly, injuries did not affect shooters psychologically, nor in their competitive performance. We conclude that the combination of PPS, shooter competitive experience and the optimal coach’s work can promote a greater performance in Olympic shooting.

ACS Style

Francisco Moreira da Silva; Paulo Malico Sousa; Valter Pinheiro; Olga López-Torres; Ignacio Refoyo Roman; Daniel Mon-López. Which Are the Most Determinant Psychological Factors in Olympic Shooting Performance? A Self-Perspective from Elite Shooters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4637 .

AMA Style

Francisco Moreira da Silva, Paulo Malico Sousa, Valter Pinheiro, Olga López-Torres, Ignacio Refoyo Roman, Daniel Mon-López. Which Are the Most Determinant Psychological Factors in Olympic Shooting Performance? A Self-Perspective from Elite Shooters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4637.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Moreira da Silva; Paulo Malico Sousa; Valter Pinheiro; Olga López-Torres; Ignacio Refoyo Roman; Daniel Mon-López. 2021. "Which Are the Most Determinant Psychological Factors in Olympic Shooting Performance? A Self-Perspective from Elite Shooters." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4637.

Research article
Published: 02 February 2021 in European Journal of Sport Science
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Olympic shooting is a sport with high demands of accuracy. Minimal visual errors could be related to performance losses. However, not all visual skills have been studied in depth in this sport. The main objectives of this study were to compare differences in shooters’ visual skills by level and to analyze the competition effect on them. Sixty-six participants were distributed in three groups (non-athletes, elite and non-elite). Eleven visual variables were tested in four skills groups (visual acuity, heterophoria, accommodation functions and other visual skills). The data were collected through a pre- and post-competition simulation test. The results of the study showed differences between groups by shooting sport level. In general, shooters had higher visual acuity values than non-athletes p < .001 with large size effects (d between 1.01 and 2.35), and elite shooters presented higher values of accommodation than non-elite shooters p < .05 with large size effects (d between 0.88 and 0.97). Furthermore, different visual skills were modified after competition depending on the shooting level. Specifically, visual accommodation skills were only improved in elite shooters. Finally, our study suggests that elite shooters employ different visual strategies or skills to non-elite shooters and that shooting activity is closely related to some specific visual skills. This aspect should be considered by coaches in the design of optimal visual trainings and improve the shooters’ performance. Air shooting competition effects on visual skills depending on the sport level

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa; Manuel Sillero-Quintana; Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena. Air shooting competition effects on visual skills depending on the sport level. European Journal of Sport Science 2021, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa, Manuel Sillero-Quintana, Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena. Air shooting competition effects on visual skills depending on the sport level. European Journal of Sport Science. 2021; ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa; Manuel Sillero-Quintana; Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena. 2021. "Air shooting competition effects on visual skills depending on the sport level." European Journal of Sport Science , no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Soccer is a high-complexity sport in which 22 players interact simultaneously in a common space. The ball-holder interacts with their teammates by passing actions, establishing a unique communication among them in the development of the game in its offensive phase. The main aim of the present study was to analyze the pass action according to the trajectory of the ball receiver and the space for receiving the ball in terms of success at the end of play. Twenty La Liga 2018/2019 matches of two elite teams were analyzed. A system of notational analysis was used to create 11 categories based on context, timing and pass analysis. The data were analyzed using chi-squared analysis. The results showed that the main performance indicators were the efficiency of the pass, the zone of the field, the trajectory of the receiver and the reception space of the ball, which presented a moderate association with the end of play (p < 0.001). We concluded that receiving the ball on approach and in separation increased the probability of success by 5% and 7%, respectively, and a diagonal run increased the probability by 7%. Moreover, the combined analysis of these variables would improve the team performance.

ACS Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona; Abraham García-Aliaga; Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 9396 .

AMA Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona, Abraham García-Aliaga, Moisés Marquina, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Daniel Mon-López, Ignacio Refoyo Roman. What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (24):9396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Cordón-Carmona; Abraham García-Aliaga; Moisés Marquina; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. 2020. "What Is the Relevance in the Passing Action between the Passer and the Receiver in Soccer? Study of Elite Soccer in La Liga." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9396.

Review
Published: 19 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Performance in basketball is multifactorial. One of the modifying factors is the “Relative Age Effect—RAE”. However, its impact depends on the sample characteristics and sport context. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the RAE on basketball competition performance by analysing peer-reviewed articles published until July 2020. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses systematic search guidelines, nine studies were identified in four databases: Sport Discus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Moreover, a study quality analysis using “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” guidelines was carried out. The results confirmed an impact of the RAE on competition performance in basketball (56% measurements) and a higher influence of the RAE on short-term collective performance (54% measurements). Statistical parameters were affected, especially in men and U14-U18 categories. No impact of the RAE reversal and no influence of the RAE on long-term collective performance were found. There was a higher impact of the RAE in men (71%), the U14-U18 categories (44%), and at the national level (40%) was identified. The RAE has a variable influence on basketball performance according to developmental constraints. Nevertheless, the findings should be considered based on the sport context due to the heterogeneity and variability of the identified results.

ACS Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Alberto Lorenzo. Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8596 .

AMA Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Daniel Mon-López, Alberto Lorenzo. Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (22):8596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Daniel Mon-López; Alberto Lorenzo. 2020. "Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Basketball: A Qualitative Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8596.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Basketball is a sport in which, beyond the physical and technical skills, the psychological aspects are a decisive factor and could negatively affect the well-being of the player. The present study analyzes how 11 items belonging to two stakeholders (coach and player) could negatively affect the well-being of the athlete. A sample of elite young basketball players (n = 121) consisting of 55 males and 66 females, ranging in age from 16 to 23 (M = 20.12 ± 1.71), completed the Negative Factors Affecting Players’ Well-being (NFAPW) Questionnaire. This questionnaire was designed ad hoc and demonstrated good psychometric properties that confirmed that it is a valid and reliable instrument to measure how those factors negatively affect their well-being. The results showed that females have a greater perception of the factors that negatively affect their well-being, especially those related to the actions of the coach. However, no differences were found regarding the experience. Although this research provides an initial tool for measuring the well-being of the player during competition, future studies are encouraged to provide guidance to the coaches and players in dealing with the psychological variables in a better way.

ACS Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Jorge García-González; Monica Flo García; Daniel Mon-López. Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7987 .

AMA Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo, Jorge García-González, Monica Flo García, Daniel Mon-López. Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7987.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Lorenzo Calvo; Jorge García-González; Monica Flo García; Daniel Mon-López. 2020. "Development and Validation of a Well-Being Measure on Young Basketball Players: The NFAPW Scale." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7987.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effects of confinement due to COVID-19 isolation on visual function, considering insufficient convergence as one of the possible effects of living the whole day in a reduced space. We pass a Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) among 235 people to detect their habits before and after 25 confinement days. The data collection protocol consisted on a Google forms questionnaire included two parts: the first with current data (isolation period) and a second with pre-isolation period data. Differences between the pre-isolation and isolation period were calculated using the related paired T-tests. When statistically significant differences were found, the effect size was estimated using the Cohen’s d index (d). The reduction in physical activity levels during confinement were related to the increase in total number of minutes of screen consumption from 433.49 min to 623.97 min per day (d = 0.67; 44.01%). The CISS scores were increased by more than 43% during confinement. The increase in convergence insufficiency was 100% after the studied isolation period of 25 days. The 92.19% increase in television use during 25 days of confinement is not responsible for the increase in convergence insufficiency. However, due to the increase in the use of PCs in this period, there is a notable increase in convergence insufficiency. Therefore, we can conclude that not all increases in tasks with electronic devices are responsible for the increase in convergence insufficiency.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa; Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena; Manuel Sillero-Quintana. The Influence of COVID-19 Isolation on Physical Activity Habits and Its Relationship with Convergence Insufficiency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7406 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa, Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena, Manuel Sillero-Quintana. The Influence of COVID-19 Isolation on Physical Activity Habits and Its Relationship with Convergence Insufficiency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Ricardo Bernardez-Vilaboa; Antonio Alvarez Fernandez-Balbuena; Manuel Sillero-Quintana. 2020. "The Influence of COVID-19 Isolation on Physical Activity Habits and Its Relationship with Convergence Insufficiency." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7406.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The spread of COVID-19 has altered sport in Spain, forcing athletes to train at home. The objectives of the study were: (i) to compare training and recovery conditions before and during the isolation period in handball players according to gender and competitive level, and (ii) to analyse the impact of psychological factors during the isolation period. A total of 187 participants (66 women and 121 men) answered a Google Forms questionnaire about demographics, training, moods, emotional intelligence, and resilience sent using the snowball sampling technique. T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare sport level and gender differences. Linear regressions were used to analyse the psychological influence on training. Handball players reduced training intensity (in the whole sample; p = 0.44), training volume (especially in professional female handball players; p < 0.001), and sleep quality (especially in professional male handball players; p = 0.21) and increased sleep hours (especially in non-professional female players; p = 0.006) during the isolation period. Furthermore, psychological factors affected all evaluated training and recovery conditions during the quarantine, except for sleep quantity. Mood, emotional intelligence, and resilience have an influence on physical activity levels and recovery conditions. In addition, training components were modified under isolation conditions at p < 0.001. We conclude that the COVID-19 isolation period caused reductions in training volume and intensity and decreased sleep quality. Furthermore, psychological components have a significant impact on training and recovery conditions.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Mónica Hontoria Galán; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6471 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza, Mónica Hontoria Galán, Ignacio Refoyo Roman. The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Mónica Hontoria Galán; Ignacio Refoyo Roman. 2020. "The Impact of Covid-19 and the Effect of Psychological Factors on Training Conditions of Handball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6471.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Physiology & Behavior
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has restricted freedom of movement with several countries ‘locked down’ worldwide. During this isolation period or quarantine, habits have been modified. This might have had negative effects on physiological variables but also influenced numerous emotional aspects, especially in elite athletes, which can have a negative impact on training and sleep quality, affecting their performance. 175 Spanish professional and non-professional association football players answered an online survey about demographic and training habits, as well as two validated questionnaires to assess psychological variables (POMS and WLEIS-S). The results showed that the confinement period reduced the load of training (p < 0.01), and modified the sleeping behaviour (both, sleep time (p < 0.05) and quality (p < 0.001)) across soccer players. Higher emotional intelligence (EI) values were positively related to training variables and strongly correlated with the mood. Interestingly, athletes’ mood was affected differently depending on gender. We found that confinement period affects both, training load and recovery process and that mood states and EI could predict the training variables and performance of top-level football players.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Abraham García-Aliaga; Alberto Ginés Bartolomé; Diego Muriarte Solana. How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players? Physiology & Behavior 2020, 227, 113148 -113148.

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Abraham García-Aliaga, Alberto Ginés Bartolomé, Diego Muriarte Solana. How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players? Physiology & Behavior. 2020; 227 ():113148-113148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Abraham García-Aliaga; Alberto Ginés Bartolomé; Diego Muriarte Solana. 2020. "How has COVID-19 modified training and mood in professional and non-professional football players?" Physiology & Behavior 227, no. : 113148-113148.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 1365 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (4):1365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Alfonso De La Rubia Riaza; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. 2020. "Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1365.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Many aspects affect precision sports like shooting. Skills such as strength and balance are related to shooting performance and therefore, they should be trained. Thus, planned physical workouts can help to improve Olympic Shooting performance. The main objective of this study was to determine elite shooters’ perspective about fitness trainings. Methods: Eight elite international shooters were interviewed using a semi-structured script validated by an expert shooting committee. Their responses were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative methods. The following categories were obtained: fitness training importance on performance, fitness professional support, precompetitive fitness exercises’ orientation and intensity, main motor abilities, recovery process, fitness evaluation and test and physical training influence on the psychological state. Results: The results suggest that athletes consider physical training as a key factor in their performance. Shooters mainly train strength and endurance exercises, depending on the competitions schedule. However, no consensus exists regarding the professional in charge of fitness trainings, nor the recovery methods to minimize performance losses. In addition, general balance trainings or physical condition tests to evaluate the training progress do not seem to be used. Conclusion: We conclude that there should be greater control of fitness training and recovery processes in Olympic shooting.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Francisco Moreira Da Silva; Santiago Calero Morales; Olga López-Torres; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 4629 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Francisco Moreira Da Silva, Santiago Calero Morales, Olga López-Torres, Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (23):4629.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Francisco Moreira Da Silva; Santiago Calero Morales; Olga López-Torres; Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. 2019. "What Do Olympic Shooters Think about Physical Training Factors and Their Performance?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4629.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Journal of Human Kinetics
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The ability to stabilize the gun, a crucial factor for performance in air pistol Olympic shooting, is thought to be strongly related to the muscular work of the shooter´s shoulder and forearm. The objective of the present study was to confirm this relationship by analysing the influence of maximal finger flexor forces and maximal isometric shoulder force on performance in female air pistol shooting. Twenty‐three female pistol shooters participated in the study. Handgrip and shoulder force data were recorded under competition conditions, during the official training time of national Spanish championships on the day previous to the competition and at the official training stands. Performance was measured as the total score of 40 shots at competition. Linear regressions between performance and age, weight, height, training experience, body mass index (BMI), mean and maximal finger flexor and shoulder forces were calculated. Significant correlations were found between performance and a) training hours b) peak finger flexor force relative to the BMI, and c) peak isometric force of the shoulder abduction relative to the BMI. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant correlation between performance and muscular forces exerted by the athletes relative to their BMI. Appropriate muscular strength training programs are therefore necessary in female air pistol Olympic shooting.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos Alberto Cordente; Jorge García-González. The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength. Journal of Human Kinetics 2019, 69, 39 -46.

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Carlos Alberto Cordente, Jorge García-González. The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2019; 69 (1):39-46.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos Alberto Cordente; Jorge García-González. 2019. "The Relationship Between Pistol Olympic Shooting Performance, Handgrip and Shoulder Abduction Strength." Journal of Human Kinetics 69, no. 1: 39-46.

Original article
Published: 08 July 2019 in Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
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Several technologies, with varying economic costs, are used to measure the performance of Olympic sport shooters, including electronic targets, laser systems, and mobile phone applications. Nevertheless, the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) does not currently accept any mobile applications as valid measurement systems. The objective of the study was to check the validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application, an automatic mobile application for measuring the performance of shooters via image analysis. A total of 1,440 shots were fired by 24 shooters (720 shots each for the air rifle and air pistol events) and the target sheets were analysed with the application installed on an iPhone X. The official competition results and the measurements from the application were then compared. The results showed an almost perfect reliability for air pistol shots (ICC = 0.999) and no significant differences between the official average scores and those measured by the application. The reliability was also high for air rifle shots (ICC = 0.998) but the average scores registered by the application were statistically lower than the official results. We concluded that TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle is a low‐cost, valid, and reliable application for measuring amateur and semi‐professional shooting performance which may be useful to shooters, coaches, clubs, and federations worldwide. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon‐López; Carlos M Tejero-Gonzalez. Validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application for measuring shooting performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2019, 29, 1707 -1712.

AMA Style

Daniel Mon‐López, Carlos M Tejero-Gonzalez. Validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application for measuring shooting performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2019; 29 (11):1707-1712.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon‐López; Carlos M Tejero-Gonzalez. 2019. "Validity and reliability of the TargetScan ISSF Pistol & Rifle application for measuring shooting performance." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 29, no. 11: 1707-1712.

Research article
Published: 13 May 2019 in PLOS ONE
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In 2018, the Olympic shooting regulations were modified to increase the number of women's shots from 40 to 60, equaling the number given to men. This research presented in this paper addresses two research issues: (1) has the performance of women's shooting changed as a result of this increase in the number of shots? and (2) with the equalized number of shots in place, do women and men perform differently? This study included 292 shooters who competed in the 2016 and/or 2018 European Championships who all obtained top-50 results. Our sample included balanced quotas for sports (50% pistol and 50% rifle) and by category (50% women and 50% men). Both championships were held in the same facilities and in the same month of the season, but with the difference that in 2016, women had 40 shots and in 2018 they had 60 shots. We observed that women's performances did not diminish for the pistol or the rifle category when their number of shots were increased. Men and women shot equally well with rifles, although the men's performance with pistols was higher than that of women. We concluded that sports in which physical strength is a minor factor, as in the case of shooting, should revise their regulations in the interest of greater gender equality in sports.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Santiago Calero. Recent changes in women’s Olympic shooting and effects in performance. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0216390 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Santiago Calero. Recent changes in women’s Olympic shooting and effects in performance. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (5):e0216390.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Carlos M. Tejero-González; Santiago Calero. 2019. "Recent changes in women’s Olympic shooting and effects in performance." PLOS ONE 14, no. 5: e0216390.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
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Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Santiago Calero. Connection between performance and body sway/morphology in juvenile Olympic shooters. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 2019, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Santiago Calero. Connection between performance and body sway/morphology in juvenile Olympic shooters. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. 2019; 14 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Santiago Calero. 2019. "Connection between performance and body sway/morphology in juvenile Olympic shooters." Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 14, no. 1: 1.

Research article
Published: 29 June 2015 in PLOS ONE
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The ability to stabilize the gun is crucial for performance in Olympic pistol shooting and is thought to be related to the shooters muscular strength. The present study examines the relation between performance and finger flexor force as well as shoulder abduction isometric force in senior male air pistol shooting. 46 Spanish national level shooters served as test subjects of the study. Two maximal force tests were carried out recording handgrip and deltoid force data under competition conditions, during the official training time at national Spanish championships. Performance was measured as the total score of 60 shots at competition. Linear regressions were calculated to examine the relations between performance and peak and average finger flexor forces, peak and average finger flexor forces relative to the BMI, peak and average shoulder abduction isometric forces, peak shoulder abduction isometric force relative to the BMI. The connection between performance and other variables such as age, weight, height, BMI, experience in years and training hours per week was also analyzed. Significant correlations were found between performance at competition and average and peak finger flexor forces. For the rest of the force variables no significant correlations were found. Significant correlations were also found between performance at competition and experience as well as training hours. No significant correlations were found between performance and age, weight, height or BMI. The study concludes that hand grip strength training programs are necessary for performance in air pistol shooting.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos A. Cordente; Antonio J. Monroy Anton; Bárbara Rodríguez Rodríguez; David López Jiménez. Finger Flexor Force Influences Performance in Senior Male Air Pistol Olympic Shooting. PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0129862 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Carlos A. Cordente, Antonio J. Monroy Anton, Bárbara Rodríguez Rodríguez, David López Jiménez. Finger Flexor Force Influences Performance in Senior Male Air Pistol Olympic Shooting. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (6):e0129862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos A. Cordente; Antonio J. Monroy Anton; Bárbara Rodríguez Rodríguez; David López Jiménez. 2015. "Finger Flexor Force Influences Performance in Senior Male Air Pistol Olympic Shooting." PLOS ONE 10, no. 6: e0129862.

Validation study
Published: 22 April 2014 in PLOS ONE
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We present and validate a test able to provide reliable body sway measurements in air pistol shooting, without the use of a gun. 46 senior male pistol shooters who participated in Spanish air pistol championships participated in the study. Body sway data of two static bipodal balance tests have been compared: during the first test, shooting was simulated by use of a dumbbell, while during the second test the shooters own pistol was used. Both tests were performed the day previous to the competition, during the official training time and at the training stands to simulate competition conditions. The participantś performance was determined as the total score of 60 shots at competition. Apart from the commonly used variables that refer to movements of the shooters centre of pressure (COP), such as COP displacements on the X and Y axes, maximum and average COP velocities and total COP area, the present analysis also included variables that provide information regarding the axes of the COP ellipse (length and angle in respect to X). A strong statistically significant correlation between the two tests was found (with an interclass correlation varying between 0.59 and 0.92). A statistically significant inverse linear correlation was also found between performance and COP movements. The study concludes that dumbbell tests are perfectly valid for measuring body sway by simulating pistol shooting.

ACS Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos A. Cordente; Antonio Monroy Antón; David López Jiménez. Validation of a Dumbbell Body Sway Test in Olympic Air Pistol Shooting. PLOS ONE 2014, 9, e96106 .

AMA Style

Daniel Mon-López, Maria S. Zakynthinaki, Carlos A. Cordente, Antonio Monroy Antón, David López Jiménez. Validation of a Dumbbell Body Sway Test in Olympic Air Pistol Shooting. PLOS ONE. 2014; 9 (4):e96106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Mon-López; Maria S. Zakynthinaki; Carlos A. Cordente; Antonio Monroy Antón; David López Jiménez. 2014. "Validation of a Dumbbell Body Sway Test in Olympic Air Pistol Shooting." PLOS ONE 9, no. 4: e96106.