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Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macapá, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world’s largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macapá, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (± 900 cells mL−1) in the quarter of June–August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 µg L−1). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.
Elane D.C. Oliveira; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Luis Silva; Natalina Silva; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Silvia Faustino; Alan Cunha. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins 2019, 11, 669 .
AMA StyleElane D.C. Oliveira, Raquel Castelo-Branco, Luis Silva, Natalina Silva, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Silvia Faustino, Alan Cunha. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):669.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElane D.C. Oliveira; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Luis Silva; Natalina Silva; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Silvia Faustino; Alan Cunha. 2019. "First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil." Toxins 11, no. 11: 669.
The Amazon region contains a great diversity of species, and the Amazon River basin accounts for almost 20% of all the freshwater in the world. Despite the favorable environmental conditions in this region, little is known about the cyanobacterial diversity of this waterbody, especially at the mouth of the river. In this paper, we used the polyphasic approach to identify 14 cyanobacterial strains isolated in the Amazon River on the inlet site from a drinking water supply located close to the river mouth. The isolated strains were characterized based on morphology, behavior in culture, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and potential for toxin production. The isolated strains belong to seven different genera, namely, Alkalinema, Cephalothrix, Limnothrix, Leptolyngbya, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena and an unidentified Nostocales taxa that may represent a new genus. Strikingly, there were no new species, nor detection of gene clusters associated with cyanotoxin production. However, the phylogenetic placements of the Amazonian strains of Limnothrix and Pseudanabaena provide new insight into the taxonomy of these genera, reinforcing the need for taxonomic revision.
Elane D. Cunha DE Oliveira; Alan Cunha; Natalina B. DA Silva; Raquel Castelo-Branco; João Morais; Maria Paula C. Schneider; Silvia M. M. Faustino; Vitor Ramos; Vitor Vasconcelos. Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial isolates from the mouth of the Amazon River. Phytotaxa 2019, 387, 269 -288.
AMA StyleElane D. Cunha DE Oliveira, Alan Cunha, Natalina B. DA Silva, Raquel Castelo-Branco, João Morais, Maria Paula C. Schneider, Silvia M. M. Faustino, Vitor Ramos, Vitor Vasconcelos. Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial isolates from the mouth of the Amazon River. Phytotaxa. 2019; 387 (4):269-288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElane D. Cunha DE Oliveira; Alan Cunha; Natalina B. DA Silva; Raquel Castelo-Branco; João Morais; Maria Paula C. Schneider; Silvia M. M. Faustino; Vitor Ramos; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2019. "Morphological and molecular characterization of cyanobacterial isolates from the mouth of the Amazon River." Phytotaxa 387, no. 4: 269-288.
Elane Domênica De Souza Cunha; Alan Cunha; Arialdo Martins Da Silveira Jr; Silvia Maria Mathes Faustino. Phytoplankton of two rivers in the eastern Amazon: characterization of biodiversity and new occurrences. Acta Botanica Brasilica 2013, 27, 364 -377.
AMA StyleElane Domênica De Souza Cunha, Alan Cunha, Arialdo Martins Da Silveira Jr, Silvia Maria Mathes Faustino. Phytoplankton of two rivers in the eastern Amazon: characterization of biodiversity and new occurrences. Acta Botanica Brasilica. 2013; 27 (2):364-377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElane Domênica De Souza Cunha; Alan Cunha; Arialdo Martins Da Silveira Jr; Silvia Maria Mathes Faustino. 2013. "Phytoplankton of two rivers in the eastern Amazon: characterization of biodiversity and new occurrences." Acta Botanica Brasilica 27, no. 2: 364-377.