This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Unclaimed
Joana Azevedo
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research—CIIMAR/CIMAR, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal

Basic Info

Basic Info is private.

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2021 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Microcystins (MCs), Saxitoxins (STXs), and Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are some of the more well-known cyanotoxins. Taking into consideration the impacts of cyanotoxins, many studies have focused on the identification of unknown cyanotoxin(s)-producing strains. This study aimed to screen strains from the Azorean Bank of Algae and Cyanobacteria (BACA) for MCs, STX, and CYN production. A total of 157 strains were searched for mcy, sxt, and cyr producing genes by PCR, toxin identification by ESI-LC-MS/MS, and cyanotoxin-producing strains morphological identification and confirmation by 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Cyanotoxin-producing genes were amplified in 13 strains and four were confirmed as toxin producers by ESI-LC-MS/MS. As expected Aphanizomenon gracile BACA0041 was confirmed as an STX producer, with amplification of genes sxtA, sxtG, sxtH, and sxtI, and Microcystis aeruginosa BACA0148 as an MC-LR producer, with amplification of genes mcyC, mcyD, mcyE, and mcyG. Two nostocalean strains, BACA0025 and BACA0031, were positive for both cyrB and cyrC genes and ESI-LC-MS/MS confirmed CYN production. Although these strains morphologically resemble Sphaerospermopsis, the 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis reveals that they probably belong to a new genus.

ACS Style

Rita Cordeiro; Joana Azevedo; Rúben Luz; Vitor Vasconcelos; Vítor Gonçalves; Amélia Fonseca. Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria. Toxins 2021, 13, 258 .

AMA Style

Rita Cordeiro, Joana Azevedo, Rúben Luz, Vitor Vasconcelos, Vítor Gonçalves, Amélia Fonseca. Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria. Toxins. 2021; 13 (4):258.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Cordeiro; Joana Azevedo; Rúben Luz; Vitor Vasconcelos; Vítor Gonçalves; Amélia Fonseca. 2021. "Cyanotoxin Screening in BACA Culture Collection: Identification of New Cylindrospermopsin Producing Cyanobacteria." Toxins 13, no. 4: 258.

Journal article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Scientific Reports
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Marine biofouling remains an unsolved problem with a serious economic impact on several marine associated industries and constitutes a major vector for the spread of non-indigenous species (NIS). The implementation of biofouling monitoring programs allows for better fouling management and also for the early identification of NIS. However, few monitoring studies have used recent methods, such as metabarcoding, that can significantly enhance the detection of those species. Here, we employed monthly monitoring of biofouling growth on stainless steel plates in the Atlantic Port of Leixões (Northern Portugal), over one year to test the effect of commercial anti-corrosion paint in the communities. Fouling organisms were identified by combining morpho-taxonomy identification with community DNA metabarcoding using multiple markers (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and COI genes). The dominant colonizers found at this location were hard foulers, namely barnacles and mussels, while other groups of organisms such as cnidarians, bryozoans, and ascidians were also abundant. Regarding the temporal dynamics of the fouling communities, there was a progressive increase in the colonization of cyanobacteria, green algae, and red algae during the sampled period with the replacement of less abundant groups. The tested anticorrosion paint demonstrated to have a significant prevention effect against the biofouling community resulting in a biomass reduction. Our study also reports, for the first time, 29 NIS in this port, substantiating the need for the implementation of recurring biofouling monitoring programs in ports and harbours.

ACS Style

Joana Azevedo; Jorge Antunes; André M. Machado; Vitor Vasconcelos; Pedro N. Leão; Elsa Froufe. Monitoring of biofouling communities in a Portuguese port using a combined morphological and metabarcoding approach. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Joana Azevedo, Jorge Antunes, André M. Machado, Vitor Vasconcelos, Pedro N. Leão, Elsa Froufe. Monitoring of biofouling communities in a Portuguese port using a combined morphological and metabarcoding approach. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Azevedo; Jorge Antunes; André M. Machado; Vitor Vasconcelos; Pedro N. Leão; Elsa Froufe. 2020. "Monitoring of biofouling communities in a Portuguese port using a combined morphological and metabarcoding approach." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Edible Llayta are cyanobacterial colonies consumed in the Andes highlands. Llayta and four isolated cyanobacteria strains were tested for cyanotoxins (microcystin, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine—BMAA) using molecular and chemical methods. All isolates were free of target genes involved in toxin biosynthesis. Only DNA from Llayta amplified the mcyE gene. Presence of microcystin-LR and BMAA in Llayta extracts was discarded by LC/MS analyses. The analysed Llayta colonies have an incomplete microcystin biosynthetic pathway and are a safe food ingredient.

ACS Style

Alexandra Galetović; Joana Azevedo; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Flavio Oliveira; Benito Gómez-Silva; Vitor Vasconcelos. Absence of Cyanotoxins in Llayta, Edible Nostocaceae Colonies from the Andes Highlands. Toxins 2020, 12, 382 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Galetović, Joana Azevedo, Raquel Castelo-Branco, Flavio Oliveira, Benito Gómez-Silva, Vitor Vasconcelos. Absence of Cyanotoxins in Llayta, Edible Nostocaceae Colonies from the Andes Highlands. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):382.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Galetović; Joana Azevedo; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Flavio Oliveira; Benito Gómez-Silva; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2020. "Absence of Cyanotoxins in Llayta, Edible Nostocaceae Colonies from the Andes Highlands." Toxins 12, no. 6: 382.

Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a major contaminant in inland aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, toxic blooms are carried downstream by rivers and waterways to estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Concerning marine and estuarine animal species, very little is known about how these species are affected by the exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. So far, most of the knowledge has been gathered from freshwater bivalve molluscs. This work aimed to infer the sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to single as well as mixed toxic cyanobacterial cultures and the underlying molecular responses mediated by toxic cyanobacteria. For this purpose, a mussel exposure experiment was outlined with two toxic cyanobacteria species, Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum at 1 × 105 cells/mL, resembling a natural cyanobacteria bloom. The estimated amount of toxins produced by M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were respectively 0.023 pg/cell of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and 7.854 pg/cell of cylindrospermopsin (CYN). After 15 days of exposure to single and mixed cyanobacteria, a depuration phase followed, during which mussels were fed only non-toxic microalga Parachlorella kessleri. The results showed that the marine mussel is able to filter toxic cyanobacteria at a rate equal or higher than the non-toxic microalga P. kessleri. Filtration rates observed after 15 days of feeding toxic microalgae were 1773.04 mL/ind.h (for M. aeruginosa), 2151.83 mL/ind.h (for C. ovalisporum), 1673.29 mL/ind.h (for the mixture of the 2 cyanobacteria) and 2539.25 mL/ind.h (for the non-toxic P. kessleri). Filtering toxic microalgae in combination resulted in the accumulation of 14.17 ng/g dw MC-LR and 92.08 ng/g dw CYN. Other physiological and biochemical endpoints (dry weight, byssus production, total protein and glycogen) measured in this work did not change significantly in the groups exposed to toxic cyanobacteria with regard to control group, suggesting that mussels were not affected with the toxic microalgae. Nevertheless, proteomics revealed changes in metabolism of mussels related to diet, specially evident in those fed on combined cyanobacteria. Changes in metabolic pathways related with protein folding and stabilization, cytoskeleton structure, and gene transcription/translation were observed after exposure and feeding toxic cyanobacteria. These changes occur in vital metabolic processes and may contribute to protect mussels from toxic effects of the toxins MC-LR and CYN.

ACS Style

Flavio Oliveira; Leticia Diez-Quijada; Maria V. Turkina; João Morais; Aldo Barreiro Felpeto; Joana Azevedo; Angeles Jos; Ana M. Camean; Vitor Vasconcelos; José Carlos Martins; Alexandre Campos. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Toxins 2020, 12, 196 .

AMA Style

Flavio Oliveira, Leticia Diez-Quijada, Maria V. Turkina, João Morais, Aldo Barreiro Felpeto, Joana Azevedo, Angeles Jos, Ana M. Camean, Vitor Vasconcelos, José Carlos Martins, Alexandre Campos. Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Flavio Oliveira; Leticia Diez-Quijada; Maria V. Turkina; João Morais; Aldo Barreiro Felpeto; Joana Azevedo; Angeles Jos; Ana M. Camean; Vitor Vasconcelos; José Carlos Martins; Alexandre Campos. 2020. "Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum." Toxins 12, no. 3: 196.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2019 in Water
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Microcystis blooms and the subsequent release of hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) pose a serious threat to the safety of water for human and livestock consumption, agriculture irrigation, and aquaculture worldwide. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic variant of MCs, has been widely detected in a variety of environments such as water, sediments, plants, and many aquatic organisms. Conventional solutions of water treatment are costly, requiring specific infrastructure, as well as specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, these solutions are not feasible in many rural areas or in the treatment of large reservoirs. In this regard, low-cost and low-technology solutions, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), are attractive solutions to treat surface waters contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. In line with this, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CWs for the treatment of water contaminated with MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa—LEGE 91094. For that, microcosms (0.4 × 0.3 × 0.3 m) simulating CWs were assembled with Phragmites australis to treat lake water contaminated with Microcystis aeruginosa cells and MCs. Results showed removal percentages of M. aeruginosa cells above 94% and about 99% removal of MC-LR during 1 week treatment cycles. CWs maintained their functions, regardless the presence of MC-LR in the system, and also showed significant removal of nutrients (ammonium ion removal up to 86%) and organic matter (removal reaching 98%). The present work indicates that CWs have the potential for removal of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins, which can be useful for the treatment of eutrophic waters and provide water of sufficient quality to be used, for instance, in agriculture.

ACS Style

Guna Bavithra; Joana Azevedo; Flavio Luis de Oliveira; João Morais; Edgar Pinto; Isabel M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos; C. Marisa R. Almeida. Assessment of Constructed Wetlands’ Potential for the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Microcystins (MC-LR). Water 2019, 12, 10 .

AMA Style

Guna Bavithra, Joana Azevedo, Flavio Luis de Oliveira, João Morais, Edgar Pinto, Isabel M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira, Vitor Vasconcelos, Alexandre Campos, C. Marisa R. Almeida. Assessment of Constructed Wetlands’ Potential for the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Microcystins (MC-LR). Water. 2019; 12 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guna Bavithra; Joana Azevedo; Flavio Luis de Oliveira; João Morais; Edgar Pinto; Isabel M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos; C. Marisa R. Almeida. 2019. "Assessment of Constructed Wetlands’ Potential for the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Microcystins (MC-LR)." Water 12, no. 1: 10.

Journal article
Published: 15 November 2019 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macapá, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world’s largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macapá, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (± 900 cells mL−1) in the quarter of June–August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 µg L−1). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.

ACS Style

Elane D.C. Oliveira; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Luis Silva; Natalina Silva; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Silvia Faustino; Alan Cunha. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins 2019, 11, 669 .

AMA Style

Elane D.C. Oliveira, Raquel Castelo-Branco, Luis Silva, Natalina Silva, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Silvia Faustino, Alan Cunha. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):669.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elane D.C. Oliveira; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Luis Silva; Natalina Silva; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Silvia Faustino; Alan Cunha. 2019. "First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil." Toxins 11, no. 11: 669.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2019 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins constitute a serious environmental and human health problem. Moreover, concerns are raised with the use of contaminated water in agriculture and vegetable production as this can lead to food contamination and human exposure to toxins as well as impairment in crop development and productivity. The objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility of two green vegetables, spinach and lettuce, to the cyanotoxins microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), individually and in mixture. The study consisted of growing both vegetables in hydroponics, under controlled conditions, for 21 days in nutrient medium doped with MC or CYN at 10 μg/L and 50 μg/L, or CYN/MC mixture at 5 + 5 μg/L and 25 + 25 μg/L. Extracts from M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum were used as sources of toxins. The study revealed growth inhibition of the aerial part (Leaves) in both species when treated with 50µg/L of MC, CYN and CYN/MC mixture. MC showed to be more harmful to plant growth than CYN. Moreover spinach leaves growth was inhibited by both 5 + 5 and 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixtures, whereas lettuce leaves growth was inhibited only by 25 + 25 µg/L CYN/MC mixture. Overall, growth data evidence increased sensitivity of spinach to cyanotoxins in comparison to lettuce. On the other hand, plants exposed to CYN/MC mixture showed differential accumulation of CYN and MC. In addition, CYN, but not MC, was translocated from the roots to the leaves. CYN and MC affected the levels of minerals particularly in plant roots. The elements most affected were Ca, K and Mg. However, in leaves K was the mineral that was affected by exposure to cyanotoxins.

ACS Style

Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello; Angeles Jos; Ana Cameán; Flavio Oliveira; Aldo Barreiro; Joana Machado; Joana Azevedo; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; Marisa Freitas. Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins 2019, 11, 624 .

AMA Style

Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello, Angeles Jos, Ana Cameán, Flavio Oliveira, Aldo Barreiro, Joana Machado, Joana Azevedo, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho Almeida, Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos, Marisa Freitas. Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):624.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Llana-Ruiz-Cabello; Angeles Jos; Ana Cameán; Flavio Oliveira; Aldo Barreiro; Joana Machado; Joana Azevedo; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; Marisa Freitas. 2019. "Analysis of the Use of Cylindrospermopsin and/or Microcystin-Contaminated Water in the Growth, Mineral Content, and Contamination of Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa." Toxins 11, no. 11: 624.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2018 in Scientific Reports
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Cyanobactins are a family of linear and cyclic peptides produced through the post-translational modification of short precursor peptides. A mass spectrometry-based screening of potential cyanobactin producers led to the discovery of a new prenylated member of this family of compounds, sphaerocyclamide (1), from Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249. The sphaerocyclamide biosynthetic gene cluster (sph) encoding the novel macrocyclic prenylated cyanobactin, was sequenced. Heterologous expression of the sph gene cluster in Escherichia coli confirmed the connection between genomic and mass spectrometric data. Unambiguous establishment of the orientation and site of prenylation required the full structural elucidation of 1 using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which demonstrated that a forward prenylation occurred on the tyrosine residue. Compound 1 was tested in pharmacologically or ecologically relevant biological assays and revealed moderate antimicrobial activity towards the fouling bacterium Halomonas aquamarina CECT 5000.

ACS Style

Joana Martins; Niina Leikoski; Matti Wahlsten; Joana Azevedo; Jorge Antunes; Jouni Jokela; Kaarina Sivonen; Vitor Vasconcelos; David P. Fewer; Pedro N. Leão. Sphaerocyclamide, a prenylated cyanobactin from the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Joana Martins, Niina Leikoski, Matti Wahlsten, Joana Azevedo, Jorge Antunes, Jouni Jokela, Kaarina Sivonen, Vitor Vasconcelos, David P. Fewer, Pedro N. Leão. Sphaerocyclamide, a prenylated cyanobactin from the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Martins; Niina Leikoski; Matti Wahlsten; Joana Azevedo; Jorge Antunes; Jouni Jokela; Kaarina Sivonen; Vitor Vasconcelos; David P. Fewer; Pedro N. Leão. 2018. "Sphaerocyclamide, a prenylated cyanobactin from the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-9.

Article
Published: 21 September 2018 in Ecotoxicology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Previous studies have demonstrated the modulation of glutathione transferases (GSTs) induced by microcystin (MC) alone or in combination with other cyanobacterial secondary metabolites in bivalves. However, interspecies information about which and how GST isoforms are affected by these secondary metabolites is still scarce, especially considering the dynamic process involving their uptake and elimination routes. In this context, the role of GSTs gene expression changes in response to a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa extract were examined for Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum during exposure and recovery phases. The expression levels of sigma 1, sigma 2, pi and mu-class GST genes were analyzed in the hepatopancreas of both bivalve species during cyanobacteria extract exposure (24 h) and post-exposure (24 and 72 h). Only a significant induction of sigma 1-class GST expression was observed for R. philippinarum upon 24-hour exposure of both bivalve species to Microcystis extract. During the recovery phase, GST transcriptional changes for M. galloprovincialis were characterized by an early induction (24 h) of sigma 1 and sigma 2 transcripts. On the other hand, GST transcriptional changes for R. philippinarum during post-exposure phase were characterized by an early induction (24 h) of sigma 1 and mu transcripts and a later induction (72 h) of the four analyzed GST transcripts. Such differences reflect variable GST response mechanisms to cope with MC-producing cyanobacterial blooms exposure between these two bivalve species, revealing a higher sensitivity of R. philippinarum to Microcystis-induced stress than M. galloprovincialis. The results also suggest a much higher level of activity of the GST detoxification system during the recovery phase compared to the period of the stress exposure for both bivalve species.

ACS Style

Paulo Antas; Mariana Carneiro; Bruno Reis; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Joana Azevedo; Ralph Urbatzka; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; José Carlos Martins. GST transcriptional changes induced by a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain in two bivalve species during exposure and recovery phases. Ecotoxicology 2018, 27, 1272 -1280.

AMA Style

Paulo Antas, Mariana Carneiro, Bruno Reis, Raquel Castelo-Branco, Joana Azevedo, Ralph Urbatzka, Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos, José Carlos Martins. GST transcriptional changes induced by a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain in two bivalve species during exposure and recovery phases. Ecotoxicology. 2018; 27 (9):1272-1280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulo Antas; Mariana Carneiro; Bruno Reis; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Joana Azevedo; Ralph Urbatzka; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; José Carlos Martins. 2018. "GST transcriptional changes induced by a toxic Microcystis aeruginosa strain in two bivalve species during exposure and recovery phases." Ecotoxicology 27, no. 9: 1272-1280.

Journal article
Published: 04 August 2018 in Algal Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria like microcystins (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been frequently studied because of their toxicity in humans and other animals. However, the function(s) of these metabolites remain largely unknown. The objective of this work was to deepen the knowledge in this research area and characterize the allelopathic effects of the cyanotoxins MC and CYN on the green alga Parachlorella kessleri. Several assays were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions with cyanobacterial cell extracts from Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum, producers of MC-LR and CYN respectively, at concentrations of 55 and 150 μg/L. The effects of CYN at 150 μg/L was also studied in P. kessleri growing in Z8 medium with altered nutrient composition. The data obtained indicate that growth rate and photosynthetic pigments were not affected by the exposure to cyanobacterial toxic extracts compared to control. However, the growth rate and photosynthetic pigments content changed during the 14 days of P. kessleri cultivation, in both groups (control and treatment), which may reflect the culture conditions and P. kessleri growth curve. It was also possible to verify that nutrients' concentration of the microalga culture medium does not influence the growth rate of the green microalga or the biological activity of the cyanobacterial extracts. In conclusion, under these specific laboratory conditions, there were no toxic or allelopathic effects of M. aeruginosa and C. ovalisporum crude extracts, which demonstrates the high tolerance of this phytoplanktonic species for the cyanobacterial toxins MC and CYN and other metabolites.

ACS Style

Ana L. Pereira; Catarina Santos; Joana Azevedo; Teresa P. Martins; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Vitor Ramos; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. Algal Research 2018, 34, 198 -208.

AMA Style

Ana L. Pereira, Catarina Santos, Joana Azevedo, Teresa P. Martins, Raquel Castelo-Branco, Vitor Ramos, Vitor Vasconcelos, Alexandre Campos. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. Algal Research. 2018; 34 ():198-208.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana L. Pereira; Catarina Santos; Joana Azevedo; Teresa P. Martins; Raquel Castelo-Branco; Vitor Ramos; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos. 2018. "Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri." Algal Research 34, no. : 198-208.

Case report
Published: 01 August 2018 in Toxicon
Reads 0
Downloads 0

A 67-year-old Caucasian male with lung cancer was presented to the Emergency Department with asthenia, anorexia, jaundice and choluria. The patient's lung cancer was being treated medically by a combination of paclitaxel/carboplatin with bi-monthly frequency. The patient was also self-medicating with several natural products, including Chlorella (520 mg/day), Silybum marianum (total of 13.5 mg silymarin/day), zinc sulphate (5.5 mg), selenium (50 μg) and 15 g/day of Curcuma longa. In first chemotherapy cycle no toxicity was observed even he was taking other medications as budesonide and sitagliptin. The toxic events started only after the introduction of the dietary products. Chlorella had contamination with cyanobacteria (Oscillatoriales) and 1.08 μg of cyanotoxin Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) per gram of biomass was found. Patient was consuming ca 0.01 μg MC-LR/kg/day. This case report describes the first known case of paclitaxel toxicity probably related to pharmacokinetic interaction with Turmeric and a contaminated Chlorella supplement resulting in an acute toxic hepatitis and the impact on oncologic patient health.

ACS Style

Maria Luísa Costa; José A. Rodrigues; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Eduardo Eiras; Maria Graça Campos. Hepatotoxicity induced by paclitaxel interaction with turmeric in association with a microcystin from a contaminated dietary supplement. Toxicon 2018, 150, 207 -211.

AMA Style

Maria Luísa Costa, José A. Rodrigues, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Eduardo Eiras, Maria Graça Campos. Hepatotoxicity induced by paclitaxel interaction with turmeric in association with a microcystin from a contaminated dietary supplement. Toxicon. 2018; 150 ():207-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Luísa Costa; José A. Rodrigues; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Eduardo Eiras; Maria Graça Campos. 2018. "Hepatotoxicity induced by paclitaxel interaction with turmeric in association with a microcystin from a contaminated dietary supplement." Toxicon 150, no. : 207-211.

Book chapter
Published: 05 January 2018 in Toxins and Drug Discovery
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are often found in aquatic ecosystems, spanning from fresh to brackish waters and marine waters, and may reflect the increased eutrophication of these environments and alterations in climate. Cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins) are secondary metabolites, with very different chemical structures, and highly reactive to various biological molecules. Scientists and public health and environmental agencies have recognized that contamination by cyanobacterial toxins is a global and serious environmental and health threat. Notwithstanding, it is notorious the efforts done so far from the scientific community that resulted in the isolation, purification, identification, structure elucidation of several of these groups of toxins from many ecosystems worldwide as well as the identification of respective molecular targets and biological activities. The chemical variability of cyanotoxins is a critical determinant of the biological activity leading to a need to classify the different groups but also to distinguish the several chemical variants within each group. Cyanotoxins are thus currently classified on the basis of their chemical composition and toxic activity. This chapter aims to review and summarize key information concerning this class of natural compounds produced by cyanobacteria, as perceived by the authors being critical for understanding the impact of these compounds in the environment, and thus necessary for carrying out and validating risk assessment studies.

ACS Style

Joana Machado; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos. Mode of Action and Toxicity of Major Cyanobacterial Toxins and Corresponding Chemical Variants. Toxins and Drug Discovery 2018, 441 -464.

AMA Style

Joana Machado, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Alexandre Campos. Mode of Action and Toxicity of Major Cyanobacterial Toxins and Corresponding Chemical Variants. Toxins and Drug Discovery. 2018; ():441-464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Machado; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandre Campos. 2018. "Mode of Action and Toxicity of Major Cyanobacterial Toxins and Corresponding Chemical Variants." Toxins and Drug Discovery , no. : 441-464.

Research article
Published: 07 December 2017 in PLoS ONE
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Portoamides are cyclic peptides produced and released by the cyanobacterial strain Phormidium sp. presumably to interfere with other organisms in their ecosystems ("allelopathy"). Portoamides were previously demonstrated to have an antiproliferative effect on human lung carcinoma cells, but the underlying mechanism of this activity has not been described. In the present work, the effects of portoamides on proliferation were examined in eight human cancer cell lines and two non-carcinogenic cell lines, and major differences in sensitivities were observed. To generate hypotheses with regard to molecular mechanisms of action, quantitative proteomics using 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF were performed on the colon carcinoma cell line HT-29. The expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism (mitochondrial respiratory chain and pentose phosphate pathway) was found to be affected. The hypothesis of altered energy metabolism was tested in further experiments. Exposure to portoamides resulted in reduced cellular ATP content, likely due to decreased mitochondrial energy production. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and reduced mitochondrial reductive capacity was observed in treated cells. Furthermore, alterations in the expression of peroxiredoxins (PRDX4, PRDX6) and components of proteasome subunits (PSB4, PSA6) were observed in portoamide-treated cells, but these alterations were not associated with detectable increases in oxidative stress. We conclude that the cytotoxic activity of portoamides is associated with disturbance of energy metabolism, and alterations in mitochondrial structure and function.

ACS Style

Tiago Ribeiro; Filipa Lemos; Marco Preto; Joana Azevedo; Maria Lígia Sousa; Pedro N. Leão; Alexandre Campos; Stig Linder; Rui Vitorino; Vitor Vasconcelos; Ralph Urbatzka. Cytotoxicity of portoamides in human cancer cells and analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0188817 -e0188817.

AMA Style

Tiago Ribeiro, Filipa Lemos, Marco Preto, Joana Azevedo, Maria Lígia Sousa, Pedro N. Leão, Alexandre Campos, Stig Linder, Rui Vitorino, Vitor Vasconcelos, Ralph Urbatzka. Cytotoxicity of portoamides in human cancer cells and analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12 (12):e0188817-e0188817.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiago Ribeiro; Filipa Lemos; Marco Preto; Joana Azevedo; Maria Lígia Sousa; Pedro N. Leão; Alexandre Campos; Stig Linder; Rui Vitorino; Vitor Vasconcelos; Ralph Urbatzka. 2017. "Cytotoxicity of portoamides in human cancer cells and analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action." PLoS ONE 12, no. 12: e0188817-e0188817.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2017 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Cyanobacteria blooms are frequent in freshwaters and are responsible for water quality deterioration and human intoxication. Although, not a new phenomenon, concern exists on the increasing persistence, scale, and toxicity of these blooms. There is evidence, in recent years, of the transfer of these toxins from inland to marine waters through freshwater outflow. However, the true impact of these blooms in marine habitats has been overlooked. In the present work, we describe the detection of Planktothrix agardhii, which is a common microcystin producer, in the Portuguese marine coastal waters nearby a river outfall in an area used for shellfish harvesting and recreational activities. P. agardhii was first observed in November of 2016 in seawater samples that are in the scope of the national shellfish monitoring system. This occurrence was followed closely between November and December of 2016 by a weekly sampling of mussels and water from the sea pier and adjacent river mouth with salinity ranging from 35 to 3. High cell densities were found in the water from both sea pier and river outfall, reaching concentrations of 4,960,608 cells·L−1 and 6810.3 × 106 cells·L−1 respectively. Cultures were also established with success from the environment and microplate salinity growth assays showed that the isolates grew at salinity 10. HPLC-PDA analysis of total microcystin content in mussel tissue, water biomass, and P. agardhii cultures did not retrieve a positive result. In addition, microcystin related genes were not detected in the water nor cultures. So, the P. agardhii present in the environment was probably a non-toxic strain. This is, to our knowledge, the first report on a P. agardhii bloom reaching the sea and points to the relevance to also monitoring freshwater harmful phytoplankton and related toxins in seafood harvesting and recreational coastal areas, particularly under the influence of river plumes.

ACS Style

Catarina Churro; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandra Silva. Detection of a Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in Portuguese Marine Coastal Waters. Toxins 2017, 9, 391 .

AMA Style

Catarina Churro, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Alexandra Silva. Detection of a Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in Portuguese Marine Coastal Waters. Toxins. 2017; 9 (12):391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catarina Churro; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Alexandra Silva. 2017. "Detection of a Planktothrix agardhii Bloom in Portuguese Marine Coastal Waters." Toxins 9, no. 12: 391.

Comparative study
Published: 01 October 2017 in Toxicon
Reads 0
Downloads 0

This study compares the role of hepatic cytosolic glutathione transferases (cGST) isoforms of three different bivalve species to a Microcystis aeruginosa extract and purified MC-LR exposure (both at 150 μg MC-LR L−1) for 24 h. Characterization and alterations of the cytosolic GST activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Corbicula fluminea were measured using four class-specific substrates and changes in individual GST isoforms expression were achieved by a subsequent two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. Evaluation of cGST activity basal levels using the four class-specific substrates denoted quantitative differences between the three bivalves. Purified MC-LR did not induce any significant response from bivalves. On the other hand, cell extracts caused significant alterations according to bivalves and substrates. Among the three bivalves, only R. philippinarum showed a significant induction of cGST activity using generic 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) substrate. However, no significant alterations were detected in these clams by cell extracts using the other specific substrates. In contrast, C. fluminea revealed significant induction of cGST activity when using 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (DCNB) and ethacrynic acid (EA). In M. galloprovincialis, cell extracts promoted a significant decrease of cGST activity when using EA substrate. Altered protein expression was quantitatively detected upon exposure to cell extracts for one spot in R. philippinarum and another for C. fluminea, both upregulated (2.0 and 8.5-fold, respectively) and identified as a sigma1-class GST in the case of the first. The results showed that the three bivalves presented specific adaptive biotransformation responses to MCs and other cyanobacteria compounds supported by the modulation of distinct cGST classes.

ACS Style

Mariana Carneiro; P. Antas; B. Reis; J. Azevedo; Hugo Osorio; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; J.C. Martins. Modulation of hepatic glutathione transferases isoenzymes in three bivalve species exposed to purified microcystin-LR and Microcystis extracts. Toxicon 2017, 137, 150 -157.

AMA Style

Mariana Carneiro, P. Antas, B. Reis, J. Azevedo, Hugo Osorio, Alexandre Campos, Vitor Vasconcelos, J.C. Martins. Modulation of hepatic glutathione transferases isoenzymes in three bivalve species exposed to purified microcystin-LR and Microcystis extracts. Toxicon. 2017; 137 ():150-157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mariana Carneiro; P. Antas; B. Reis; J. Azevedo; Hugo Osorio; Alexandre Campos; Vitor Vasconcelos; J.C. Martins. 2017. "Modulation of hepatic glutathione transferases isoenzymes in three bivalve species exposed to purified microcystin-LR and Microcystis extracts." Toxicon 137, no. : 150-157.

Original research article
Published: 08 August 2017 in Frontiers in Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The freshwater cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. LEGE 05292 produces allelochemicals, including the cyclic depsipeptides portoamides, that influence the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon metagenomics, we show here that, under laboratory conditions, the mixture of metabolites exuded by Phormidium sp. LEGE 05292 markedly reduces the diversity of a natural planktonic microbial community. Exposure of the same community to the portoamides alone resulted in a similar outcome. In both cases, after 16 days, alpha-diversity estimates for the allelochemical-exposed communities were less than half of those for the control communities. Photosynthetic organisms, but also different heterotrophic-bacteria taxa were found to be negatively impacted by the allelochemicals. Intriguingly, when Phormidium sp. LEGE 05292 was co-cultured with the microbial community, the latter remained stable and closer to a non-exposed community than to the allelochemical-exposed communities. Overall, our observations suggest that although under optimal growth conditions Phormidium sp. LEGE 05292 is able to synthesize potent allelochemicals that severely impact microbial communities, its allelopathic effect is not pronounced when in contact with a complex microbial community. These observations suggest that under more ecologically-relevant conditions, the allelopathic behavior of this cyanobacterium may be downregulated or even mitigated by interactions with surrounding microbiota.

ACS Style

Filipa Dias; Jorge Antunes; Tiago Ribeiro; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Pedro N. Leão. Cyanobacterial Allelochemicals But Not Cyanobacterial Cells Markedly Reduce Microbial Community Diversity. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017, 8, 1495 .

AMA Style

Filipa Dias, Jorge Antunes, Tiago Ribeiro, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Pedro N. Leão. Cyanobacterial Allelochemicals But Not Cyanobacterial Cells Markedly Reduce Microbial Community Diversity. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017; 8 ():1495.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filipa Dias; Jorge Antunes; Tiago Ribeiro; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Pedro N. Leão. 2017. "Cyanobacterial Allelochemicals But Not Cyanobacterial Cells Markedly Reduce Microbial Community Diversity." Frontiers in Microbiology 8, no. : 1495.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2017 in Toxicon
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was found to occur in Portugal for the first time. In this study CYN values varied from a minimum of 1.4 μg L-1 to a maximum of 12 μg L-1 detected through HPLC technique and confirmed by LC-MS method. Amplification of the cyrC gene was done and was confirmed to be from the genera Aphanizomenon. This study is therefore an important contribution to the knowledge on the dispersal and biogeography of CYN.

ACS Style

Cristiana Moreira; Rita Mendes; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Agostinho Antunes. First occurrence of cylindrospermopsin in Portugal: a contribution to its continuous global dispersal. Toxicon 2017, 130, 87 -90.

AMA Style

Cristiana Moreira, Rita Mendes, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos, Agostinho Antunes. First occurrence of cylindrospermopsin in Portugal: a contribution to its continuous global dispersal. Toxicon. 2017; 130 ():87-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristiana Moreira; Rita Mendes; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos; Agostinho Antunes. 2017. "First occurrence of cylindrospermopsin in Portugal: a contribution to its continuous global dispersal." Toxicon 130, no. : 87-90.

Communication
Published: 01 March 2017 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Cnidarian constitutes a great source of bioactive compounds. However, research involving peptides from organisms belonging to the order Zoanthidea has received very little attention, contrasting to the numerous studies of the order Actiniaria, from which hundreds of toxic peptides and proteins have been reported. In this work, we performed a mass spectrometry analysis of a low molecular weight (LMW) fraction previously reported as lethal to mice. The low molecular weight (LMW) fraction was obtained by gel filtration of a Zoanthus sociatus (order Zoanthidea) crude extract with a Sephadex G‐50, and then analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) in positive ion reflector mode from m/z 700 to m/z 4000. Afterwards, some of the most intense and representative MS ions were fragmented by MS/MS with no significant results obtained by Protein Pilot protein identification software and the Mascot algorithm search. However, microcystin masses were detected by mass‐matching against libraries of non‐ribosomal peptide database (NORINE). Subsequent reversed‐phase C18 HPLC (in isocratic elution mode) and mass spectrometry analyses corroborated the presence of the cyanotoxin Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR). To the best of our knowledge, this finding constitutes the first report of MC‐LR in Z. sociatus, and one of the few evidences of such cyanotoxin in cnidarians.

ACS Style

Dany Domínguez‐Pérez; Armando Alexei Rodríguez; Hugo Osorio; Joana Azevedo; Olga Castañeda; Vítor Vasconcelos; Agostinho Antunes. Microcystin‐LR Detected in a Low Molecular Weight Fraction from a Crude Extract of Zoanthus sociatus. Toxins 2017, 9, 89 .

AMA Style

Dany Domínguez‐Pérez, Armando Alexei Rodríguez, Hugo Osorio, Joana Azevedo, Olga Castañeda, Vítor Vasconcelos, Agostinho Antunes. Microcystin‐LR Detected in a Low Molecular Weight Fraction from a Crude Extract of Zoanthus sociatus. Toxins. 2017; 9 (3):89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dany Domínguez‐Pérez; Armando Alexei Rodríguez; Hugo Osorio; Joana Azevedo; Olga Castañeda; Vítor Vasconcelos; Agostinho Antunes. 2017. "Microcystin‐LR Detected in a Low Molecular Weight Fraction from a Crude Extract of Zoanthus sociatus." Toxins 9, no. 3: 89.

Research article
Published: 02 November 2016 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Blooms of harmful cyanobacteria that synthesize cyanotoxins are increasing worldwide. Agronomic plants can uptake these cyanotoxins and given that plants are ultimately ingested by humans, this represents a public health problem. In this research, parsley and coriander grown in soil and watered through 7 days with crude extracts containing microcystins (MCs) or cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in 0.1-1 μg mL concentration range were evaluated concerning their biomass, biochemical parameters and uptake of cyanotoxins. Although biomass, chlorophylls (a and b), carotenoids and glutathione-S-transferase of parsley and coriander exposed to the crude extracts containing MC or CYN had shown variations, these values were not statistically significantly different. Protein synthesis is not inhibited in coriander exposed to MC or CYN and in parsley exposed to MC. Also, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in parsley and coriander was not affected by exposure to MC, and in coriander, the CYN did not induce statistically significant differences in these two antioxidative enzymes. Only parsley showed statistically significant increase in protein content exposed to 0.5 μg CYN mL (3.981 ± 0.099 mg g FW) compared to control (2.484 ± 0.145 mg g FW), statistically significant decrease in GR exposed to 0.1 μg CYN mL (0.684 ± 0.117 nmol min mg protein) compared to control (1.30 ± 0.06 nmol min mg protein) and statistically significant increase in GPx exposed to 1 μg CYN mL (0.054 ± 0.026 nmol min mg protein) compared to 0.5 μg CYN mL (0.003 ± 0.001 nmol min mg protein). These changes may be due to the induction of defensive mechanisms by plants by the presence of toxic compounds in the soil or probably to a low generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the parsley and coriander leaves and stems after 10 days of exposure did not accumulate microcystins or cylindrospermopsin.

ACS Style

Ana L. Pereira; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos. Assessment of uptake and phytotoxicity of cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins or cylindrospermopsin on parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2016, 24, 1999 -2009.

AMA Style

Ana L. Pereira, Joana Azevedo, Vitor Vasconcelos. Assessment of uptake and phytotoxicity of cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins or cylindrospermopsin on parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016; 24 (2):1999-2009.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana L. Pereira; Joana Azevedo; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2016. "Assessment of uptake and phytotoxicity of cyanobacterial extracts containing microcystins or cylindrospermopsin on parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 2: 1999-2009.

Article
Published: 21 October 2016 in Ecotoxicology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Natural toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria, such as cylindrospermopsin, have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. Despite the risks for food safety, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. Carrots (Daucus carota) are root vegetables, extensively consumed worldwide with great importance for human nourishment and economy. It is, therefore, important to evaluate the possible effects of using water contaminated with cyanotoxins on carrot cultivation. The aim of this work was to investigate cylindrospermopsin effects on D. carota grown in soil and irrigated for 30 days, with a Chrysosporum ovalisporum extract containing environmentally relevant concentrations of cylindrospermopsin (10 and 50 μg/L). The parameters evaluated were plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, and nutritional value (mineral content) in roots of carrots, as these are the edible parts of this plant crop. The results show that, exposure to cylindrospermopsin did not have a clear negative effect on growth or photosynthesis of D. carota, even leading to an increase of both parameters. However, alterations in mineral contents were detected after exposure to crude extracts of C. ovalisporum containing cylindrospermopsin. A general decline was observed for most minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, and P), although an increase was shown in the case of K and Cu, pointing to a possible interference of the cyanobacterial extract in mineral uptake. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of C. ovalisporum extracts on a root vegetable, however, more research is necessary to understand the effects of this toxin in environmentally relevant scenarios.

ACS Style

Remedios Guzmán-Guillén; Alexandre Campos; Joana Filipa Félix Machado; Marisa Freitas; Joana Azevedo; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Ana M. Cameán; Vitor Vasconcelos. Effects of Chrysosporum (Aphanizomenon) ovalisporum extracts containing cylindrospermopsin on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and mineral content of carrots (Daucus carota). Ecotoxicology 2016, 26, 22 -31.

AMA Style

Remedios Guzmán-Guillén, Alexandre Campos, Joana Filipa Félix Machado, Marisa Freitas, Joana Azevedo, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho Almeida, Ana M. Cameán, Vitor Vasconcelos. Effects of Chrysosporum (Aphanizomenon) ovalisporum extracts containing cylindrospermopsin on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and mineral content of carrots (Daucus carota). Ecotoxicology. 2016; 26 (1):22-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Remedios Guzmán-Guillén; Alexandre Campos; Joana Filipa Félix Machado; Marisa Freitas; Joana Azevedo; Edgar Pinto; Agostinho Almeida; Ana M. Cameán; Vitor Vasconcelos. 2016. "Effects of Chrysosporum (Aphanizomenon) ovalisporum extracts containing cylindrospermopsin on growth, photosynthetic capacity, and mineral content of carrots (Daucus carota)." Ecotoxicology 26, no. 1: 22-31.