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Dr. Stanislaw Czapp
Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Power Cables
0 Power Systems
0 power quaility
0 Earthing systems
0 electrical installations and devices

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Power Cables
protection against electric shock
Power Systems
electrical installations and devices

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Short Biography

A graduate of Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Poland (1996). He received his Ph.D. degree and D.Sc. degree in 2002 and 2010 respectively. He is currently an university professor at the Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering of GUT. His research and teaching activity are related to power systems, electrical installations and devices, and in particular the protection against electric shock. Author and co-author of many articles and conference papers, and unpublished studies such as designs and expert evaluations as well as opinions (over 300 in total). Reviewer of over 150 manuscripts for national and international journals (among others: Elsevier, IEEE Transactions, IET, MDPI) and conference committees. Expert of SEP Association of Polish Electrical Engineers in section 08 Electrical installations and devices. IEEE member.

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Case report
Published: 07 July 2021 in Electronics
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Renewable sources of energy (RES), especially photovoltaic (PV) micro-sources, are very popular in many countries. This way of clean power production is applied on a wide scale in Poland as well. The Polish legal regulations and tariffs specify that every prosumer in a low-voltage network may feed this network with a power not higher than the maximum declared consumed power. In power networks with RES, the voltage level changes significantly along the power line and depends on the actually generated as well as consumed power by particular prosumers. There are cases that prosumers connected to this line cannot produce and inject the full permissible power from PV sources due to the level of a voltage higher than the technically acceptable value. In consequence, it leads to the lack of profitability of investments in installations with PV sources. In this paper, voltage variations in a real rural low-voltage network with PV micro-sources are described. The possible two general solutions of voltage levels improvement are discussed—increase in the cross-sectional area of the bare conductors in the existing overhead line as well as the replacement of the overhead line with a cable line. The recommended solution for the analyzed network, giving the best reduction of voltage variations and acceptable cost, is underlined. Such a recommendation can also be utilized in other rural networks.

ACS Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Ryszard Zajczyk. Voltage Variations and Their Reduction in a Rural Low-Voltage Network with PV Sources of Energy. Electronics 2021, 10, 1620 .

AMA Style

Agata Szultka, Seweryn Szultka, Stanislaw Czapp, Ryszard Zajczyk. Voltage Variations and Their Reduction in a Rural Low-Voltage Network with PV Sources of Energy. Electronics. 2021; 10 (14):1620.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Ryszard Zajczyk. 2021. "Voltage Variations and Their Reduction in a Rural Low-Voltage Network with PV Sources of Energy." Electronics 10, no. 14: 1620.

Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Energies
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The use of residual current devices (RCDs) is obligatory in many types of low-voltage circuits. They are devices that ensure protection against electric shock in the case of indirect contact and may ensure additional protection in the case of direct contact. For the latter purpose of protection, only RCDs of a rated residual operating current not exceeding 30 mA are suitable. Unfortunately, modem current-using equipment supplied via electronic converters with a pulse width modulation produces earth fault currents composed of high-frequency components. Frequency of these components may have even several dozen kHz. Such components negatively influence the RCDs’ tripping level and, hence, protection against electric shock may be ineffective. This paper presents the results of the RCDs’ tripping test for frequencies up to 50 kHz. The results of the test have shown that many RCDs offered on the market are not able to trip for such frequencies. Such behavior was also noted for F-type and B-type RCDs which are recommended for the circuits of high-frequency components. Results of the test have been related to the requirements of the standards concerning RCDs operation. The conclusion is that these requirements are not sufficient nowadays and should be modified. Proposals for their modification are presented.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Hanan Tariq. Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Frequencies up to 50 kHz. Energies 2021, 14, 1785 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Hanan Tariq. Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Frequencies up to 50 kHz. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1785.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Hanan Tariq. 2021. "Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Frequencies up to 50 kHz." Energies 14, no. 6: 1785.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2021 in Energies
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The ampacity of high-voltage power cables depends, among others, on their core cross-sectional area as well as thermal resistivity of the thermal backfill surrounding the cables. The cross-sectional area of the power cables’ core is selected according to the expected power to be transferred via the cable system. Usually, the higher the power transfer required, the higher the cross-sectional area of the core. However, the cost of high-voltage power cables is relatively high and strictly depends on the dimensions of the core. Therefore, from the economic point of view, it is interesting to focus on the improvement of the thermal condition around the cables, by changing the dimension of the thermal backfill, instead of increasing the power cables’ core cross-sectional area. In practice, it is important to find the optimal dimensions of both cable core and thermal backfill to achieve the economically attractive solution of the power cable transfer system. This paper presents a mathematical approach to the power-cable system design, which enables selecting the cost-optimal cross-section of a power cable core depending on the dimensions of the thermal backfill. The proposal herein allows us to indicate the condition in which it is advantageous to increase the core cross-sectional area or to expand the dimension of the backfill. In this approach, the optimal backfill geometry can also be evaluated. The investment costs of the 110 kV power cable system with the core cross-sectional areas consecutively equal to 630, 800 and 1000 mm2 have been compared.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Filip Ratkowski. Optimization of Thermal Backfill Configurations for Desired High-Voltage Power Cables Ampacity. Energies 2021, 14, 1452 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Filip Ratkowski. Optimization of Thermal Backfill Configurations for Desired High-Voltage Power Cables Ampacity. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Filip Ratkowski. 2021. "Optimization of Thermal Backfill Configurations for Desired High-Voltage Power Cables Ampacity." Energies 14, no. 5: 1452.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2020 in Energies
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This paper refers to the issue that mainly appears in distribution grids, where renewable energy sources (RES) are widely installed. In such grids, one of the main problems is the coordination of energy production time with demand time, especially if photovoltaic energy sources are present. To face this problem, battery energy storage units (ESU) can be installed. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to optimizing the use of ESU. This paper contains a simple description of available solutions for the application of ESU as well as an original proposal for selecting the optimal location and control of ESU. The ESU selection method is based on the use of a genetic algorithm and the ESU control method utilizes the fuzzy logic. The combination of the aforementioned methods/algorithms of ESU application is named an integrated algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm was validated by multivariate computer simulations with the use of the real low-voltage grid model. The DIgSILENT PowerFactory environment was employed to develop the simulation model of the integrated algorithm. The proposal was utilized to improve the voltage level in the distribution grid and to install the optimal number of ESU. Based on daily load variations for selected load profiles, it was shown that after the ESU application the voltage deviations in the analyzed network were significantly limited. Moreover, the analysis proves that both the location of ESU in the grid and the control of their active and reactive power are important from the point of view of reducing overall costs.

ACS Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Zbigniew Lubosny; Robert Malkowski. Integrated Algorithm for Selecting the Location and Control of Energy Storage Units to Improve the Voltage Level in Distribution Grids. Energies 2020, 13, 6720 .

AMA Style

Agata Szultka, Seweryn Szultka, Stanislaw Czapp, Zbigniew Lubosny, Robert Malkowski. Integrated Algorithm for Selecting the Location and Control of Energy Storage Units to Improve the Voltage Level in Distribution Grids. Energies. 2020; 13 (24):6720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Zbigniew Lubosny; Robert Malkowski. 2020. "Integrated Algorithm for Selecting the Location and Control of Energy Storage Units to Improve the Voltage Level in Distribution Grids." Energies 13, no. 24: 6720.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Load currents and short-circuit currents in high-voltage power cable lines are sources of the induced voltages in the power cables’ concentric metallic sheaths. When power cables operate with single-point bonding, which is the simplest bonding arrangement, these induced voltages may introduce an electric shock hazard or may lead to damage of the cables’ outer non-metallic sheaths at the unearthed end of the power cable line. To avoid these aforementioned hazards, both-ends bonding of metallic sheaths is implemented but, unfortunately, it leads to increased power losses in the power cable line, due to the currents circulating through the sheaths. A remedy for the circulating currents is cross bonding—the most advanced bonding solution. Each solution has advantages and disadvantages. In practice, the decision referred to its selection should be preceded by a wide analysis. This paper presents a case study of the induced sheath voltages in a specific 110 kV power cable line. This power cable line is a specific one, due to the relatively low level of transferred power, much lower than the one resulting from the current-carrying capacity of the cables. In such a line, the induced voltages in normal operating conditions are on a very low level. Thus, no electric shock hazard exists and for this reason, the simplest arrangement—single-point bonding—was initially recommended at the project stage. However, a more advanced computer-based investigation has shown that in the case of the short-circuit conditions, induced voltages for this arrangement are at an unacceptably high level and risk of the outer non-metallic sheaths damage occurs. Moreover, the induced voltages during short circuits are unacceptable in some sections of the cable line even for both-ends bonding and cross bonding. The computer simulations enable to propose a simple practical solution for limiting these voltages. Recommended configurations of this power cable line—from the point of view of the induced sheath voltages and power losses—are indicated.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Krzysztof Dobrzynski. Safety Issues Referred to Induced Sheath Voltages in High-Voltage Power Cables—Case Study. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6706 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Krzysztof Dobrzynski. Safety Issues Referred to Induced Sheath Voltages in High-Voltage Power Cables—Case Study. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Krzysztof Dobrzynski. 2020. "Safety Issues Referred to Induced Sheath Voltages in High-Voltage Power Cables—Case Study." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6706.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2020 in Energies
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Power cable lines are usually buried in the ground. However, in some cases, their ending sections are mounted along the supports of overhead lines. This leads to a situation where the cables are exposed to direct solar radiation and, consequentially, overheat. The paper presents the advanced computer modelling of power cables’ heating, considering their insolation as well as the effect of wind. The temperature and current-carrying capacity of power cables—during exposure to direct solar radiation—are evaluated. An effective method of limiting the unfavourable impact of the sun is discussed. In the presence of solar radiation, the proposed method enables a significant increase in the power cables current-carrying capacity.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. Design of Power Cable Lines Partially Exposed to Direct Solar Radiation—Special Aspects. Energies 2020, 13, 2650 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Seweryn Szultka, Adam Tomaszewski. Design of Power Cable Lines Partially Exposed to Direct Solar Radiation—Special Aspects. Energies. 2020; 13 (10):2650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. 2020. "Design of Power Cable Lines Partially Exposed to Direct Solar Radiation—Special Aspects." Energies 13, no. 10: 2650.

Journal article
Published: 05 April 2020 in Sensors
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In many applications, modern current-using equipment utilizes power electronic converters to control the consumed power and to adjust the motor speed. Such equipment is used both in industrial and domestic installations. A characteristic feature of the converters is producing distorted earth fault currents, which contain a wide spectrum of harmonics, including high-order harmonics. Nowadays, protection against electric shock in low-voltage power systems is commonly performed with the use of residual current devices (RCDs). In the presence of harmonics, the RCDs may have a tripping current significantly different from that provided for the nominal sinusoidal waveform. Thus, in some cases, protection against electric shock may not be effective. The aim of this paper is to present the result of a wide-range laboratory test of the sensitivity of A-type RCDs in the presence of harmonics. This test has shown that the behavior of RCDs in the presence of harmonics can be varied, including the cases in which the RCD does not react to the distorted earth fault current, as well as cases in which the sensitivity of the RCD is increased. The properties of the main elements of RCDs, including the current sensor, for high-frequency current components are discussed as well.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Testing Sensitivity of A-Type Residual Current Devices to Earth Fault Currents with Harmonics. Sensors 2020, 20, 2044 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Testing Sensitivity of A-Type Residual Current Devices to Earth Fault Currents with Harmonics. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):2044.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp. 2020. "Testing Sensitivity of A-Type Residual Current Devices to Earth Fault Currents with Harmonics." Sensors 20, no. 7: 2044.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2020 in Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability
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ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Filip Ratkowski; Adam Tomaszewski. Risk of power cables insulation failure due to the thermal effect of solar radiation. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 2020, 22, 232 -240.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Seweryn Szultka, Filip Ratkowski, Adam Tomaszewski. Risk of power cables insulation failure due to the thermal effect of solar radiation. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability. 2020; 22 (2):232-240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Filip Ratkowski; Adam Tomaszewski. 2020. "Risk of power cables insulation failure due to the thermal effect of solar radiation." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 22, no. 2: 232-240.

Journal article
Published: 05 November 2019 in PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY
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ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Application of RCD and AFDD in low-voltage electrical installations for protection against fire. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 2019, 1, 14 -18.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Application of RCD and AFDD in low-voltage electrical installations for protection against fire. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY. 2019; 1 (11):14-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp. 2019. "Application of RCD and AFDD in low-voltage electrical installations for protection against fire." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 11: 14-18.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette
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Power cables are usually buried in the soil, which results in their relatively high current-carrying capacity. However, there are cases in which the starting/final section of a cable line runs along a pole of an overhead power line....

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski; Agata Szultka. Effect of Solar Radiation on Current-Carrying Capacity of PVC-insulated Power Cables – the Numerical Point of View. Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette 2019, 26, 1821 -1826.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Seweryn Szultka, Adam Tomaszewski, Agata Szultka. Effect of Solar Radiation on Current-Carrying Capacity of PVC-insulated Power Cables – the Numerical Point of View. Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette. 2019; 26 (6):1821-1826.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski; Agata Szultka. 2019. "Effect of Solar Radiation on Current-Carrying Capacity of PVC-insulated Power Cables – the Numerical Point of View." Tehnicki vjesnik - Technical Gazette 26, no. 6: 1821-1826.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2019 in AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA
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ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Politechnika Gdanska. Charakterystyki wyzwalania urządzen do detekcji zwarc lukowych. AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 2019, 10, 16 -18.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Politechnika Gdanska. Charakterystyki wyzwalania urządzen do detekcji zwarc lukowych. AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA. 2019; 10 (3(37)2019):16-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Politechnika Gdanska. 2019. "Charakterystyki wyzwalania urządzen do detekcji zwarc lukowych." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 10, no. 3(37)2019: 16-18.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2019 in 2019 24th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR)
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Current-carrying capacity of underground power cable lines depends, among others, on thermal resistivity of the soil and cables layout: trefoil formation, flat formation with or without spacing. If conditions for heat transfer in the ground are favorable, the current-carrying capacity is relatively high. Therefore, it generates risk of the power cables overheating, if part of the cable line is located vertically in the air, to be connected with an overhead power line at its pole. Risk of the overheating is very high especially during strong solar radiation. The maximum permissible cable load for underground thermal condition is too optimistic for part of the cable line placed in the air. This paper presents computer modelling and simulations of thermal conditions of an underground low-voltage cable line, which part is located at the pole of the overhead line. Results of simulations indicate that part of the cables in the air can be strongly overheated.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Filip Ratkowski; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. Overheating of Underground Power Cable Line Due to Its Partial Exposition to Solar Radiation. 2019 24th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR) 2019, 396 -400.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Filip Ratkowski, Seweryn Szultka, Adam Tomaszewski. Overheating of Underground Power Cable Line Due to Its Partial Exposition to Solar Radiation. 2019 24th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR). 2019; ():396-400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Filip Ratkowski; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. 2019. "Overheating of Underground Power Cable Line Due to Its Partial Exposition to Solar Radiation." 2019 24th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR) , no. : 396-400.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2019 in PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY
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ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Effect of soil moisture on current-carrying capacity of low-voltage power cables. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 2019, 1, 156 -161.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp. Effect of soil moisture on current-carrying capacity of low-voltage power cables. PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY. 2019; 1 (6):156-161.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp. 2019. "Effect of soil moisture on current-carrying capacity of low-voltage power cables." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 6: 156-161.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT)
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In recent years, energy storage units have become very popular. They are applied both for economic and technical purposes. Unfortunately, the cost of such devices is still high and selecting their proper location and rated power have to be performed precisely. In this paper, a Genetic-Algorithm-based optimization method for selecting the best configuration of energy storage units in the power network is proposed. The presented algorithm takes into account the utilization of energy storages which can be used for improving the power network voltage stability in abnormal state of operation of the power network.

ACS Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Jacek Klucznik. Selection of Energy Storage Units by Genetic Algorithm for Mitigating Voltage Deviations. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) 2019, 449 -454.

AMA Style

Agata Szultka, Seweryn Szultka, Stanislaw Czapp, Jacek Klucznik. Selection of Energy Storage Units by Genetic Algorithm for Mitigating Voltage Deviations. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). 2019; ():449-454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agata Szultka; Seweryn Szultka; Stanislaw Czapp; Jacek Klucznik. 2019. "Selection of Energy Storage Units by Genetic Algorithm for Mitigating Voltage Deviations." 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) , no. : 449-454.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT)
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Residual current devices without integral overcurrent protection (RCCBs) are back-up protected by fuses or miniature circuit-breakers (MCBs). If the latter are used, special attention must be given to the coordination between an RCCB and an MCB. This paper indicates probable cases of the aforementioned devices coordination, in which back-up protection of the RCCB is not adequate. A laboratory test has shown that depending on the used type of the MCB, in case of value of short-circuit current close to the making and breaking capacity of an RCCB, excessive arc stress of the RCCB may occur. In case of short-circuit current of value close to the rated conditional short-circuit current of the RCCB, permissible values of peak current and Joule integral for the RCCB may be exceeded. All these stresses may limit electrical endurance of RCCBs.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Daniel Kowalak. Remarks on the Subject of Back-Up Protection of Residual Current Devices. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) 2019, 75 -79.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Daniel Kowalak. Remarks on the Subject of Back-Up Protection of Residual Current Devices. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). 2019; ():75-79.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Daniel Kowalak. 2019. "Remarks on the Subject of Back-Up Protection of Residual Current Devices." 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) , no. : 75-79.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT)
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The paper presents an analysis of energy losses in a power cable system, which is composed of two 30 kV cable lines. This cable system is located at the seaside holiday area, so the load profile during a year is specific. Energy losses related to reactive power transmission, as well as to currents induced in the sheaths of the cables, are subject to analysis. Measurements were made in the system in order to prepare a computer model for calculation of current flow in the cable cores and the metallic sheaths, as well as to calculate power and energy losses. As a result of the conducted analyzes, the methods leading to the reduction of energy losses are shown, and potential savings related to them are revealed.

ACS Style

Krzysztof Dobrzynski; Stanislaw Czapp; Jacek Klucznik; Zbigniew Lubośny; Janusz Grala; Slawomir Noske; Dominik Falkowski. Energy Losses Reduction in the Medium Voltage Cable Line – Case Study. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) 2019, 108 -112.

AMA Style

Krzysztof Dobrzynski, Stanislaw Czapp, Jacek Klucznik, Zbigniew Lubośny, Janusz Grala, Slawomir Noske, Dominik Falkowski. Energy Losses Reduction in the Medium Voltage Cable Line – Case Study. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). 2019; ():108-112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krzysztof Dobrzynski; Stanislaw Czapp; Jacek Klucznik; Zbigniew Lubośny; Janusz Grala; Slawomir Noske; Dominik Falkowski. 2019. "Energy Losses Reduction in the Medium Voltage Cable Line – Case Study." 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) , no. : 108-112.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2019 in 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT)
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Intensive development of distributed generation in power systems, caused by the European Union energy policy, gives possibility for improving safety in power delivery as well as optimizing the costs of the systems functioning. In this context, distributed generation can be used for voltage control in power systems – it can be performed by the control of reactive power of each source of energy or a group of energy sources. This paper presents a method of renewable energy sources control, with the use of a supervisory control system, which operation utilizes fuzzy logic. This control system allows to improve the voltage in the power system – analyzes voltage levels at selected points of this system and affects a group of renewable energy sources.

ACS Style

Bartosz Tarakan; Stanislaw Czapp; Krzysztof Dobrzynski; Ryszard Zajczyk; Marcin Sarnicki. Voltage Control in a Power System with Renewable Sources of Energy. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) 2019, 474 -478.

AMA Style

Bartosz Tarakan, Stanislaw Czapp, Krzysztof Dobrzynski, Ryszard Zajczyk, Marcin Sarnicki. Voltage Control in a Power System with Renewable Sources of Energy. 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT). 2019; ():474-478.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bartosz Tarakan; Stanislaw Czapp; Krzysztof Dobrzynski; Ryszard Zajczyk; Marcin Sarnicki. 2019. "Voltage Control in a Power System with Renewable Sources of Energy." 2019 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT) , no. : 474-478.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2019 in Electric Power Systems Research
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Low-voltage power systems require initial and periodical verification to check the effectiveness of protection against electric shock. As a protection in case of fault, automatic disconnection of supply is most often used. To verify such a protection measure, the earth fault loop impedance or resistance is measured. This measurement is easy to perform in circuits without residual current devices. When residual current devices are installed, their unwanted tripping occurs during the measurement, and the verification becomes problematic. The paper proposes a new method of testing the effectiveness of automatic disconnection of supply, without unwanted tripping of residual current devices, especially when their rated residual current is equal to 30 mA. The theoretical background of this method, along with mathematical analysis and experimental verification are presented. The proposed method uses the testing current which is many times higher than the rated residual current of commonly used residual current devices. This is an important advantage in terms of testing accuracy.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Kornel Borowski. Verification of safety in low-voltage power systems without nuisance tripping of residual current devices. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 172, 260 -268.

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Kornel Borowski. Verification of safety in low-voltage power systems without nuisance tripping of residual current devices. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 172 ():260-268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Kornel Borowski. 2019. "Verification of safety in low-voltage power systems without nuisance tripping of residual current devices." Electric Power Systems Research 172, no. : 260-268.

Conference paper
Published: 03 December 2018 in E3S Web of Conferences
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Ampacity of power cables strictly depends on the ambient conditions. It is very important whether a cable is buried in soil, installed in the air or placed in ducts. When a cable is installed in free air, potential solar radiation has the dominant impact on the prospective ampacity. International standards indicate how to calculate ampacity of power cables exposed to solar radiation, however the standards’ recommendations are characterised by some simplifications. In order to consider many complex factors influencing ampacity of power cables, and modelling advanced heat transfer phenomena, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used. This paper presents a comparison of ampacity calculation of an example power cable for two approaches – first: according to international standards; second: with a CFD employed. Differences in results obtained for these two approaches are commented.

ACS Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Marian Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. Ampacity of power cables exposed to solar radiation – recommendations of standards vs. CFD simulations. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 70, 03004 .

AMA Style

Stanislaw Czapp, Marian Czapp, Seweryn Szultka, Adam Tomaszewski. Ampacity of power cables exposed to solar radiation – recommendations of standards vs. CFD simulations. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 70 ():03004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stanislaw Czapp; Marian Czapp; Seweryn Szultka; Adam Tomaszewski. 2018. "Ampacity of power cables exposed to solar radiation – recommendations of standards vs. CFD simulations." E3S Web of Conferences 70, no. : 03004.

Conference paper
Published: 01 June 2018 in 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE)
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In low-voltage networks, earth fault loop impedance (EFLI) measurement is the basis for assessing the effectiveness of automatic disconnection of supply. Such a measurement is performed during initial and periodical verification, especially in a TN low-voltage network. Nowadays, due to widespread application of residual current devices (RCDs), such test is difficult in many circuits because RCDs operate during the test. In this paper a method of EFLI measurement, without unwanted tripping of RCDs, is proposed. This method enables the measurement of EFLI using a relatively high value of full-wave testing current. It is recommended in terms of accuracy of the measurement.

ACS Style

Ryszard Roskosz; Edward Musial; Stanislaw Czapp. A Method of Earth Fault Loop Impedance Measurement without Unwanted Tripping of RCDs. 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE) 2018, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Ryszard Roskosz, Edward Musial, Stanislaw Czapp. A Method of Earth Fault Loop Impedance Measurement without Unwanted Tripping of RCDs. 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE). 2018; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryszard Roskosz; Edward Musial; Stanislaw Czapp. 2018. "A Method of Earth Fault Loop Impedance Measurement without Unwanted Tripping of RCDs." 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE) , no. : 1-4.