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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the adoption of worldwide lockdown measures, the home environment has become the place where all the daily activities are taking place for many people. In these changed social and acoustical contexts, we wanted to evaluate the perception of the indoor acoustic environment in relation to traditional and new activities performed at home, i.e., relaxation, and working from home (WFH). Taking London as a case study, the present paper presents the results of an online survey administered to 464 home workers in January 2021. The survey utilized a previously developed model for the assessment of indoor soundscapes to describe the affective responses to the acoustic environments in a perceptual space defined by comfort (i.e. how comfortable or annoying the environment was judged) and content (i.e., how saturated the environment is with events and sounds) dimensions. A mixed-method approach was adopted to reinforce result validity by triangulating data from questionnaires and spontaneous descriptions given by participants. In this first part of the study, the main objectives were: (1) evaluating differences in soundscape evaluation, in terms of comfort and content dimensions, based on the activity performed at home, (2) identifying appropriate conditions for WFH and relaxation, and (3) investigating associations between psychological well-being and indoor soundscapes. The results showed that the environments were perceived as more comfortable and slightly fuller of content when rated in relation to relaxation than for WFH, thus suggesting a stricter evaluation of the acoustic environment in the latter case. As regards the second objective, spaces that were more appropriate for relaxation had high comfort, whereas spaces appropriate for WFH resulted more private and under control, i.e. with high comfort and low content scores. Lastly, better psychological well-being was associated with more comfortable soundscapes, both for WFH (rs = 0.346, p < .0005), and relaxation (rs = 0.353, p < .0005), and with lower content while WFH (rs = −0.133, p = .004). The discussion points out the need of considering the implications of changed working patterns to rethink the design of soundscapes in residential buildings, also in relation to potential well-being outcomes that will be further investigated in the Part II of the study.
Simone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Agnieszka Elzbieta Stawinoga; Jian Kang. Indoor soundscapes at home during the COVID-19 lockdown in London – Part I: Associations between the perception of the acoustic environment, occupantś activity and well-being. Applied Acoustics 2021, 183, 108305 .
AMA StyleSimone Torresin, Rossano Albatici, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Tin Oberman, Agnieszka Elzbieta Stawinoga, Jian Kang. Indoor soundscapes at home during the COVID-19 lockdown in London – Part I: Associations between the perception of the acoustic environment, occupantś activity and well-being. Applied Acoustics. 2021; 183 ():108305.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Agnieszka Elzbieta Stawinoga; Jian Kang. 2021. "Indoor soundscapes at home during the COVID-19 lockdown in London – Part I: Associations between the perception of the acoustic environment, occupantś activity and well-being." Applied Acoustics 183, no. : 108305.
Recent technological advancements have enabled the development and deployment of low-cost consumer grade monitors for ubiquitous and time-resolved indoor air quality monitoring. With their reliable performance, this technology could be instrumental in enhancing automatic controls and human decision making. We conducted a comprehensive performance evaluation of eight consumer grade multi-parameter monitors and eight single-parameter sensors in detecting particulate matter, carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, dry-bulb air temperature, and relative humidity. In the controlled chamber, we generated eight air pollution sources, each at two thermodynamic conditions — cool and dry (20 ± 1 °C, 30 ± 5%), and warm and humid (26 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5%). The majority of tested devices under-reported reference particle measurements by up to 50%, provided acceptable responses for carbon dioxide within 15% and diverging results with poor quantitative agreement for total volatile organic compounds. Despite the reported disparities in quantitative agreements, most of the low-cost devices could detect source events and were strongly correlated with the reference data, suggesting that these units could be suitable for measurement-based indoor air quality management. Most of the tested devices have also proven to competently measure air temperature (within+/-0.6 °C) and relative humidity (within+/-5% RH) and maintained a stable measurement accuracy over the two thermodynamic conditions.
Ingrid Demanega; Igor Mujan; Brett C. Singer; Aleksandar S. Anđelković; Francesco Babich; Dusan Licina. Performance assessment of low-cost environmental monitors and single sensors under variable indoor air quality and thermal conditions. Building and Environment 2020, 187, 107415 .
AMA StyleIngrid Demanega, Igor Mujan, Brett C. Singer, Aleksandar S. Anđelković, Francesco Babich, Dusan Licina. Performance assessment of low-cost environmental monitors and single sensors under variable indoor air quality and thermal conditions. Building and Environment. 2020; 187 ():107415.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIngrid Demanega; Igor Mujan; Brett C. Singer; Aleksandar S. Anđelković; Francesco Babich; Dusan Licina. 2020. "Performance assessment of low-cost environmental monitors and single sensors under variable indoor air quality and thermal conditions." Building and Environment 187, no. : 107415.
The focus of the building industry and research is shifting from delivering satisfactory spaces to going beyond what is merely acceptable with a wave of new research and practice dedicated to exploring how the built environment can support task performance and enhance people’s health and well-being. The present study addresses the role of acoustics in this paradigm shift. Indoor soundscape research has recently emerged as an approach that brings a perceptual perspective on building and room acoustics in order to shape built environments that “sound good” according to building occupants’ preference and needs. This paper establishes an initial discussion over some of the open questions in this field of research that is still in an embryonic stage. A thematic analysis of structured interviews with a panel of experts offered a range of perspectives on the characterization, management, and design of indoor soundscapes and health-related outcomes. The discussion pointed out the importance of both perceptual and multisensory research and integrated participatory design practices to enable a holistic view regarding the complex building–user interrelations and the design of just cities. Soundscape methodologies tailored to the peculiarities of indoor soundscapes can help to measure and predict the human perceptual response to the acoustic stimuli in context, thus reducing the risk of mismatches between expected and real building experiences. This perceptual perspective is expected to widen the scientific evidence for the negative and positive impacts of the acoustic environment on human health, well-being, and quality of life. This will support prioritizing the role of acoustics in building design and challenge many current design practices that are based on a noise control approach.
Simone Torresin; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Ethan Bourdeau; Jack Harvie-Clark; Jian Kang; Lisa Lavia; Antonella Radicchi; Rossano Albatici. Acoustics for Supportive and Healthy Buildings: Emerging Themes on Indoor Soundscape Research. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6054 .
AMA StyleSimone Torresin, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Ethan Bourdeau, Jack Harvie-Clark, Jian Kang, Lisa Lavia, Antonella Radicchi, Rossano Albatici. Acoustics for Supportive and Healthy Buildings: Emerging Themes on Indoor Soundscape Research. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Torresin; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Ethan Bourdeau; Jack Harvie-Clark; Jian Kang; Lisa Lavia; Antonella Radicchi; Rossano Albatici. 2020. "Acoustics for Supportive and Healthy Buildings: Emerging Themes on Indoor Soundscape Research." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6054.
Models of perceived affective quality of soundscapes have been recently included into standards to guide the measurement and improvement of urban soundscapes. Such models have been developed in outdoor contexts and their validity in indoor built environments is unclear. A laboratory listening test was performed in a mock-up living room with a window sight, in order to develop an indoor soundscape model for residential buildings. During the test, 35 participants were asked to rate 20 different scenarios each. Scenarios were defined by combining four indoor sound sources and five urban environments, filtered through a window ajar, on 97 attribute scales. By applying principal component analysis, Comfort, Content, and Familiarity, were extracted as the main perceptual dimensions explaining respectively 58%, 25% and 7% of the total variance. Relationships between the principal component scores, acoustic parameters and indoor and outdoor sound categories were investigated. Comfort, Content, and Familiarity were found to be better predicted respectively by loudness N10, level variability LA10-LA90 and sharpness S. The magnitude of linear-mixed-effect model predictions sensibly improved by accounting for sound categories, thus pointing at the importance of semantic meaning of sounds in indoor soundscape assessment. A measurement system is proposed, based on a 2-D space defined by two orthogonal axes, Comfort and Content, and two additional axes, Engagement and Privacy – Control, rotated 45° on the same plane. The model indicates the perceptual constructs to be measured (e.g. in post-occupancy evaluations), the attribute scales to be employed and actions to improve indoor soundscape quality, thus providing a reference for both research and practice.
Simone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Stefano Siboni; Jian Kang. Indoor soundscape assessment: A principal components model of acoustic perception in residential buildings. Building and Environment 2020, 182, 107152 .
AMA StyleSimone Torresin, Rossano Albatici, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Tin Oberman, Stefano Siboni, Jian Kang. Indoor soundscape assessment: A principal components model of acoustic perception in residential buildings. Building and Environment. 2020; 182 ():107152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Stefano Siboni; Jian Kang. 2020. "Indoor soundscape assessment: A principal components model of acoustic perception in residential buildings." Building and Environment 182, no. : 107152.
Nowadays, people spend an average of 87% of their time inside buildings, and about 69% at home. Hence, it is essential to ensure the highest possible level of indoor air quality (IAQ). Providing that the quality of the outdoor air is acceptable, the IAQ level is improved by increasing the ventilation rates. However, this means that a larger volume of air must be cooled down or warmed up to ensure the same level of thermal comfort. The aim of this study was to conduct a cost–benefit analysis of the IAQ in residential buildings. A case-study building was defined, and three sets of materials with different pollution emission levels were chosen: High, low, and very low. For each option, the ventilation rates required to have the same IAQ level were calculated, and the consequent energy consumption and costs were estimated by means of dynamic thermal simulation. The results show the range of the initial capital cost that could be compensated for by lower running costs, and the effect of each energy and economic input assumption on the appraisal of the affordable capital cost. In the discussion, insights into the IAQ co-benefits are also given.
Francesco Babich; Ingrid Demanega; Francesca Avella; Annamaria Belleri. Low Polluting Building Materials and Ventilation for Good Air Quality in Residential Buildings: A Cost–Benefit Study. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 102 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Babich, Ingrid Demanega, Francesca Avella, Annamaria Belleri. Low Polluting Building Materials and Ventilation for Good Air Quality in Residential Buildings: A Cost–Benefit Study. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (1):102.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Babich; Ingrid Demanega; Francesca Avella; Annamaria Belleri. 2020. "Low Polluting Building Materials and Ventilation for Good Air Quality in Residential Buildings: A Cost–Benefit Study." Atmosphere 11, no. 1: 102.
The indoor-outdoor connection provided by ventilation openings has been so far a limiting factor in the use of natural ventilation (NV), due to the apparent conflict between ventilation needs and the intrusion of external noise. This limiting factor impedes naturally ventilated buildings meeting the acoustic criteria set by standards and rating protocols, which are reviewed in this paper for residential buildings. The criteria reflect a general effort to minimize noise annoyance by reducing indoor sound levels, typically without a distinction based on a ventilation strategy. Research has developed a number of solutions, discussed here, that try to guarantee ventilation without compromising façade noise insulation, but, currently, none have been adopted on a large scale. This concept paper highlights the main limits of the current approach. First, a fragmented view towards indoor environmental quality has not included consideration of the following acoustic criteria: (i) how buildings are designed and operated to meet multiple needs other than acoustical ones (e.g., ventilation, visual, and cooling needs) and (ii) how people respond to multiple simultaneous environmental factors. Secondly, the lack of a perceptual perspective has led acoustic criteria to neglect the multiple cognitive and behavioral factors impinging on comfort in naturally ventilated houses. Indeed, factors such as the connection with the outside and the sense of control over one’s environment may induce “adaptive acoustic comfort” opportunities that are worth investigating. The mere use of different sound level limits would not be enough to define criteria tailored to the complex user–building interaction that occurs under NV conditions. More holistic and human-centered approaches are required to guarantee not only neutrally but even positively perceived indoor acoustic environments. For this reason, this paper considers this apparent conflict from a soundscape viewpoint, in order to expose still unexplored lines of research. By underpinning a perceptual perspective and by contextualizing it, the indoor soundscape approach provides a framework capable of overcoming the limits of the traditional noise control approach. This could provide the opportunity to foster a wider adoption of NV as a passive design strategy that enhances user health and well-being, while enabling low-cost, and low-energy cooling and ventilation, thereby contributing to current climate change challenges.
Simone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Jian Kang. Acoustic Design Criteria in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings: New Research Perspectives by Applying the Indoor Soundscape Approach. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5401 .
AMA StyleSimone Torresin, Rossano Albatici, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Tin Oberman, Jian Kang. Acoustic Design Criteria in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings: New Research Perspectives by Applying the Indoor Soundscape Approach. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5401.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Tin Oberman; Jian Kang. 2019. "Acoustic Design Criteria in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings: New Research Perspectives by Applying the Indoor Soundscape Approach." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5401.
The design of an indoor acoustic environment positively perceived by building occupants requires a perceptual approach to be adopted in order to define what makes it sound good. Soundscape standards ISO 12913 have been introduced to assess how the acoustic environment is perceived, in context, by people. According to the standards, a straightforward characterization of a soundscape as positive is currently possible only through measurements by persons, because of a current gap in linking perceptual metrics to acoustic or psychoacoustic measurements. In addition, despite applying also to indoor contexts, methods and perceptual metrics described by the standards have been mainly derived from studies related to outdoor urban environments and it is not clear whether they could be directly applied indoor. For this reason, a systematic review was performed to investigate: (i) Data collection methods used in the literature for indoor residential soundscapes and (ii) factors, output of such methods, that characterize them positively. For this purpose, a systematic review has been conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. The Scopus database was searched for peer-reviewed journal papers published in English, between 1 January 2009 and 24 June 2019, including: (1) field or laboratory studies relevant to residential buildings and (2) studies assessing factors that influence the perception by building users of indoor acoustic environments. The search excluded studies related to: (a) Speech perception issues; (b) noise-induced sleep disturbance; (c) acoustic perception by hearing impaired building users; (d) perception of vibrations or impact sounds. The search returned 1087 results. After the screening process, 37 articles were finally included. Given the differences in methodologic approaches, a quantitative meta-analysis could not be performed, and a qualitative approach was adopted instead. A large part of the selected literature reflected a general effort of minimizing noise annoyance by reducing noise exposure and, in particular, noise levels. Questionnaires and guided interviews were used to capture people’s perception, while the adoption of soundwalks and non-participatory behavioral studies did not emerge in the review literature and need further investigation. The evaluation of a variety of auditory sensations both in their positive and negative dimensions, beyond annoyance, would be required to explore the positive perceptual potential of sounds. Besides sound level, a variety of factors related and unrelated to the acoustic environment were found to affect perceptual outcomes and a framework of evaluation has been proposed as a reference for future assessments. Results encourage the integration of soundscape methodologies into IEQ research, in order to enhance user health and well-being.
Simone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Jian Kang. Assessment Methods and Factors Determining Positive Indoor Soundscapes in Residential Buildings: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5290 .
AMA StyleSimone Torresin, Rossano Albatici, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Jian Kang. Assessment Methods and Factors Determining Positive Indoor Soundscapes in Residential Buildings: A Systematic Review. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimone Torresin; Rossano Albatici; Francesco Aletta; Francesco Babich; Jian Kang. 2019. "Assessment Methods and Factors Determining Positive Indoor Soundscapes in Residential Buildings: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5290.
Recognizing the value of open-source research databases in advancing the art and science of HVAC, in 2014 the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II project was launched under the leadership of University of California at Berkeley's Center for the Built Environment and The University of Sydney's Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Laboratory. The exercise began with a systematic collection and harmonization of raw data from the last two decades of thermal comfort field studies around the world. The ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II (Comfort Database), now an online, open-source database, includes approximately 81,846 complete sets of objective indoor climatic observations with accompanying “right-here-right-now” subjective evaluations by the building occupants who were exposed to them. The database is intended to support diverse inquiries about thermal comfort in field settings. A simple web-based interface to the database enables filtering on multiple criteria, including building typology, occupancy type, subjects' demographic variables, subjective thermal comfort states, indoor thermal environmental criteria, calculated comfort indices, environmental control criteria and outdoor meteorological information. Furthermore, a web-based interactive thermal comfort visualization tool has been developed that allows end-users to quickly and interactively explore the data.
Veronika Földváry Ličina; Toby Cheung; Hui Zhang; Richard de Dear; Thomas Parkinson; Edward Arens; Chungyoon Chun; Stefano Schiavon; Maohui Luo; Gail Brager; Peixian Li; Soazig Kaam; Michael A. Adebamowo; Mary Myla Andamon; Francesco Babich; Chiheb Bouden; Hana Bukovianska; Christhina Candido; Bin Cao; Salvatore Carlucci; David K.W. Cheong; Joon-Ho Choi; Malcolm Cook; Paul Cropper; Max Deuble; Shahin Heidari; Madhavi Indraganti; Quan Jin; Hyojin Kim; Jungsoo Kim; Kyle Konis; Manoj K. Singh; Alison Kwok; Roberto Lamberts; Dennis Loveday; Jared Langevin; Sanyogita Manu; Cornelia Moosmann; Fergus Nicol; Ryozo Ooka; Nigel A. Oseland; Lorenzo Pagliano; Dušan Petráš; Rajan Rawal; Ramona Romero; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Chandra Sekhar; Marcel Schweiker; Federico Tartarini; Shin-Ichi Tanabe; Kwok Wai Tham; Despoina Teli; Jorn Toftum; Linda Toledo; Kazuyo Tsuzuki; Renata De Vecchi; Andreas Wagner; Zhaojun Wang; Holger Wallbaum; Lynda Webb; Liu Yang; Yingxin Zhu; Yongchao Zhai; Yufeng Zhang; Xiang Zhou. Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II. Building and Environment 2018, 142, 502 -512.
AMA StyleVeronika Földváry Ličina, Toby Cheung, Hui Zhang, Richard de Dear, Thomas Parkinson, Edward Arens, Chungyoon Chun, Stefano Schiavon, Maohui Luo, Gail Brager, Peixian Li, Soazig Kaam, Michael A. Adebamowo, Mary Myla Andamon, Francesco Babich, Chiheb Bouden, Hana Bukovianska, Christhina Candido, Bin Cao, Salvatore Carlucci, David K.W. Cheong, Joon-Ho Choi, Malcolm Cook, Paul Cropper, Max Deuble, Shahin Heidari, Madhavi Indraganti, Quan Jin, Hyojin Kim, Jungsoo Kim, Kyle Konis, Manoj K. Singh, Alison Kwok, Roberto Lamberts, Dennis Loveday, Jared Langevin, Sanyogita Manu, Cornelia Moosmann, Fergus Nicol, Ryozo Ooka, Nigel A. Oseland, Lorenzo Pagliano, Dušan Petráš, Rajan Rawal, Ramona Romero, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Chandra Sekhar, Marcel Schweiker, Federico Tartarini, Shin-Ichi Tanabe, Kwok Wai Tham, Despoina Teli, Jorn Toftum, Linda Toledo, Kazuyo Tsuzuki, Renata De Vecchi, Andreas Wagner, Zhaojun Wang, Holger Wallbaum, Lynda Webb, Liu Yang, Yingxin Zhu, Yongchao Zhai, Yufeng Zhang, Xiang Zhou. Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II. Building and Environment. 2018; 142 ():502-512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronika Földváry Ličina; Toby Cheung; Hui Zhang; Richard de Dear; Thomas Parkinson; Edward Arens; Chungyoon Chun; Stefano Schiavon; Maohui Luo; Gail Brager; Peixian Li; Soazig Kaam; Michael A. Adebamowo; Mary Myla Andamon; Francesco Babich; Chiheb Bouden; Hana Bukovianska; Christhina Candido; Bin Cao; Salvatore Carlucci; David K.W. Cheong; Joon-Ho Choi; Malcolm Cook; Paul Cropper; Max Deuble; Shahin Heidari; Madhavi Indraganti; Quan Jin; Hyojin Kim; Jungsoo Kim; Kyle Konis; Manoj K. Singh; Alison Kwok; Roberto Lamberts; Dennis Loveday; Jared Langevin; Sanyogita Manu; Cornelia Moosmann; Fergus Nicol; Ryozo Ooka; Nigel A. Oseland; Lorenzo Pagliano; Dušan Petráš; Rajan Rawal; Ramona Romero; Hom Bahadur Rijal; Chandra Sekhar; Marcel Schweiker; Federico Tartarini; Shin-Ichi Tanabe; Kwok Wai Tham; Despoina Teli; Jorn Toftum; Linda Toledo; Kazuyo Tsuzuki; Renata De Vecchi; Andreas Wagner; Zhaojun Wang; Holger Wallbaum; Lynda Webb; Liu Yang; Yingxin Zhu; Yongchao Zhai; Yufeng Zhang; Xiang Zhou. 2018. "Development of the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database II." Building and Environment 142, no. : 502-512.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Ceiling fans have been used for decades as a means of providing thermal comfort in tropical countries\ud such as India. However, recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of air conditioning\ud as a means to achieve comfort, and therefore in the total energy consumption and related CO2 emissions.\ud Ceiling fans are still viable options to limit use of air conditioners or in combination with air conditioners\ud without compromising on thermal comfort and still achieving energy savings. Ceiling fans generate nonuniform\ud velocity profiles, and therefore relatively non-uniform thermal environments, whose characteristics\ud may be tough to analyse with simple modelling methods. This issue can be investigated using\ud CFD. However, to date, there are few works on ceiling fans, CFD and thermal comfort. More accurate\ud models are therefore required to predict their performance. The research presented in this paper aimed\ud to develop and validate a three-dimensional transient implicit CFD model of a typical ceiling fan available\ud in India by comparing simulation results obtained using different URANS turbulence models with\ud measured data collected in controlled environment. The results highlight that this ceiling fan model is\ud able to replicate the predominant characteristics of the air flow generated by the fan such as the\ud meandering plume and the local fine free shear layers. The best results are achieved when the SST k-u\ud turbulence model is used, with 83% of the simulated values being within the error bars of the respective\ud measured value
Francesco Babich; Malcolm Cook; Dennis Loveday; Rajan Rawal; Yash Shukla. Transient three-dimensional CFD modelling of ceiling fans. Building and Environment 2017, 123, 37 -49.
AMA StyleFrancesco Babich, Malcolm Cook, Dennis Loveday, Rajan Rawal, Yash Shukla. Transient three-dimensional CFD modelling of ceiling fans. Building and Environment. 2017; 123 ():37-49.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Babich; Malcolm Cook; Dennis Loveday; Rajan Rawal; Yash Shukla. 2017. "Transient three-dimensional CFD modelling of ceiling fans." Building and Environment 123, no. : 37-49.
Cooling homes is often important to maintain acceptable internal comfort. This can be achieved by both active and passive solutions. This research focused on passive systems and has examined one hypothesis, that evaporative cooling towers are an important element of plus-energy houses in southern Europe. Refinements to the design of the existing ventilation tower of a Solar Decathlon House developed by the Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart are proposed and tested in eight locations in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain using dynamic thermal and computational fluid dynamics simulations in order to predict energy consumption, mean and peak CO2 levels, temperatures, ventilation rates, cooling potential, fresh air distribution, indoor air quality and water consumption of the evaporative cooling system implemented within the tower. Results show that a 50% reduction of the annual energy demand for space cooling to be satisfied by other systems is achieved without compromising the internal comfort.
Francesco Babich; Malcolm Cook; Jan Cremers; George Papachristou. The impact of ventilation cooling towers on plus energy houses in southern Europe. International Journal of Ventilation 2017, 1 -22.
AMA StyleFrancesco Babich, Malcolm Cook, Jan Cremers, George Papachristou. The impact of ventilation cooling towers on plus energy houses in southern Europe. International Journal of Ventilation. 2017; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Babich; Malcolm Cook; Jan Cremers; George Papachristou. 2017. "The impact of ventilation cooling towers on plus energy houses in southern Europe." International Journal of Ventilation , no. : 1-22.