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To mitigate environmental pollution and food contamination caused by inappropriate and excessive herbicide usage, most potent herbicides should be screened to control rice weeds. A research trial was executed for assessing the comparative efficacy of different herbicides to control rice field weeds and to evaluate the toxicity on rice under normal (distilled water) as well as different salinity levels (4 and 8 dS m−1). The study was designed to select the most potent herbicide and its appropriate dose for weed control of rice crop in coastal areas. Fourteen herbicidal treatments were included weed free crop, Pretilachlor (0.25, 0.50, 0.375 and 0.75 kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.6 + 1.2, 0.9 + 1.8, 1.2 + 2.4 and 1.8 + 3.6 kg a.i. ha−1), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.03 + 0.05, 0.045 + 0.075, 0.06 + 0.1 and 0.09 + 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1) and weedy check (control). The results revealed that all tested herbicides in higher than recommended doses for non-saline rice fields were effective in controlling Cyperus iria, Echinochloa colona (salt-tolerant) and Jussiaea linifolia but showed in light injury in rice plants grown in non-saline soils. These higher doses of herbicides recorded severe crop injury under saline conditions indicating their differential efficacy from normal non-saline conditions. Treatments including Pretilachlor (0.375kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.9 + 1.8 kg ai/ha), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.06 + 0.1 kg a.i. ha−1) and Pretilachlor (0.50 kg a.i. ha−1) remained superior in terms of weed control and grain yield production under all salinitylevels at TanjungKarang, Malaysia. It is concluded that herbicides respond differently under saline conditions and optimization of their doses potentially prevent herbicidal injury in rice plants.
Mohammad Hakim; Abdul Juraimi; S. Karim; Mohammad Khan; Mohammad Islam; M. Choudhury; Walid Soufan; Hesham Alharby; Atif Bamagoos; Muhammad Iqbal; Frantisek Hnilicka; Jan Kubes; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Shah Saud; Mohamed Hassan; Ayman EL Sabagh. Effectiveness of Herbicide to Control Rice Weeds in Diverse Saline Environments. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2053 .
AMA StyleMohammad Hakim, Abdul Juraimi, S. Karim, Mohammad Khan, Mohammad Islam, M. Choudhury, Walid Soufan, Hesham Alharby, Atif Bamagoos, Muhammad Iqbal, Frantisek Hnilicka, Jan Kubes, Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman, Shah Saud, Mohamed Hassan, Ayman EL Sabagh. Effectiveness of Herbicide to Control Rice Weeds in Diverse Saline Environments. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2053.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Hakim; Abdul Juraimi; S. Karim; Mohammad Khan; Mohammad Islam; M. Choudhury; Walid Soufan; Hesham Alharby; Atif Bamagoos; Muhammad Iqbal; Frantisek Hnilicka; Jan Kubes; Muhammad Habib Ur Rahman; Shah Saud; Mohamed Hassan; Ayman EL Sabagh. 2021. "Effectiveness of Herbicide to Control Rice Weeds in Diverse Saline Environments." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2053.
Background Environmental lodging stress, which is a result of numerous factors, is characterized by uncertainty. However, several studies related to lodging in cereal crops have reported that lodging in the Hippeastrum rutilum environment is very rare. Hippeastrum rutilum is a garden flower with high ornamental value and abundant germplasm resources. Under past cultivation practices, it was found that the plant types of ‘Red Lion’, with red flowers, and ‘Apple Blossom’, with pink flowers, are quite different. The leaves of ‘Red Lion’ are upright, while the leaves of ‘Apple Blossom’ show lodging, which seriously affects its ornamental value. The aims of this study were to compare the differences between the two varieties with leaf lodging and upright leaves according to morphological and physiological attributes. In this study, karyotype analysis and phenotypic morphological and physiological characteristics were compared to explore the differences between the two plant types. Results The karyotype analysis of the two cultivars showed that their chromosome types were both tetraploid plants. The results showed that the lignin content in the leaves of ‘Red Lion’ was high, the cross-sectional structure of the leaf vascular bundle was more stable, and the chlorophyll content was high. In addition, significantly less energy was transferred to the electron transport chain (ETR) during the photoreaction. Similarly, the results regarding the maximum photosynthetic rate (Fv/Fm), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and effective quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (△F/Fm′) all indicated that the photosynthetic capacity of “Red Lion” was greater than that of “Apple Blossom”, which was affected by leaf lodging. The size of the leaves was significantly smaller, and the leaf sag angle, leaf width, and leaf tip angle presented significantly lower values in ‘Red Lion’ than in ‘Apple Blossom’, which exhibits leaf sag. The difference in these factors may be the reason for the different phenotypes of the two cultivars. Conclusion The results of this study proved that lodging affects the photosynthetic capacity of Hippeastrum rutilum and revealed some indexes that might be related to leaf lodging, laying a theoretical foundation for cultivating and improving new varieties.
Zhenjie Shi; Qianjiao Zheng; Xiaoyang Sun; Fuchun Xie; Jian Zhao; Gaoyun Zhang; Wei Zhao; Zhixin Guo; Ariuka Ariunzul; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Adnan; Dong Qin; Shah Saud; Chen Yajun. Assessment of differences in morphological and physiological leaf lodging characteristics between two cultivars of Hippeastrum rutilum. BMC Plant Biology 2020, 20, 1 -13.
AMA StyleZhenjie Shi, Qianjiao Zheng, Xiaoyang Sun, Fuchun Xie, Jian Zhao, Gaoyun Zhang, Wei Zhao, Zhixin Guo, Ariuka Ariunzul, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Adnan, Dong Qin, Shah Saud, Chen Yajun. Assessment of differences in morphological and physiological leaf lodging characteristics between two cultivars of Hippeastrum rutilum. BMC Plant Biology. 2020; 20 (1):1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhenjie Shi; Qianjiao Zheng; Xiaoyang Sun; Fuchun Xie; Jian Zhao; Gaoyun Zhang; Wei Zhao; Zhixin Guo; Ariuka Ariunzul; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Adnan; Dong Qin; Shah Saud; Chen Yajun. 2020. "Assessment of differences in morphological and physiological leaf lodging characteristics between two cultivars of Hippeastrum rutilum." BMC Plant Biology 20, no. 1: 1-13.
Management of inorganic fertilizer is very important to obtain maximum crop yield and improved nutrient use efficiency in cereal crops. Fixation of phosphatic fertilizers in alkaline soils due to calcareousness is one of the major hurdles. It induces phosphorus nutritional stress that can decrease the yield of maize and wheat. Selection of a suitable application method and proper stage of crop for phosphorus (P) fertilizer has prime importance in better uptake of P and crop production. Among different application methods, soil and foliar application are widely adopted. In wheat and maize, knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + booting are critical stages towards P deficiency. That is why field trials were conducted to evaluate the supplemental effect of foliar P on maize and wheat yields. For that, 144 mM KH2PO4 was applied as foliar at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages in maize and wheat, respectively. Soil application of 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha−1 was done through broadcast and band methods. Results showed that foliar spray of 144 mM KH2PO4 at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages in wheat and maize significantly enhanced grains yield and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) where P was applied as banding or broadcast at the time of sowing. A significant decreasing trend in response to increasing soil P levels validated the efficacious role and suitability of foliar P. In conclusion, the use of P as foliar at knee height + tasseling and stem elongation + boot stages is an efficacious way to manage P fertilizer.
Rafiullah; Muhammad Jamal Khan; Dost Muhammad; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Adnan; Fazli Wahid; Saud Alamri; FarmanUllah Khan; Khadim Muhammad Dawar; Inam Irshad; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Arif; Amanullah; Shah Saud; Bushra Khan; Ishaq Ahmad Mian; Rahul Datta; Tayebeh Zarei; Anis Ali Shah; Musarrat Ramzan; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Maria Mussarat; Manzer H. Siddiqui. Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops. Plants 2020, 9, 1389 .
AMA StyleRafiullah, Muhammad Jamal Khan, Dost Muhammad, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Adnan, Fazli Wahid, Saud Alamri, FarmanUllah Khan, Khadim Muhammad Dawar, Inam Irshad, Subhan Danish, Muhammad Arif, Amanullah, Shah Saud, Bushra Khan, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Rahul Datta, Tayebeh Zarei, Anis Ali Shah, Musarrat Ramzan, Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye, Maria Mussarat, Manzer H. Siddiqui. Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops. Plants. 2020; 9 (10):1389.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRafiullah; Muhammad Jamal Khan; Dost Muhammad; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Adnan; Fazli Wahid; Saud Alamri; FarmanUllah Khan; Khadim Muhammad Dawar; Inam Irshad; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Arif; Amanullah; Shah Saud; Bushra Khan; Ishaq Ahmad Mian; Rahul Datta; Tayebeh Zarei; Anis Ali Shah; Musarrat Ramzan; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Maria Mussarat; Manzer H. Siddiqui. 2020. "Phosphorus Nutrient Management through Synchronization of Application Methods and Rates in Wheat and Maize Crops." Plants 9, no. 10: 1389.
Turf quality and growth characteristics in both C3 and C43 and C4 turfgrass show differences under shade. Shading causes the shrinkage of leaves for both turfgrass by reducing leaf thinkness, and increases the vascular bundle in leaves of C44. Special leaf anatomical structure and photochemical properties may contribute to better shade tolerance turfgrass. Understanding the differences between C3 and C4 turfgrasses to shade are crucial for turfgrass maintenance and future shade tolerance breeding. The objectives of this study were to compare and analyze shade tolerance mechanism of both C3 and C4 turfgrasses in turf performance, growth, tissues and physiological aspects. Species Poa supina ‘SupraNova’ (C3 grass), and Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘S5′ (C4 grass) were subjected to a gradient of shading levels of 34.7 %, 69.8 %, 92.3 % and the control group CK (un - shaded). Visual turf quality (TQ) and turf color intensity (TCI) exhibited lower in S5compared to SupraNova on most testing days. S5 tended to have greater total biomass (TB), above- and below-ground biomass (AGB, BGB) under the 34.7 % shading level in contrast to SupraNova, whereas the ratio of above- to below-ground biomass (RAB) was higher in SupraNova. The average daily growth rate (ADGR) of both turfgrasses increased first, then declined during the shade periods, however, SupraNova under shading levels of 69.8 % and 92.3 % grew poorly than S5. The lowest ratio of Chlorophyll a/b showed under 34.7 % shade but the decreases of the ratio were different with S5 decreased by 40.5 % and SuperNova decreased by only 2.2 % compared to controls. Light shading (34.7 %) caused the qP, ETR and Fv/Fm increased greatly for both species, while severe shading induced higher qP, ETR and Fv/Fm in S5 than in SupraNova. Severe shading also caused more severe alterations in the leaf anatomical structure of SupraNova compared to S5. Our results indicated that 34.7 % shading is more favorable for the normal growth of two species. The promoted biomass and TQ of S5 may due to higher photochemical efficiency and unique leaf Kranz structure under severe shading.
Fuchun Xie; Zhenjie Shi; Gaoyun Zhang; Cuiting Zhang; Xiaoyang Sun; Yu Yan; Wei Zhao; Zhixin Guo; Lu Zhang; Shah Fahad; Shah Saud; Yajun Chen. Quantitative leaf anatomy and photophysiology systems of C3 and C4 turfgrasses in response to shading. Scientia Horticulturae 2020, 274, 109674 .
AMA StyleFuchun Xie, Zhenjie Shi, Gaoyun Zhang, Cuiting Zhang, Xiaoyang Sun, Yu Yan, Wei Zhao, Zhixin Guo, Lu Zhang, Shah Fahad, Shah Saud, Yajun Chen. Quantitative leaf anatomy and photophysiology systems of C3 and C4 turfgrasses in response to shading. Scientia Horticulturae. 2020; 274 ():109674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuchun Xie; Zhenjie Shi; Gaoyun Zhang; Cuiting Zhang; Xiaoyang Sun; Yu Yan; Wei Zhao; Zhixin Guo; Lu Zhang; Shah Fahad; Shah Saud; Yajun Chen. 2020. "Quantitative leaf anatomy and photophysiology systems of C3 and C4 turfgrasses in response to shading." Scientia Horticulturae 274, no. : 109674.
Low availability of phosphorus (P) in calcareous soils is a major problem for sustainable improvement in cereals crops yield. A higher amount of calcium in soils precipitates the P, thus making it immobile in soil. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) could be helpful in the sustainable management of immobile P in soil. However, their combined use in releasing P from rock phosphate (RP) in alkaline calcareous soils have been little investigated. In this regard, two successive field experiments were conducted to assess the interactive inoculation potential of AMF and PSB strain Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP on the yield and P uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in alkaline calcareous soil. The first field experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with 10 treatments and three replications by inoculating maize seeds with AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 inoculum alone and in combination with RP. Their performance was compared with single super phosphate (SSP) inorganic fertilizer. Afterward, the residual effects of inoculated AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 were investigated on wheat as a subsequent crop. Maize and wheat yield parameters, P uptake, AMF root colonization, and PSB population was measured. The results of both trials indicated the beneficial effects of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP in increasing the plants grain yield and P uptake until the second season after inoculation, as compared to controls. Likewise, maize and wheat roots colonization, PSB population density, and post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the combined inoculation of AMF and Bacillus sp. PIS7 with RP. It is concluded that PSB solubilizes the unavailable forms of P in combination with RP fertilizers in soil, and AMF ultimately transfers it to plants for growth promotion. Moreover, the combined inoculation of AMF and PSB with ground RP had more potential to improve maize-wheat yields and P uptake comparable to those obtained by using expensive phosphatic fertilizers in P deficient calcareous pH soils.
Fazli Wahid; Shah Fahad; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Adnan; Zhen Yue; Shah Saud; Manzer H. Siddiqui; Martin Brtnicky; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Rahul Datta. Sustainable Management with Mycorrhizae and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Calcareous Soils. Agriculture 2020, 10, 334 .
AMA StyleFazli Wahid, Shah Fahad, Subhan Danish, Muhammad Adnan, Zhen Yue, Shah Saud, Manzer H. Siddiqui, Martin Brtnicky, Tereza Hammerschmiedt, Rahul Datta. Sustainable Management with Mycorrhizae and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Calcareous Soils. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (8):334.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFazli Wahid; Shah Fahad; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Adnan; Zhen Yue; Shah Saud; Manzer H. Siddiqui; Martin Brtnicky; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Rahul Datta. 2020. "Sustainable Management with Mycorrhizae and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria for Enhanced Phosphorus Uptake in Calcareous Soils." Agriculture 10, no. 8: 334.
The high consumption of water in industries, domestic areas and increasing earth temperature are major hurdles for the optimization of maize yield. Being the third most widely cultivated cereal crop, improvement in maize yield is a big challenge under the limited availability of irrigation. As the water requirement for maize cultivation is high, it is time to introduce technologies that can mitigate drought stress and are environmentally friendly. The inoculation of rhizobacteria with ‘1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase’ (ACCD) can play an imperative role in that regard by decreasing stress ethylene in plants. Biochar (BC) can also alleviate drought stress. Therefore, a field study was conducted, to examine the single and combined application of drought-tolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with 15 Mg ha−1 of timber waste biochar (TWBC) at normal irrigation = 16 irrigations, mild drought = 14 irrigations and severe drought = 12 irrigation for maize cultivation. A significant improvement in shoot dry weight (28%), 1000-grains weight (19%), grain yield (27%), concentrations of N (43%), P (92%) and K (71%) in grains, rate of photosynthesis (33%), transpiration rate (55%), stomatal conductance (104%), chlorophyll A (33%), chlorophyll B (62%) and total chlorophyll (45%) of maize was noted under drought stress where E. cloacae + TWBC was applied. Likewise, the application of A. xylosoxidans + TWBC also significantly enhanced the plant height (24%) and cob length (9%) of maize under drought stress. In conclusion, E. cloacae is more effective than A. xylosoxidans, with 15 Mg ha−1 TWBC to increase maize yield under drought stress, due to the potential of higher ‘1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate’ (ACC)-deaminase synthesis, better nutrient solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production.
Subhan Danish; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Shah Fahad; Shah Saud; Martin Brtnicky; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Rahul Datta. Drought Stress Alleviation by ACC Deaminase Producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with and without Timber Waste Biochar in Maize. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6286 .
AMA StyleSubhan Danish, Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye, Shah Fahad, Shah Saud, Martin Brtnicky, Tereza Hammerschmiedt, Rahul Datta. Drought Stress Alleviation by ACC Deaminase Producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with and without Timber Waste Biochar in Maize. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSubhan Danish; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Shah Fahad; Shah Saud; Martin Brtnicky; Tereza Hammerschmiedt; Rahul Datta. 2020. "Drought Stress Alleviation by ACC Deaminase Producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Enterobacter cloacae, with and without Timber Waste Biochar in Maize." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6286.
Global warming promotes soil calcification and salinization processes. As a result, soil phosphorus (P) is becoming deficient in arid and semiarid areas throughout the world. In this pot study, we evaluated the potential of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) for enhancing the growth and P uptake in maize under varying levels of lime (4.8%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and additional P supplements (farmyard manure, poultry manure, single super phosphate and rock phosphate) added at the rate of 45 mg P2O5 kg−1. Inoculation and application of P as organic manures (Poultry and farm yard manures) improved maize growth and P uptake compared to the control and soils with P applied from mineral sources. Liming adversely affected crop growth, but the use of PSB and organic manure significantly neutralized this harmful effect. Mineral P sources combined with PSB were as effective as the organic sources alone. Furthermore, while single supper phosphate showed better results than Rock phosphate, the latter performed comparably upon PSB inoculation. Thus, PSB plus P application as organic manures is an eco-friendly option to improve crop growth and P nutrition in a calcareous soil under changing climate.
Muhammad Adnan; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Zamin; Shahen Shah; Ishaq Ahmad Mian; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Martin Leonardo Battaglia; Raja Mohib Muazzam Naz; Beena Saeed; Shah Saud; Imran Ahmad; Zhen Yue; Martin Brtnicky; Jiri Holatko; Rahul Datta. Coupling Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria with Phosphorus Supplements Improve Maize Phosphorus Acquisition and Growth under Lime Induced Salinity Stress. Plants 2020, 9, 900 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Adnan, Shah Fahad, Muhammad Zamin, Shahen Shah, Ishaq Ahmad Mian, Subhan Danish, Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye, Martin Leonardo Battaglia, Raja Mohib Muazzam Naz, Beena Saeed, Shah Saud, Imran Ahmad, Zhen Yue, Martin Brtnicky, Jiri Holatko, Rahul Datta. Coupling Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria with Phosphorus Supplements Improve Maize Phosphorus Acquisition and Growth under Lime Induced Salinity Stress. Plants. 2020; 9 (7):900.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Adnan; Shah Fahad; Muhammad Zamin; Shahen Shah; Ishaq Ahmad Mian; Subhan Danish; Muhammad Zafar-Ul-Hye; Martin Leonardo Battaglia; Raja Mohib Muazzam Naz; Beena Saeed; Shah Saud; Imran Ahmad; Zhen Yue; Martin Brtnicky; Jiri Holatko; Rahul Datta. 2020. "Coupling Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria with Phosphorus Supplements Improve Maize Phosphorus Acquisition and Growth under Lime Induced Salinity Stress." Plants 9, no. 7: 900.