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Prof. Lvhui Sun
College of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

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0 Animal Health
0 Animal Nutrition
0 Mycotoxins
0 Selenium
0 Feed Safety

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Selenium

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Background The current study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in feeds from various Provinces of China during 2018 to 2020. A total of 3,507 feed samples, including 2,090 feed ingredients and 1,417 complete feed samples, were collected from different areas of China for mycotoxins analysis. Results The individual contamination of AFB1, DON and ZEN were present in more than 81.9%, 96.4% and 96.9% of feed samples, respectively, with average concentration ranges of AFB1 between 1.2–27.4 μg/kg, DON between 458.0–1,925.4 μg/kg and ZEN between 48.1–326.8 μg/kg. Notably, 0.9%, 0.5% and 0.1% of feed ingredients, and 1.2–12.8%, 0.9–2.9% and 0–8.9% of complete feeds for pigs, poultry and ruminants with AFB1, ZEN and DON that exceeded China’s safety standards, respectively. Moreover, more than 81.5% of feed ingredients and 95.7% of complete feeds were co-contaminated with various combinations of these mycotoxins. Conclusion This study indicates that the feeds in China were universally contaminated with AFB1, DON and ZEN during the past 3 years. These findings highlight the significance of monitoring mycotoxin contaminant levels in the domestic animal feed, and the importance of carrying out feed administration and remediation strategies for mycotoxin control.

ACS Style

Ling Zhao; Lei Zhang; Zijian Xu; Xingda Liu; Liyuan Chen; Jiefan Dai; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lvhui Sun. Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018–2020. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2021, 12, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Ling Zhao, Lei Zhang, Zijian Xu, Xingda Liu, Liyuan Chen, Jiefan Dai, Niel Alexander Karrow, Lvhui Sun. Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018–2020. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling Zhao; Lei Zhang; Zijian Xu; Xingda Liu; Liyuan Chen; Jiefan Dai; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lvhui Sun. 2021. "Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018–2020." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 12, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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The aim of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism of selenium (Se)-mediated detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced cardiotoxicity in chicks. A Se-deficient, corn-soybean meal-basal diet (36 μg Se/kg, BD) and three test diets (BD+1.0 mg AFB1/kg, 0.3 mg Se/kg, or 1.0 mg AFB1/kg+0.3 mg Se/kg) were used in a 3-wk 2 × 2 factorial design trial (n = 30 chicks/group). Dietary AFB1 led to induced (P < 0.05) serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme activities and heart histopathologic lesions. However, Se deficiency aggravated most of these alterations induced by AFB1. Moreover, mRNA levels of two ferroptosis activators (solute carrier family 11 Member 2 and transferrin) were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the AFB1-treated groups. Additionally, Se deficiency reduced (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 3 and thioredoxin reductase 3 mRNA and GPX activity but increased (P < 0.05) selenoprotein M and selenophosphate synthetase 2 mRNA in the heart in AFB1-administered groups. The in vitro study showed that Se alleviated (P < 0.05) AFB1-reduced cell viability and induced (P < 0.05) ROS and ferroptosis in H9C2 cardiac cells. It also downregulated (P < 0.05) two ferroptosis activators (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 and solute carrier family 11 Member 2) in the AFB1-treated groups in the H9C2 cells. In conclusion, this study illustrated that Se alleviates AFB1-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiomyocyte damage potentially related to the regulation of redox status, 4 selenoproteins, and ferroptosis-related signaling.

ACS Style

Ling Zhao; Yue Feng; Zi-Jian Xu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Wan-Po Zhang; Gang Zuo; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Lv-Hui Sun. Selenium mitigated aflatoxin B1-induced cardiotoxicity with potential regulation of 4 selenoproteins and ferroptosis signaling in chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2021, 154, 112320 .

AMA Style

Ling Zhao, Yue Feng, Zi-Jian Xu, Ni-Ya Zhang, Wan-Po Zhang, Gang Zuo, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Lv-Hui Sun. Selenium mitigated aflatoxin B1-induced cardiotoxicity with potential regulation of 4 selenoproteins and ferroptosis signaling in chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 154 ():112320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling Zhao; Yue Feng; Zi-Jian Xu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Wan-Po Zhang; Gang Zuo; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Lv-Hui Sun. 2021. "Selenium mitigated aflatoxin B1-induced cardiotoxicity with potential regulation of 4 selenoproteins and ferroptosis signaling in chicks." Food and Chemical Toxicology 154, no. : 112320.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2021 in Antioxidants
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The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa (HD) in mediating the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatic injury in chicks. A total of 144 one-day-old male broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 6 cages/diet, 6 chicks/cage). After three days of acclimation, the broilers were fed either a control diet (Control), Control plus 0.5 mg/kg of AFB1, or Control plus 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 with 500 or 1000 mg/kg HD for two weeks. Both serum and liver were collected at the end of the feeding trial for biochemistry, histology, and NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (NRF2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling analysis. Compared with Control, the AFB1 treatment caused liver injury and decreased (p< 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and serum albumin and total protein by 6.2–20.7%. AFB1 also induced swelling, necrosis, and severe vacuolar degeneration in chicks’ livers. Notably, HD supplementation at 500 and 1000 mg/kg mitigated (p< 0.05) the alterations induced by AFB1. HD supplementation alleviated (p< 0.05) AFB1-induced impairment in hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, protein carbonyl, and exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO)–DNA concentrations by 57.7–100% and increased (p< 0.05) the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by 23.1–40.9% more than those of AFB1 treatment alone. Furthermore, HD supplementation at the two doses upregulated (p< 0.05) NRF2, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, glutathione cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, and glutathione-S transferase A2 and A3 in livers relative to the AFB1 group by 0.99–3.4-fold. Overall, dietary supplementation of HD at a high dose displayed better protection effects against aflatoxicosis. In conclusion, a dietary HD supplementation at 500 and 1000 mg/kg protected broilers from AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity, potentially due to the activation of NRF2/ARE signaling in the chicks.

ACS Style

Ling Zhao; Jiang Deng; Zi-Jian Xu; Wan-Po Zhang; Mahmoud Khalil; Niel Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. Mitigation of Aflatoxin B1 Hepatoxicity by Dietary Hedyotis diffusa Is Associated with Activation of NRF2/ARE Signaling in Chicks. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 878 .

AMA Style

Ling Zhao, Jiang Deng, Zi-Jian Xu, Wan-Po Zhang, Mahmoud Khalil, Niel Karrow, Lv-Hui Sun. Mitigation of Aflatoxin B1 Hepatoxicity by Dietary Hedyotis diffusa Is Associated with Activation of NRF2/ARE Signaling in Chicks. Antioxidants. 2021; 10 (6):878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling Zhao; Jiang Deng; Zi-Jian Xu; Wan-Po Zhang; Mahmoud Khalil; Niel Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. 2021. "Mitigation of Aflatoxin B1 Hepatoxicity by Dietary Hedyotis diffusa Is Associated with Activation of NRF2/ARE Signaling in Chicks." Antioxidants 10, no. 6: 878.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Animals
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of supplementing a corn-wheat-soybean meal-based diet with a multicarbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 300 pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace; body weight = 25.3 ± 0.7 kg) were randomly allotted to three groups with 10 replicates of 10 pigs each. Pigs from three groups were fed positive control (PC) or negative control (NC), without or with MCPC diets, respectively. The MCPC supplied at least 1800, 1244, 6600, and 1000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, α-arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The NC diet was the PC diet but reduced in net energy (NE), digestible amino acids (dig. AA), digestible P (dig. P), and Ca by 74 kcal/kg, 7.0%, 0.134, and 0.119 percentage points, respectively. The diets were fed in 4 growth phases based on body weight (BW): phase 1: 25–50 kg, phase 2: 50–75 kg, phase 3: 75–100 kg, and phase 4: 100–135 kg. Compared to the PC, the NC diet decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, and(or) feed to gain ratio during the growing/finishing phases 1, 2, 3, and 4. It also reduced (p < 0.05) the ATTD of crude protein, crude fat, P, and Ca of pigs. MCPC supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the body weight gain, feed intake, and(or) feed to gain ratio in phases 2, 3, and 4 and the ATTD of crude protein, crude fat, ash, P, and Ca for the NC diet. Additionally, dietary treatment had no effects on carcass traits and meat quality with the exception that the loin eye area in the NC plus MCPC diet was higher (p < 0.05) than the NC diet. In conclusion, the addition of MCPC to a corn-soybean meal-wheat-based diet reduced in energy and nutrients improved the growth performance and nutrient digestibility but had little effect on carcass traits and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs.

ACS Style

Ya-Kuan Huang; Ling Zhao; Hua Sun; Xue-Mei Xu; Jlali Maamer; Aurélie Preynat; Lv-Hui Sun; De-Sheng Qi. A Multicarbohydrase and Phytase Complex Is Able to Compensate a Nutrient-Deficiency in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals 2021, 11, 1129 .

AMA Style

Ya-Kuan Huang, Ling Zhao, Hua Sun, Xue-Mei Xu, Jlali Maamer, Aurélie Preynat, Lv-Hui Sun, De-Sheng Qi. A Multicarbohydrase and Phytase Complex Is Able to Compensate a Nutrient-Deficiency in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1129.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ya-Kuan Huang; Ling Zhao; Hua Sun; Xue-Mei Xu; Jlali Maamer; Aurélie Preynat; Lv-Hui Sun; De-Sheng Qi. 2021. "A Multicarbohydrase and Phytase Complex Is Able to Compensate a Nutrient-Deficiency in Growing-Finishing Pigs." Animals 11, no. 4: 1129.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2021 in Toxins
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mycotoxin binders in reducing the adverse effects of co-occurring dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on laying hens. Three hundred and sixty 26-week-old Roman laying hens were randomly allocated into four experimental groups with 10 replicates of nine birds each. The four groups received either a basal diet (BD; Control), a BD supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg AFB1 + 1.5 mg/kg DON + 0.12 mg/kg OTA (Toxins), a BD + Toxins with Toxo-HP binder (Toxins + HP), or a BD + Toxins with TOXO XL binder (Toxins + XL) for 12 weeks. Compared to the control, dietary supplementation of mycotoxins decreased (P < 0.10) total feed intake, total egg weight, and egg-laying rate, but increased feed/egg ratio by 2.5–6.1% and mortality during various experimental periods. These alterations induced by mycotoxins were alleviated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL binders (P < 0.10). Furthermore, dietary mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) eggshell strength by 12.3% and caused an accumulation of 249 μg/kg of DON in eggs at week 12, while dietary supplementation with TOXO HP or XL mitigated DON-induced changes on eggshell strength and prevented accumulation of DON in eggs (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary mycotoxins increased relative liver weight, but decreased spleen and proventriculus relative weights by 11.6–22.4% (P < 0.05). Mycotoxin exposure also increased alanine aminotransferase activity and reduced immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, and IgG concentrations in serum by 9.2–26.1% (P < 0.05). Additionally, mycotoxin exposure induced histopathological damage and reduced villus height, villus height/crypt depth, and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and (or) ileum (P < 0.05). Notably, most of these histological changes were mitigated by supplementation with both TOXO HP and XL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the mycotoxin binders TOXO HP and XL can help to mitigate the combined effects of AFB1, DON, and OTA on laying hen performance, egg quality, and health.

ACS Style

Ling Zhao; Yue Feng; Jing-Tao Wei; Meng-Xiang Zhu; Lei Zhang; Jia-Cai Zhang; Niel Karrow; Yan-Ming Han; Yuan-Yuan Wu; Yu-Ming Guo; Lv-Hui Sun. Mitigation Effects of Bentonite and Yeast Cell Wall Binders on AFB1, DON, and OTA Induced Changes in Laying Hen Performance, Egg Quality, and Health. Toxins 2021, 13, 156 .

AMA Style

Ling Zhao, Yue Feng, Jing-Tao Wei, Meng-Xiang Zhu, Lei Zhang, Jia-Cai Zhang, Niel Karrow, Yan-Ming Han, Yuan-Yuan Wu, Yu-Ming Guo, Lv-Hui Sun. Mitigation Effects of Bentonite and Yeast Cell Wall Binders on AFB1, DON, and OTA Induced Changes in Laying Hen Performance, Egg Quality, and Health. Toxins. 2021; 13 (2):156.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling Zhao; Yue Feng; Jing-Tao Wei; Meng-Xiang Zhu; Lei Zhang; Jia-Cai Zhang; Niel Karrow; Yan-Ming Han; Yuan-Yuan Wu; Yu-Ming Guo; Lv-Hui Sun. 2021. "Mitigation Effects of Bentonite and Yeast Cell Wall Binders on AFB1, DON, and OTA Induced Changes in Laying Hen Performance, Egg Quality, and Health." Toxins 13, no. 2: 156.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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The objective of this study was to use isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic technology to systematically analyze the hepatotoxic mechanism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its prevention by Se in broilers. Four groups of day-old broilers were allocated into a 2 × 2 factorial design trial that fed a Se-deficient based diet (BD) or the BD + 1.0 mg AFB1/kg, 0.3 mg Se/kg, or 1.0 mg AFB1/kg plus 0.3 mg Se/kg for 3 wk. Dietary AFB1 increased serum ALT and decreased total protein and albumin concentrations, and induced hepatic histopathological lesions in Se adequate groups. Notably, Se deficiency exacerbated these AFB1-induced changes. Furthermore, Se deficiency reduced hepatic glutathione peroxidase but increased thioredoxin reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentration in AFB1 administrated groups. Moreover, AFB1 dysregulated 261 co-differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in both Se adequate and deficiency diets, and Se deficiency dysregulated 64 DEPs in AFB1 administrated diets. These DEPs are mainly related to phase I and II metabolizing enzymes, heat shock proteins, DNA repair, fatty acid metabolism and apoptosis. The in vitro study has verified that aldo-keto reductase family1, member10 plays an important role in AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity and Se-mediated detoxification of AFB1 in a chicken leghorn male hepatoma cells. Conclusively, this study has analyzed the hepatic proteome response to dietary AFB1 and Se, and thus shed new light on the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of AFB1 and its detoxification by Se in broilers.

ACS Style

Ling Zhao; Jiang Deng; Li-Bao Ma; Wan-Po Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Niel Alexander Karrow; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. Dietary Se deficiency dysregulates metabolic and cell death signaling in aggravating the AFB1 hepatotoxicity of chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 149, 111938 .

AMA Style

Ling Zhao, Jiang Deng, Li-Bao Ma, Wan-Po Zhang, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Niel Alexander Karrow, De-Sheng Qi, Lv-Hui Sun. Dietary Se deficiency dysregulates metabolic and cell death signaling in aggravating the AFB1 hepatotoxicity of chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 149 ():111938.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ling Zhao; Jiang Deng; Li-Bao Ma; Wan-Po Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Niel Alexander Karrow; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. 2020. "Dietary Se deficiency dysregulates metabolic and cell death signaling in aggravating the AFB1 hepatotoxicity of chicks." Food and Chemical Toxicology 149, no. : 111938.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Animals
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The current study evaluated the influence of a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) on the ileal and total tract digestibility of nutrients in growing pigs. A total of eight barrows (initial BW = 30.7 ± 1.1 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum and randomly allotted to four groups. The experiment was conducted according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, each period lasting 10 days. Pigs were fed four experimental diets, which consisted of two basal diets (BD1, low phytate; BD2, high phytate) with or without MCPC containing at least 1800 U xylanase, 6600 U α-arabinofuranosidase, 1244 U β-glucanase, and 1000 U phytase per/kg corn–soybean meal with 15% corn distillers based diet. The high phytate diet reduced (p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein by 1.4% and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy by 1.7, 2.3, and 1.9%, respectively, and tended to decrease (p = 0.10) the ATTD of Ca by 17.3%, relative to the low phytate diet. The dietary supplementation of the MCPC increased (p < 0.05) the AID of phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) by 34.2% and 31.1% for BD1 and 26.7% and 41.3% for BD2, respectively, and increased (p < 0.05) ATTD of crude fat, P, and Ca by 1.4%, 45.6%, and 9.6% for BD1 and 3.1%, 66.0%, and 52.7% for BD2, respectively. The MCPC supplementation did not significantly increase the AID and (or) ATTD of crude protein, organic matter, and starch. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of the MCPC could improve the AID of P and Ca and the ATTD of crude fat, P, and Ca.

ACS Style

Jia-Cheng Yang; Li Wang; Ya-Kuan Huang; Lei Zhang; Rui Ma; Si Gao; Chang-Min Hu; Jlali Maamer; Cozannet Pierre; Aurélie Preynat; Xin Gen Lei; Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of a Multi-Carbohydrase and Phytase Complex on the Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Cannulated Growing Pigs. Animals 2020, 10, 1434 .

AMA Style

Jia-Cheng Yang, Li Wang, Ya-Kuan Huang, Lei Zhang, Rui Ma, Si Gao, Chang-Min Hu, Jlali Maamer, Cozannet Pierre, Aurélie Preynat, Xin Gen Lei, Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of a Multi-Carbohydrase and Phytase Complex on the Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Cannulated Growing Pigs. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jia-Cheng Yang; Li Wang; Ya-Kuan Huang; Lei Zhang; Rui Ma; Si Gao; Chang-Min Hu; Jlali Maamer; Cozannet Pierre; Aurélie Preynat; Xin Gen Lei; Lv-Hui Sun. 2020. "Effect of a Multi-Carbohydrase and Phytase Complex on the Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility of Nutrients in Cannulated Growing Pigs." Animals 10, no. 8: 1434.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent to reduce DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed either a control diet, or diet containing 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg DON, or 3.0 mg/kg DON plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 28 d. Compared to the control, dietary DON at 1.0 and/or 3.0 mg/kg reduced (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (16.0–60.8%) and feed intake (18.1–38.7%) during the whole experiment, and increased (P < 0.05) the feed/gain ratio (12.8–33.8%) between d 1–28. The body weight gain and feed intake were further decreased (P < 0.05) in 3.0 mg/kg DON in comparison to 1.0 mg/kg DON during d 15–28. DON exposure reshaped gut microbial structure by drastically affecting the abundance of several bacterial phyla, families and genera, including dysbiosis of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in small intestine. Notably, dietary Amdetox™ supplementation alleviated the adverse effects of DON on growth performance of piglets and improved the intestinal flora disorder. Therefore, the current study has revealed that Amdetox™, the modified HSCAS binder, can alleviate DON-induced negative effects and could be used as a promising countermeasure for reducing DON toxicity.

ACS Style

Meng Liu; Lei Zhang; Xiao-Han Chu; Rui Ma; You-Wei Wang; Qiang Liu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 141, 111373 .

AMA Style

Meng Liu, Lei Zhang, Xiao-Han Chu, Rui Ma, You-Wei Wang, Qiang Liu, Ni-Ya Zhang, Niel Alexander Karrow, Lv-Hui Sun. Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 141 ():111373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meng Liu; Lei Zhang; Xiao-Han Chu; Rui Ma; You-Wei Wang; Qiang Liu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. 2020. "Effects of deoxynivalenol on the porcine growth performance and intestinal microbiota and potential remediation by a modified HSCAS binder." Food and Chemical Toxicology 141, no. : 111373.

Review
Published: 27 February 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.

ACS Style

Ran Xu; Niel A. Karrow; Umesh K. Shandilya; Lv-Hui Sun; Haruki Kitazawa. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins 2020, 12, 146 .

AMA Style

Ran Xu, Niel A. Karrow, Umesh K. Shandilya, Lv-Hui Sun, Haruki Kitazawa. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ran Xu; Niel A. Karrow; Umesh K. Shandilya; Lv-Hui Sun; Haruki Kitazawa. 2020. "In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation." Toxins 12, no. 3: 146.

Journal article
Published: 13 February 2020 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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The objective of this study was to determine the immunotoxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) in weaning piglets, and potential efficacy of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent to reduce DON toxicity. Four groups of 21-day-old male piglets (n = 7/group) were fed a control diet or diet containing 1.0 or 3.0 mg DON/kg, or 3.0 mg DON/kg plus 0.05% modified HSCAS for 4 weeks. Compared to the control, the DON diets decreased serum porcine circovirus antibody titer and the dermal hypersensitivity response to OVA at day 21 or 28. DON also induced focal necrosis and proliferation of cortical lymphocytes and apoptosis and increased the total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl concentrations in thymus. DON increased thymus mRNA, protein and (or) enzyme levels, cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3), while hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) decreased. Intriguingly, the modified HSCAS alleviated the DON-induced changes on serum antibody titer, and thymic histopathology, apoptosis, redox status, inflammation and apoptosis signaling. In conclusion, these findings help to explain the toxic effects and mechanisms of DON and demonstrated the modified HSCAS adsorbent could be used to reduce the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.

ACS Style

Lei Zhang; Rui Ma; Meng-Xiang Zhu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Xiao-Li Liu; You-Wei Wang; Tao Qin; Liang-Yi Zheng; Qiang Liu; Wan-Po Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of deoxynivalenol on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2020, 138, 111187 .

AMA Style

Lei Zhang, Rui Ma, Meng-Xiang Zhu, Ni-Ya Zhang, Xiao-Li Liu, You-Wei Wang, Tao Qin, Liang-Yi Zheng, Qiang Liu, Wan-Po Zhang, Niel Alexander Karrow, Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of deoxynivalenol on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; 138 ():111187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Zhang; Rui Ma; Meng-Xiang Zhu; Ni-Ya Zhang; Xiao-Li Liu; You-Wei Wang; Tao Qin; Liang-Yi Zheng; Qiang Liu; Wan-Po Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Lv-Hui Sun. 2020. "Effect of deoxynivalenol on the porcine acquired immune response and potential remediation by a novel modified HSCAS adsorbent." Food and Chemical Toxicology 138, no. : 111187.

Journal article
Published: 07 February 2020 in Poultry Science
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Yeast culture (YC) positively affects the performance of laying hens. The purpose of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanism for the YC-mediated performance improvement. Sixty 67-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated into 2 experimental groups with 5 replicates of 6 birds each. One group was fed a control diet, whereas the other received the control diet supplemented with YC at 3.0 g/kg; treatment lasted for 8 wk. The results showed that dietary YC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the total egg weight (11.2–13.6%) and egg-laying rate (13.0–13.5%) but decreased (P < 0.05) the feed/egg ratio by 9.3 to 11.0% during weeks 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 compared with the control. However, egg quality, including eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, egg weight, albumen height, egg yolk color, and Haugh unit, was not affected (P > 0.05) by YC supplementation. Furthermore, dietary YC supplementation increased (P < 0.05) chymotrypsin and ɑ-amylase activities by 54.8 to 62.5% in the duodenal chyme and reduced (P < 0.05) plasma endotoxin by 44.1%. YC dietary supplementation also upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of intestinal barrier–related genes (occludin and claudin 1) and antimicrobial peptides genes (β-defensin 1 and 7 and cathelicidin 1 and 3) in the duodenum or jejunum compared with the control. In conclusion, dietary YC supplementation improved the performance of aged laying hens, potentially through the upregulation of intestinal digestive enzyme activities and intestinal health-related gene expression.

ACS Style

Jia-Cai Zhang; Peng Chen; Cong Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; You-Wei Wang; Lv-Hui Sun. Yeast culture promotes the production of aged laying hens by improving intestinal digestive enzyme activities and the intestinal health status. Poultry Science 2020, 99, 2026 -2032.

AMA Style

Jia-Cai Zhang, Peng Chen, Cong Zhang, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Ni-Ya Zhang, De-Sheng Qi, You-Wei Wang, Lv-Hui Sun. Yeast culture promotes the production of aged laying hens by improving intestinal digestive enzyme activities and the intestinal health status. Poultry Science. 2020; 99 (4):2026-2032.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jia-Cai Zhang; Peng Chen; Cong Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; You-Wei Wang; Lv-Hui Sun. 2020. "Yeast culture promotes the production of aged laying hens by improving intestinal digestive enzyme activities and the intestinal health status." Poultry Science 99, no. 4: 2026-2032.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2019 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with a multi-carbohydrase complex rich in xylanase and arabinofuranosidase on the digestibility of diets with different contents of arabinoxylan. The experiment was performed on six pigs (58 kg). Pigs were randomly distributed among six treatments with increasing content of arabinoxylan (70–120 g/kg) with and without enzyme (Rovabio Advance®) supplementation according to a Latin square design. The graduated content of arabinoxylan was obtained using wheat and wheat bran. Digestibilities of ileal and total energy, dry matter, organic matter, protein, starch, crude fat, and fiber were measured using titanium oxide as an indigestible marker. The increase in arabinoxylan content in the diet had a negative effect on most of the digestibility parameters (P < 0.001, R² = 0.76). Only an interaction between the enzyme and diet composition was observed for energy digestibility (P = 0.044). Digestible energy content was significantly increased by 86 kcal/kg with the enzyme for the diet with the highest arabinoxylan content. The addition of enzyme also resulted in a significant increase in the digestibility of all nutrients tested, with average improvements of 3.5 and 3.3 % for organic matter and protein ileal digestibility, respectively, and 1.2, 1.9, and 1.6 % for total tract organic matter, protein, and energy digestibility, respectively. Ileal amino acid digestibility followed a similar trend, with an increase of 5 % units for the high arabinoxylan diet. This study confirms that the presence of arabinoxylan reduces the digestibility of nutrients in pig diets and that the addition of the enzyme improves the overall digestibility of nutrients.

ACS Style

Hua Sun; Pierre Cozannet; Rui Ma; Lei Zhang; Ya-Kuan Huang; Aurélie Preynat; Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of concentration of arabinoxylans and a carbohydrase mixture on energy, amino acids and nutrients total tract and ileal digestibility in wheat and wheat by-product-based diet for pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2019, 262, 114380 .

AMA Style

Hua Sun, Pierre Cozannet, Rui Ma, Lei Zhang, Ya-Kuan Huang, Aurélie Preynat, Lv-Hui Sun. Effect of concentration of arabinoxylans and a carbohydrase mixture on energy, amino acids and nutrients total tract and ileal digestibility in wheat and wheat by-product-based diet for pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2019; 262 ():114380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Sun; Pierre Cozannet; Rui Ma; Lei Zhang; Ya-Kuan Huang; Aurélie Preynat; Lv-Hui Sun. 2019. "Effect of concentration of arabinoxylans and a carbohydrase mixture on energy, amino acids and nutrients total tract and ileal digestibility in wheat and wheat by-product-based diet for pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 262, no. : 114380.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2019 in Animals
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This study determined the effects of increased consumption of sulfur amino acids (SAA), as either DL-Met or Hydroxy-Met (OH-Met), by sows and piglets on their performance and the ability of the progeny to resist a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Thirty primiparous sows were fed a diet adequate in SAA (CON) or CON + 25% SAA, either as DL-Met or OH-Met from gestation day 85 to postnatal day 21. At 35 d old, 20 male piglets from each treatment were selected and divided into 2 groups (n = 10/treatment) for a 3 × 2 factorial design [diets (CON, DL-Met or OH-Met) and challenge (saline or LPS)]. OH-Met and/or DL-Met supplementation increased (p ≤ 0.05) piglets’ body weight gain during day 0–7 and day 7–14. Sow’s milk quality was improved in the supplemented treatments compared to the CON. The LPS challenge decreased (p ≤ 0.05) piglets’ performance from 35 to 63 d and increased (p ≤ 0.05) the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, and malondialdehyde. Plasma albumin, total protein, total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase decreased post-challenge. The results were better with OH-Met than DL-Met. The increase of Met consumption, particularly as OH-Met increased piglets’ growth performance during the lactation phase and the challenging period.

ACS Style

Ying Zhang; Bao-Yang Xu; Ling Zhao; Luo-Yi Zhu; Dolores Batonon-Alavo; Jeremy Jachacz; De-Sheng Qi; Shu-Jun Zhang; Li-Bao Ma; Lv-Hui Sun; Zhang. Increased Consumption of Sulfur Amino Acids by Both Sows and Piglets Enhances the Ability of the Progeny to Adverse Effects Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Animals 2019, 9, 1048 .

AMA Style

Ying Zhang, Bao-Yang Xu, Ling Zhao, Luo-Yi Zhu, Dolores Batonon-Alavo, Jeremy Jachacz, De-Sheng Qi, Shu-Jun Zhang, Li-Bao Ma, Lv-Hui Sun, Zhang. Increased Consumption of Sulfur Amino Acids by Both Sows and Piglets Enhances the Ability of the Progeny to Adverse Effects Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Animals. 2019; 9 (12):1048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ying Zhang; Bao-Yang Xu; Ling Zhao; Luo-Yi Zhu; Dolores Batonon-Alavo; Jeremy Jachacz; De-Sheng Qi; Shu-Jun Zhang; Li-Bao Ma; Lv-Hui Sun; Zhang. 2019. "Increased Consumption of Sulfur Amino Acids by Both Sows and Piglets Enhances the Ability of the Progeny to Adverse Effects Induced by Lipopolysaccharide." Animals 9, no. 12: 1048.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2019 in Journal of Structural Biology
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This study demonstrates the effects of progesterone on eggshell quality and ultrastructure by injecting progesterone into laying hens 2 and 5 h post-oviposition, respectively. Progesterone injected 2 h post-oviposition (P4-2 h) improved eggshell quality with a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the thickness of the mammillary layer and a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the thickness of the effective layer in the eggshell ultrastructure compared to the control. Progesterone injected 5 h post-oviposition (P4-5 h) damaged the eggshell quality by significantly reducing (P < 0.01) the effective layer thickness. Progesterone injected delayed obviously (P < 0.01) the following oviposition. Moreover, the concentrations of Thr, Cys, Leu, Lys, and His in the eggshell membranes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the P4-2 h treated hens whereas Val and Lys were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in P4-5 h treated hens compared to the control. Therefore, progesterone shows paradoxical effects on eggshell quality depending on the injection time-points post-oviposition, which could explain the contradictions in previous related reports. P4 injected affected the content of amino acids in eggshell membranes, especially lysine which contributed to eggshell quality. In addition, P4 injected 2 h after oviposition improved eggshell quality by promoting the premature fusion of mammillary knobs. This work contributed to a novel insight to understanding the mechanism of improving eggshell quality.

ACS Style

Jiacai Zhang; Zhiyun Wang; Xu Wang; Lvhui Sun; Shahid Ali Rajput; Desheng Qi. The paradoxical effects of progesterone on the eggshell quality of laying hens. Journal of Structural Biology 2019, 209, 107430 .

AMA Style

Jiacai Zhang, Zhiyun Wang, Xu Wang, Lvhui Sun, Shahid Ali Rajput, Desheng Qi. The paradoxical effects of progesterone on the eggshell quality of laying hens. Journal of Structural Biology. 2019; 209 (2):107430.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiacai Zhang; Zhiyun Wang; Xu Wang; Lvhui Sun; Shahid Ali Rajput; Desheng Qi. 2019. "The paradoxical effects of progesterone on the eggshell quality of laying hens." Journal of Structural Biology 209, no. 2: 107430.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2019 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of T-2 toxin on the transcriptome of the glandular stomach in chicks using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Four groups of 1-day-old Cobb male broilers (n = 4 cages/group, 6 chicks/cage) were fed a corn-soybean-based diet (control) and control supplemented with T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 weeks. The histological results showed that dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin at 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg induced glandular gastric injury including serious inflammation, increased inflammatory cells, mucosal edema, and necrosis and desquamation of the epithelial cells in the glandular stomach of chicks. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that there were 671, 1393, and 1394 genes displayed ≥2 (P < 0.05) differential expression in the dietary supplemental T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, compared with the control group. Notably, 204 differently expressed genes had shared similar changes among these three doses of T-2 toxin. GO and KEGG pathway analysis results showed that many genes involved in oxidation-reduction process, inflammation, wound healing/bleeding, and apoptosis/carcinogenesis were affected by T-2 toxin exposure. In conclusion, this study systematically elucidated toxic mechanisms of T-2 toxin on the glandular stomach, which might provide novel ideas to prevent adverse effects of T-2 toxin in chicks.

ACS Style

Jing-Jing Luo; Yu Zhang; Hua Sun; Jin-Tao Wei; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; You-Wei Wang; Jie-Fan Dai; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. The response of glandular gastric transcriptome to T-2 toxin in chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019, 132, 110658 .

AMA Style

Jing-Jing Luo, Yu Zhang, Hua Sun, Jin-Tao Wei, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, You-Wei Wang, Jie-Fan Dai, Ni-Ya Zhang, De-Sheng Qi, Lv-Hui Sun. The response of glandular gastric transcriptome to T-2 toxin in chicks. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2019; 132 ():110658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing-Jing Luo; Yu Zhang; Hua Sun; Jin-Tao Wei; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; You-Wei Wang; Jie-Fan Dai; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. 2019. "The response of glandular gastric transcriptome to T-2 toxin in chicks." Food and Chemical Toxicology 132, no. : 110658.

Article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Biological Trace Element Research
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The present work aimed at assessing passive, innate, and acquired immunity in piglets from sows supplemented with either organic or inorganic selenium (Se). A total of 12 multiparous pregnant sows were randomly allocated to three groups: selenium-deficient, corn and soy–based diet base diet (BD), 0.3 mg Se/kg as hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet), and 0.3 mg Se/kg as sodium selenite (SS). The feeding trial was carried out from gd 84 to weaning on postpartum day 21 (ppd 21). On gd 98 and 105, sows were vaccinated with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) to assess passive immunity. On ppd 23, weaned piglets were intramuscularly challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to trigger an acute-phase response. On ppd 14, 28, and 35, piglets were vaccinated with ovalbumin (OVA) to assess OVA-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and dermal hypersensitivity responses. Se levels in piglet plasma, muscle, and liver on ppd 21 were higher in OH-SeMet group. On ppd 2, piglet HEWL-specific IgG levels in OH-SeMet group were significantly increased. IL-10 and haptoglobin (HP) levels in OH-SeMet group were significantly increased 2 h and 48 h post-LPS simulation, respectively. The OVA-specific IgG levels in BD group were significantly higher than the other two groups, and the IL-4 concentration following whole blood ex vivo challenge with either OVA or mitogen was significantly increased in OH-SeMet group. OVA-specific skin swelling was lower in OH-SeMet and SS groups at 3 h and 6 h. This suggests that sow supplementation with OH-SeMet enhances mainly passive immunity through IgG maternal transfer and can influence piglet innate and acquired immunity.

ACS Style

Ning-Ya Li; Zhi-Jian Sun; Abdur Rahman Ansari; Lei Cui; Ya-Fang Hu; Zi-Wei Li; Mickael Briens; Lei Kai; Lv-Hui Sun; Niel A. Karrow; Hua-Zhen Liu. Impact of Maternal Selenium Supplementation from Late Gestation and Lactation on Piglet Immune Function. Biological Trace Element Research 2019, 194, 159 -167.

AMA Style

Ning-Ya Li, Zhi-Jian Sun, Abdur Rahman Ansari, Lei Cui, Ya-Fang Hu, Zi-Wei Li, Mickael Briens, Lei Kai, Lv-Hui Sun, Niel A. Karrow, Hua-Zhen Liu. Impact of Maternal Selenium Supplementation from Late Gestation and Lactation on Piglet Immune Function. Biological Trace Element Research. 2019; 194 (1):159-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ning-Ya Li; Zhi-Jian Sun; Abdur Rahman Ansari; Lei Cui; Ya-Fang Hu; Zi-Wei Li; Mickael Briens; Lei Kai; Lv-Hui Sun; Niel A. Karrow; Hua-Zhen Liu. 2019. "Impact of Maternal Selenium Supplementation from Late Gestation and Lactation on Piglet Immune Function." Biological Trace Element Research 194, no. 1: 159-167.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2019 in Toxins
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a modified hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) adsorbent to reduce the toxicity of T-2 toxin in broilers. Ninety-six one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated into four experimental groups with four replicates of six birds each. The four groups, 1–4, received a basal diet (BD), a BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin, a BD plus 6.0 mg/kg T-2 toxin with 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, and a BD plus 0.05% modified HSCAS adsorbent, respectively, for two weeks. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemistry, and small intestinal histopathology were analyzed. Compared to the control group, dietary supplementation of T-2 toxin decreased (p < 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, and the feed conversion ratio by 11.4%–31.8% during the whole experiment. It also decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent metabolic rates of crude protein, calcium, and total phosphorus by 14.9%–16.1%. The alterations induced by T-2 toxin were mitigated (p < 0.05) by the supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent. Meanwhile, dietary modified HSCAS adsorbent supplementation prevented (p < 0.05) increased serum aspartate aminotransferase by T-2 toxin at d 14. It also prevented (p < 0.05) T-2 toxin-induced morphological changes and damage in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of broilers. However, dietary supplementation of the modified HSCAS adsorbent alone did not affect (p > 0.05) any of these variables. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the modified HSCAS adsorbent could be used against T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and hepatic and small intestinal injuries in chicks.

ACS Style

Jin-Tao Wei; Kun-Tan Wu; Hua Sun; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Jie-Fan Dai; Ying Liu; Qiang Liu; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. A Novel Modified Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) Adsorbent Can Effectively Reduce T-2 Toxin-Induced Toxicity in Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Biochemistry, and Small Intestinal Morphology in Chicks. Toxins 2019, 11, 199 .

AMA Style

Jin-Tao Wei, Kun-Tan Wu, Hua Sun, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Jie-Fan Dai, Ying Liu, Qiang Liu, Ni-Ya Zhang, De-Sheng Qi, Lv-Hui Sun. A Novel Modified Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) Adsorbent Can Effectively Reduce T-2 Toxin-Induced Toxicity in Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Biochemistry, and Small Intestinal Morphology in Chicks. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):199.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin-Tao Wei; Kun-Tan Wu; Hua Sun; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Jie-Fan Dai; Ying Liu; Qiang Liu; Ni-Ya Zhang; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. 2019. "A Novel Modified Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) Adsorbent Can Effectively Reduce T-2 Toxin-Induced Toxicity in Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Biochemistry, and Small Intestinal Morphology in Chicks." Toxins 11, no. 4: 199.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2019 in Toxins
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely spread mycotoxin contaminates food and feed, causing severe oxidative stress damages and immunotoxicity. Grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSPE), a natural antioxidant with wide range of pharmacological and medicinal properties. The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of GSPE against AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress via NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways in broiler chickens. For the experiment, 240 one-day old Cobb chicks were allocated into four dietary treatment groups of six replicates (10 birds per replicate): 1. Basal diet (control); 2. Basal diet + AFB1 1mg/kg contaminated corn (AFB1); 3. Basal diet + GSPE 250 mg/kg (GSPE); 4. Basal diet + AFB1 1 mg/kg + GSPE 250 mg/kg (AFB1 + GSPE). The results showed that GSPE significantly decreased serum inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 induced by AFB1. Similarly, GSPE + AFB1 treated group revealed a significant decrease in mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the splenic tissue compared to the AFB1 treatment group. In addition, western blotting results manifested that GSPE treatment normalized the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (p65) and the degradation of IκBα protein induced by AFB1. Furthermore, GSPE enhanced the antioxidant defense system through activating the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway. The mRNA and protein expression level of Nrf2 and its down streaming associated genes were noted up-regulated by the addition of GSPE, and down-regulated in the AFB1 group. Taken together, GSPE alleviates AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage by inhibiting the NF-κB and activating the Nrf2 signaling pathways in broiler chickens. Conclusively, our results suggest that GSPE could be considered as a potential natural agent for the prevention of AFB1-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative damage.

ACS Style

Shahid Ali Rajput; Lvhui Sun; Ni-Ya Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Zhao Ling; Li Chong; Shuai Wang; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Farhan Anwar Khan; Aftab Shaukat; Desheng Qi. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers. Toxins 2019, 11, 23 .

AMA Style

Shahid Ali Rajput, Lvhui Sun, Ni-Ya Zhang, Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil, Zhao Ling, Li Chong, Shuai Wang, Imran Rashid Rajput, Dost Muhammad Bloch, Farhan Anwar Khan, Aftab Shaukat, Desheng Qi. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shahid Ali Rajput; Lvhui Sun; Ni-Ya Zhang; Mahmoud Mohamed Khalil; Zhao Ling; Li Chong; Shuai Wang; Imran Rashid Rajput; Dost Muhammad Bloch; Farhan Anwar Khan; Aftab Shaukat; Desheng Qi. 2019. "Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Alleviates AflatoxinB1-Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Broilers." Toxins 11, no. 1: 23.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2018 in Toxins
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Host defense peptides (HDPs) are efficient defense components of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in intestinal homeostasis and protection against pathogens. This study aims to investigate the interference effects of DON on the intestinal porcine HDPs expression in piglets and intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) cells, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which it functions. In an animal experiment, intestinal HDPs were determined in weaned piglets fed control and 1.28 mg/kg or 2.89 mg/kg DON-contaminated diets. Dietary exposure to DON significantly decreased piglet average daily gain, increased intestinal permeability and depressed the expression of porcine β-defensin1 (pBD1), pBD2, pBD3, epididymis protein 2 splicing variant C (pEP2C), PMAP23, and proline/arginine-rich peptide of 39 amino acids (PR39) in the intestine (p < 0.05). In IPEC-J2 cells, DON decreased cell viability and inhibited the expression of pBD1, pBD3, pEP2C, PG1-5, and PR39 (p < 0.05). NOD2, key regulator that is responsible for HDPs production, was markedly downregulated, whereas caspase-12 was activated in the presence of DON. In conclusion, DON induced caspase-12 activation and inhibited the NOD2-mediated HDPs production, which led to an impaired intestinal barrier integrity of weaned piglets. Our study provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies to prevent the adverse effects of DON.

ACS Style

Shuai Wang; Jiacheng Yang; Beiyu Zhang; Kuntan Wu; Ao Yang; Chong Li; Jiacai Zhang; Cong Zhang; Shahid Ali Rajput; Niya Zhang; Lvhui Sun; Desheng Qi. Deoxynivalenol Impairs Porcine Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in Weaned Piglets and IPEC-J2 Cells. Toxins 2018, 10, 541 .

AMA Style

Shuai Wang, Jiacheng Yang, Beiyu Zhang, Kuntan Wu, Ao Yang, Chong Li, Jiacai Zhang, Cong Zhang, Shahid Ali Rajput, Niya Zhang, Lvhui Sun, Desheng Qi. Deoxynivalenol Impairs Porcine Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in Weaned Piglets and IPEC-J2 Cells. Toxins. 2018; 10 (12):541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuai Wang; Jiacheng Yang; Beiyu Zhang; Kuntan Wu; Ao Yang; Chong Li; Jiacai Zhang; Cong Zhang; Shahid Ali Rajput; Niya Zhang; Lvhui Sun; Desheng Qi. 2018. "Deoxynivalenol Impairs Porcine Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in Weaned Piglets and IPEC-J2 Cells." Toxins 10, no. 12: 541.

Review article
Published: 29 October 2018 in Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research
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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) widely contaminates staple food and feed crops and is well-known as the most potent natural hepatocarcinogen in humans and domesticated animals. This review highlights significant advances in our understanding of the pivotal role of phase I and II metabolizing enzymes in the bioactivation and detoxification of AFB1 and its metabolites across species. In humans, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in liver and CYP2A13 in lung are essential for the bioactivation of AFB1 to the extremely toxic exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), whereas CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP3A4 are important in the turkey and duck, CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 are important in the chicken and quail, CYP3A11 and CYP3A13 are important in mice, and CYP2A5 are important in the hamster. In contrast, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 are primary responsible for detoxification of the AFB1 by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH to AFBO in humans, whereas GSTM2 in a nonhuman primate, GSTA3 in mice, GSTA5 in rats, and GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTA3 and GSTA4 in the turkey are important. Additionally, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and aflatoxin-aldehyde reductase (AFAR) have also been shown to play key roles in AFB1 detoxification in the human, rat, and pig. Moreover, an overview of the chemoprotective agents, including synthetic compounds and naturally occurring plant compounds, which can be used to reduce aflatoxicosis is provided based on their ability to regulate these key enzymes. Collectively, this review summarizes the pivotal enzymes in the metabolism of AFB1 among humans, experimental and farm animals, as well as the chemoprotective agents that can be used to minimize risk of aflatoxicosis.

ACS Style

Jiang Deng; Ling Zhao; Ni-Ya Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Christopher Steven Krumm; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. Aflatoxin B1 metabolism: Regulation by phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and chemoprotective agents. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2018, 778, 79 -89.

AMA Style

Jiang Deng, Ling Zhao, Ni-Ya Zhang, Niel Alexander Karrow, Christopher Steven Krumm, De-Sheng Qi, Lv-Hui Sun. Aflatoxin B1 metabolism: Regulation by phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and chemoprotective agents. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 2018; 778 ():79-89.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiang Deng; Ling Zhao; Ni-Ya Zhang; Niel Alexander Karrow; Christopher Steven Krumm; De-Sheng Qi; Lv-Hui Sun. 2018. "Aflatoxin B1 metabolism: Regulation by phase I and II metabolizing enzymes and chemoprotective agents." Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 778, no. : 79-89.