(2008). Introduction to the metallurgic characteristics of advanced high-strength steels for automobile applications. Welding International: Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 610-618.

(1) Background: Traumatic dental injuries constitute a major global health problem. Primary deciduous teeth of the upper frontal group are frequently affected by trauma, especially at an early age. It is important to treat primary traumatic injuries because early tooth loss can lead to aesthetic and functional alterations. The most common injuries are extrusion, lateral luxation, and intrusion. Root fracture is a less common complication that can lead to tooth extraction if not properly diagnosed and managed. However, there are a lack of data regarding primary root fracture treatment. The literature was reviewed to study the current knowledge on the treatment of these injuries, and to propose an operative protocol based on the results obtained. (2) Methods: A literature search was performed on Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. The research focused on the following features: age of the patient; localization of the root fracture and type of displacement suffered (intrusive, extrusive, or lateral); type of emergency treatment or diagnostic test performed and their compliance with IADT guidelines; follow-up duration. (2) Results: Only 8 articles fully met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 46 patients and 62 root fractures. Out of a total of 62 root fractures, regarding only upper incisors, the most common treatment was splinting (n = 39) for a period ranging from 3 weeks to 3 months (with an average of six weeks). No treatment was performed for 23 of the root fractures. The splinting performed in most of the included cases was semi-rigid, with the splint held in place using a composite resin material. An orthodontic splint using brackets and 0.5 mm stainless steel wire was used in only in one study. (4) Conclusions: We deduced that the root fracture of primary teeth is a rare traumatic dental injury that can cause numerous complications, such as eruptive problems in the permanent teeth. Correct radiological diagnosis, immediate repositioning and semi-rigid splinting could be conservative methods to prevent premature tooth loss in very young patients.

Background: Drug-induced gingival overgrowth is associated with the intake of three classes of drugs: anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers. It is clinically characterized by hyperplasia of the gingival connective tissue which appears edematous, bloody, and purplish-red in color. In more severe cases, drug-induced gingival hyperplasia negatively affects the patient’s quality of life, making it difficult to eat and practice good oral hygiene. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth therapy is controversial and, in fact, no studies in the literature highlight a well-defined therapeutic protocol. The therapies that are described provide primarily for non-surgical periodontal treatment and second-line surgical treatment. The aim of this work is to highlight a case of drug-induced gingival hyperplasia which was completely resolved thanks to photodynamic therapy which is completely free from side effects. Design and Methods: Photodynamic therapy was performed on an 18 year-old female patient with LEDs at a power of 450–470 nm and 5500 mW/cm² + 7500 mW/cm², combined with a Curcuma longa-based photosensitizer. A single session was performed, with applications of approximately 30 s for each interdental papilla. Results: The patient improved markedly after only one cycle of PDT. There was an absence of clinically detectable inflammation, edema, and rubor of the involved dental papillae. At the 4, 6, and 12 week follow-ups there were no recurrences. Conclusions: This case report highlights the first case of drug-induced gingival hypertrophy entirely treated with photodynamic therapy to be described in the literature. Therefore, although it is only a case report, this therapy which is free from side effects should be investigated as an alternative to current therapies.

Key Clinical Message: Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) remains an enigmatic pathology due to an unknown etiology. Our report, of a 69‐year‐old man with MRS misdiagnosed for about 40 years, underlines the diagnostic difficulty of this condition. A holistic view of the patient, with a correct medical history investigation, are often decisive in the diagnosis of MRS. Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare disorder with a still unknown etiology. It is defined by three main symptoms, which are orofacial granulomatosis (OFG), facial palsy, and fissured tongue. It generally presents in young people, during the second or third decade, and its incidence in the entire population is about 1%. We focus our attention on a 69‐year‐old man who came to us with an important swelling of the upper lip. His anamnesis revealed that he suffered from a facial palsy four times in his life and at the physical examination we attested the presence of scrotal tongue. We suspected a misdiagnosed MRS and we searched the web in order to give him a diagnosis and a therapy. We found that OFG is the most common symptom of MRS and that it can show as a non complete form, where the three main symptoms cannot occur simultaneously. We also prescribed a therapy based on the use of topic steroids and antiviral, according to literature. After the positive response to the therapy and according to data found in the most recent literature, we can assume that our patient suffers from a misdiagnosed MRS for about 40 years.

Since May 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported in around 70 countries where the disease is not endemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the 2022 monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The monkey poxvirus, like that of smallpox, is a member of the Orthopoxvirus group. There are two distinct strains (or clades, i.e., groups of similar microorganisms that are descended from a common ancestor) of monkeypox: the West African strain and the Congo Basin strain. Particularly, all cases associated with the 2022 global outbreak are caused by the West African strain. Despite the name, nonhuman primates are not a reservoir for the virus. Although the reservoir is unknown, the main candidates are small rodents (eg, squirrels) of African rainforests, mainly in western and central Africa. Dentists and oral pathologists should be aware of the clinical manifestations of the new monkeypox virus. Even if this last is transmitted through large respiratory droplets and typically requires prolonged close contact (in contrast to the current SARS-CoV-2 infection), the possibility of transmission through saliva splashes during dental procedures is concrete.

(1) Background: Trismus clinically manifests as a reduction of the buccal opening and restricted mouth opening due to different etiologies, but it is often associated with traumatic phenomena. Several treatments have been proposed such as physiotherapy exercises, cryotherapy, laser therapy, hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich fibrin infiltration, but the gold standard is represented by drug therapy based on corticosteroids and NSAIDs, currently the most documented in the scientific literature. Capacitive-resistive electric transfer (Cret) therapy is used to treat musculoskeletal injuries. Cret is a non-invasive electrothermal treatment classified as deep thermo-therapy. (2) Patient: We would like to document a case of particularly traumatic trismus in a 12-year-old patient, not responsive to previous pharmacological therapy and treated with a radiofrequency device called Velvet temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Five capacitive and resistive diathermy sessions with the device were performed. The first four sessions were performed every 4 days and the fifth after 5 days. (3) Result: The maximum opening of the mouth was 10 mm at the initial stage and 38 mm at the end of the six sessions. Pain regressed after the second appointment. (4) Conclusions: Clinical studies with a good number of samples need to be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this device which has proved to be an excellent treatment for this refractory case to conventional therapies. Finally, it may be useful to define precise and replicable protocols to make this therapy suitable for patients with TMJ disorders.