Background: Forty phosphate solubilizing bacterial (PSB) isolates were isolated from the root zone of wheat plants cultivated in the Delta and the Northwestern coast regions of Egypt. All isolates proofed their ability to dissolve tricalcium phosphate on the National Botanical Research Institute's phosphate growth medium (NBRIP) by producing clear zone and increasing the available phosphorus that ranged between 40 and 707 mg l⁻¹. They were designated as Egyptian native phosphate solubilizing bacteria (ENPSB). Results: All strains proofed their ability to dissolve tricalcium phosphate on (NBRIP) medium by producing clear zone and increasing the available phosphorus that ranged between 40 and 707 mg l⁻¹. The ENPSB 1, 2, and 3 strains were highly efficient as they gave 707, 653, and 693 mg l⁻¹ soluble phosphorus respectively. Intriguingly, the two highly efficient strains for phosphate solubilization were isolated from the Northwestern coast alkaline soils. Moreover, 75% of strains were also produced profitable amounts of indole acetic acid (IAA) ranged from 0.79 to 50.5 mg l⁻¹. Amazingly, the most efficient strain ENPSB 1 in solubilizing phosphorus (707 mg l⁻¹soluble P) was the best one for producing IAA (50.5 mg l⁻¹). The three efficient strains were identified using the sequencing of 16S rRNA. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA for selected strains confirmed that the strains ENPSB 1, 2, and 3 were genetically closed to Enterobacter aerogenes; Pantoea sp. and Enteriobacter sp. respectively. Conclusion: The inoculation by mix cultures of strains (ENPSB 1, 2, and 3) contributed to raising the dry weight and P content of wheat plants by 76% and 12% over the full fertilized plants. Inoculation of soil PSB can be used to solve the deficiency of phosphorus and promote plant growth effectively in calcareous soils.

Land degradation considers as a phenomena or more that decrease the current and/or the potential soil capability to produce goods. It signifies a regression from a higher to lower state, owing to descend in land capability, productivity, and decline of biodiversity. This study is an attempt to address the complexity of land degradation issue, particularly in the targeted farming irrigated fields, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. It aims to assess and observe degradation hazard through satellite image analyze, model trends of degradation, and generate a change detection hazard map for the investigated area. The maximum likelihood supervised classification tool and post classification change detection technique were implemented for monitoring changes in land qualities. Land degradation indicator data layers were summarized into the metrological data, ground truth, vegetation cover, and the applied land management practices. The Modified Global Assessment of Soil Degradation GLASOD model was adapted to model land degradation, specify its action in term of degradation degree, relative extent, severity level, and causative factors. Land degradation processes were evaluated in the delineated mapping units. The result indicated that the studied areas are considered as quite unstable in term of ecosystem due to active degradation resulting from aridity phenomena, soil properties, and improper farm management. The most active land degradation processes are assessment of salinization, waterlogging, alkalization, and soil compaction.

Endophytic fungi are a significant group of fungi found in various ecosystems, producing significant secondary metabolites with economic applications. The study aims to extract gibberellic acid from endophytic fungi, optimize its production using low-cost agriculture residues, and apply it to plants. Endophytic fungi were isolated from onion leaves, screened for gibberellic acid production, and the highest producer was identified by morphological and molecular tools. The production was optimized using three levels Box–Behnken design, and the hormone was applied to maize seeds at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 ppm. Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. incarnatum, and F. camptoceras produced gibberellic acid at concentrations from 3.04 to 36.33 mg/l, with the highest production by F. incarnatum-ASU19 (MK387876). The optimal parameters increased the production significantly (R ² 0.9974) to 166.81 mg/l using 20 g/l sugarcane bagasse, 35 °C incubation temperature, and seven days of incubation. Increased gibberellic acid concentrations induced morphological characteristics, chlorophyll, flavonoids, and total antioxidants in maize compared to controls without GA₃ addition. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus Fusarium incarnatum demonstrates significant potential for gibberellic acid production from low-cost agricultural residues. This bioprocess not only promotes a cleaner environment but also enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stress and positively influences agricultural productivity.