The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on education. Premised on a narrative and framework for assessing AI identified from a preliminary analysis, the scope of the study was limited to the application and effects of AI in administration, instruction, and learning. A qualitative research approach, leveraging the use of literature review as a research design and approach was used and effectively facilitated the realization of the study purpose. Artificial intelligence is a field of study and the resulting innovations and developments that have culminated in computers, machines, and other artifacts having human-like intelligence characterized by cognitive abilities, learning, adaptability, and decision-making capabilities. The study ascertained that AI has extensively been adopted and used in education, particularly by education institutions, in different forms. AI initially took the form of computer and computer related technologies, transitioning to web-based and online intelligent education systems, and ultimately with the use of embedded computer systems, together with other technologies, the use of humanoid robots and web-based chatbots to perform instructors’ duties and functions independently or with instructors. Using these platforms, instructors have been able to perform different administrative functions, such as reviewing and grading students’ assignments more effectively and efficiently, and achieve higher quality in their teaching activities. On the other hand, because the systems leverage machine learning and adaptability, curriculum and content has been customized and personalized in line with students’ needs, which has fostered uptake and retention, thereby improving learners experience and overall quality of learning.

A new differential chaos shift keying scheme with multidimensional index modulation, referred to as MIM-DCSK scheme, is proposed in this paper. This design objective of the proposed MIM-DCSK scheme is to enhance the data rate, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency of traditional DCSK scheme. In the proposed MIM-DCSK scheme, in addition to the information bits allocated for physical transmission, multidimensional transmission entities, namely the time slot, carrier, and Walsh code are simultaneously considered as indices to convey additional information bits, thus achieving high data rate, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. The theoretical bit-error-rate (BER) expressions of the MIM-DCSK scheme are derived over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, the data rate, complexity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency of the MIM-DCSK scheme are analyzed. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and illustrate the superiority of the proposed scheme. The proposed MIM-DCSK scheme is a promising solution for low-power and low-cost short-wireless communications.

This paper designs and analyzes the bit-interleaved coded modulation with iterative demapping and decoding (BICM-ID) framework under color-shift-keying (CSK) modulation to achieve spectrally efficient transmissions in visible light communication (VLC) systems. Specifically, we investigate the protograph low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, bit-to-symbol mapping schemes, and constellation labeling rules in higher-order CSK-aided VLC systems. To fully explore the BICM-ID benefit, we propose an irregular CSK mapping, in which an $M$ -ary standardized constellation (called “Standard constellation” ) and a new $M$ -ary constellation (called “Target constellation” ) are separately applied to modulate two different coded sub-blocks in a codeword to optimize the error performance of the CSK-aided VLC systems. Furthermore, using a modified protograph extrinsic information transfer (PEXIT) algorithm, we construct two types of protograph LDPC codes (i.e., unpunctured and punctured protograph LDPC codes) that outperform the conventional protograph LDPC codes. Both analytical and simulation results show that the proposed irregular-CSK-mapped BICM-ID employing the new protograph LDPC codes and Target constellation is capable of achieving outstanding performance, and is a promising transmission solution for high-speed VLC applications.

Non-coherent chaotic communication has gained increasing attention as it provides an efficient solution for reliable communications without requiring channel state information. In this paper, we propose a non-coherent reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-empowered differential chaos shift keying scheme with two-level nested index modulation (RIS-DCSK-TLNIM). In the proposed RIS-DCSK-TLNIM scheme, the reference index and information index are nested to form two-level nested index modulation. This design enhances both the spectral efficiency and bit error rate (BER) performance of RIS-DCSK-TLNIM, albeit at the expense of slightly increased complexity. Furthermore, we propose a joint detection algorithm to recover the information bits transmitted via the reference index, information index, and two distinct-mode signals. We then extend RIS-DCSK-TLNIM into an enhanced system to achieve higher spectral efficiency. Subsequently, we analyze the BER performance, spectral efficiency, and system complexity of RIS-DCSK-TLNIM, and compare these metrics with those of benchmark systems. Comparison results demonstrate that the proposed RIS-DCSK-TLNIM, when configured with a small number of time slots, can achieve more than twice the spectral efficiency and at least a 6 dB gain in BER performance compared to benchmark systems.