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This study aimed to evaluate the capability of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSFCWs) in treating contaminated wastewater with a high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Benzo[a]Pyrene), using two plants, namely Phragmites and Vetiver. The investigated parameters were (1) PAHs uptake by the plants, (2) PAHs removal efficiencies, (3) accumulated PAHs in the soil of CWs, (4) shoot/root concentration factor, (5) translocation factor, and (6) PAHs correlation to lipid contains in the plants. During the treatment period, the results showed that the highest concentration of Phenanthrene in the shoot and the root systems of Phragmites, was 229.3 and 192 μg/g; Pyrene was 69.1 and 59.2 µg/g; and Benzo[a]Pyrene 25.1 and 20.2 µg/g, respectively. Meanwhile, in the Vetiver shoot and root systems were Phenanthrene 87.5 and 64.1 µg/g; Pyrene 63.2 and 42.1 µg/g; and Benzo[a]Pyrene 21.3 and 27.3 µg/g, respectively. The removal rates of Phenanthrene, Pyrene, and Benzo[a]Pyrene (PAHs compounds) by the CW planted with Phragmites were found to be 83%, 71%, and 81%, respectively, while the removal rates by CW planted with Vetiver were found to be 67%, 66%, and 73%, respectively. Moreover, the removal rates by unplanted CW were found to be 62%, 58%, and 55%, respectively. The results indicated that the HSFCW planted with Phragmites has an effective pathway to remove high concentrations of PAHs.
Rabia Alsghayer; Ali Salmiaton; Thamer Mohammad; Azni Idris; Che Fauziah Ishak. Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetland Planted with Phragmites and Vetiver in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Contaminated with High Concentration of PAHs. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3357 .
AMA StyleRabia Alsghayer, Ali Salmiaton, Thamer Mohammad, Azni Idris, Che Fauziah Ishak. Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetland Planted with Phragmites and Vetiver in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Contaminated with High Concentration of PAHs. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3357.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabia Alsghayer; Ali Salmiaton; Thamer Mohammad; Azni Idris; Che Fauziah Ishak. 2020. "Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetland Planted with Phragmites and Vetiver in Treating Synthetic Wastewater Contaminated with High Concentration of PAHs." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3357.
The flow in a pipe having multiple outlets is considered as an advanced problem in hydraulic engineering; many discrepancies were found in the literature, in addition to the lack of experimental and field studies. The main goal of this study is to simulate the flow in a pipe with multiple outlets in order to examine the existing methodologies for estimation of the friction head losses, and to propose a methodology that is based on experimental data. The main physical model in this study consisted of a water supply tank, a pipe with multiple outlets having a piezometer at each outlet. Different pipe diameters were used in this study, the pipe diameters were 25.4 mm (1 in), 38.1 mm (1.5 in), 50.8 (2 in) and 76.2 mm (3 in). The inlet heads used were 1.7 m and 2.2 m. The data collected from different flow conditions were used to assess the variation in the coefficient of friction and friction head losses along the pipe length. It can be concluded that the spacing between any two successive outlets (S) and area ratio (AR = Area of outlet/Area of the main pipe) are the main factors affecting the friction head losses along the pipe. The ratio of total friction head losses along a pipe with outlets having the same properties (length (L), discharge (Q), diameter (d) and material) to a pipe without outlets and having the same properties is called the G factor. The G factor calculated using selected formulae was overestimated in comparison to the calculated G factor obtained from experimental data. For large values of S/d (spacing between outlets/diameter of main pipe), the difference between coefficient of friction in first segment (f1) and last segment (fn) of the multiple outlet pipe was noted to be minimal.
Wissam H. Alawee; Yousef A. Almolhem; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer A. Mohammad; Hayder A. Dhahad. Variation of Coefficient of Friction and Friction Head Losses Along a Pipe with Multiple Outlets. Water 2020, 12, 844 .
AMA StyleWissam H. Alawee, Yousef A. Almolhem, Badronnisa Yusuf, Thamer A. Mohammad, Hayder A. Dhahad. Variation of Coefficient of Friction and Friction Head Losses Along a Pipe with Multiple Outlets. Water. 2020; 12 (3):844.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWissam H. Alawee; Yousef A. Almolhem; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer A. Mohammad; Hayder A. Dhahad. 2020. "Variation of Coefficient of Friction and Friction Head Losses Along a Pipe with Multiple Outlets." Water 12, no. 3: 844.
The present research was carried out to study drought and its effects upon water resources using remote sensing data. To this end, the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation, the synoptic stations, and fountain discharge data were employed. For monitoring of drought in the study area, in Kermanshah province, Iran, the monthly precipitation data of the synoptic stations along with TRMM satellite precipitation datasets were collected and processed in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. Statistical indicators were applied to evaluate the accuracy of TRMM precipitation against the meteorological stations’ data. Standardized precipitation index, SPI, and normalized fountain discharge were used in the monitoring of drought conditions, and fountains discharge, respectively. The fountains were selected so that in addition to enjoying the most discharge rates, they spread along the study area. The evaluation of precipitation data showed that the TRMM precipitation data were of high accuracy. Studies in temporal scale are indicative of the strike of drought in this region to the effect that for most months of the year, frequency and duration in dry periods are much more than in wet periods. As for seasonal scales, apart from winter, the frequency and duration of drought in spring and autumn have been longer than in wet years. Moreover, the duration of these periods was different. A comparison between the results of changes in fountain discharges and drought index in the region has verified that the drought has caused a remarkable decline in the fountain discharges.
Ata Amini; Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Mehdi Karami Moghadam; Thamer Mohammad. Application of TRMM Precipitation Data to Evaluate Drought and Its Effects on Water Resources Instability. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5377 .
AMA StyleAta Amini, Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Mehdi Karami Moghadam, Thamer Mohammad. Application of TRMM Precipitation Data to Evaluate Drought and Its Effects on Water Resources Instability. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5377.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAta Amini; Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Mehdi Karami Moghadam; Thamer Mohammad. 2019. "Application of TRMM Precipitation Data to Evaluate Drought and Its Effects on Water Resources Instability." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5377.
Natural rivers have many branching junctions. The flow in branching junctions is complex, owing to significant changes associated with flow dynamics and sediment transport that result in erosion and deposition problems. A branching channel of the Tigris River in Missan, Iraq, was selected for investigation of the scouring and deposition zones. A two-dimensional (2D) numerical model was used to simulate the hydro-morphodynamics in the branching channel, where hypothetical vanes as control structures were included at the junction to control the scouring and deposition zones. The simulation results suggest the most effective location, dimension, and angle of the introduced vanes. For the studied junction, controlling morphological features was achieved by introducing a single vane with an inclination angle of 90° on the flow direction of the Tigris River. The most effective location of the introduced vane was the location that caused considerable enhancement in the flow depth and velocity distribution.
Hydar Lafta Ali; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Yasuyuki Shimizu; Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak; Balqis Mohamed Rehan. Enhancing the Flow Characteristics in a Branching Channel Based on a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Flow Model. Water 2019, 11, 1863 .
AMA StyleHydar Lafta Ali, Badronnisa Yusuf, Thamer Ahamed Mohammed, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak, Balqis Mohamed Rehan. Enhancing the Flow Characteristics in a Branching Channel Based on a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Flow Model. Water. 2019; 11 (9):1863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHydar Lafta Ali; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Yasuyuki Shimizu; Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak; Balqis Mohamed Rehan. 2019. "Enhancing the Flow Characteristics in a Branching Channel Based on a Two-Dimensional Depth-Averaged Flow Model." Water 11, no. 9: 1863.
The effects of changes in the angle of pool impact plate, plunging depth, and discharge upon the dynamic pressure caused by ski-jump buckets were investigated in the laboratory. Four impact plate angles and four plunging depths were used. Discharges of 67, 86, 161, and 184 L/s were chosen. For any discharge, plunging depth and impact plate angle were regulated, and dynamic pressures were measured by a transducer. The results showed that with the increase in the ratio of drop length of the jet to its break-up length (H/Lb), and with an increase in the impact plate angle, the mean dynamic pressure coefficient decreased. An inspection of the plunging depth (Y) ratio to the initial thickness of the jet (Bj) revealed that when Y/Bj > 3, the plunging depth of the downstream pool reduced dynamic pressure. At the angle of 60°, the dynamic pressure coefficient due to increasing in plunging depth varied from 34% to 95%.
Mehdi Karami Moghadam; Ata Amini; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Thamer Mohammad; Hasan Hoseini. Physical Modeling of Ski-Jump Spillway to Evaluate Dynamic Pressure. Water 2019, 11, 1687 .
AMA StyleMehdi Karami Moghadam, Ata Amini, Marlinda Abdul Malek, Thamer Mohammad, Hasan Hoseini. Physical Modeling of Ski-Jump Spillway to Evaluate Dynamic Pressure. Water. 2019; 11 (8):1687.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Karami Moghadam; Ata Amini; Marlinda Abdul Malek; Thamer Mohammad; Hasan Hoseini. 2019. "Physical Modeling of Ski-Jump Spillway to Evaluate Dynamic Pressure." Water 11, no. 8: 1687.
Background: Changes in temperature and precipitation pattern seriously affect the amount of river runoff coming into Dam Lake. These changes could influence the operating conditions of reservoir systems such as Jor hydropower reservoir system (Malaysia) with the total capacity of 150 MW. So, it is necessary to analyze the effect of changes in weather parameters on the river runoff and consequently, the hydropower production. Methods: In this research, LARS-WG was used to downscale the weather parameters such as daily minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation based on one of the general circulation sub-model (HADCM3) under three emission scenarios, namely, A1B, A2, and B1 for the next 50 years. Then, the artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed, while rainfall and evapotranspiration were used as input data and river runoff as output data to discover the relationship between climate parameters and runoff at the present and in the future time. Results: It was revealed that the monthly mean temperature will increase approximately between 0.3- 0.7°C, while the mean monthly precipitation will vary from -22% to +22% in the next 50 years. These changes could shift the dry and wet seasons and consequently, change the river runoff volume. In most months, the results of models integration showed reductions in river runoff. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the output of hydropower reservoir system is highly dependent on the river runoff. So, the impacts of climate changes should be considered by the reservoir operators/ managers to reduce these impacts and secure water supplies.
Aida Tayebiyan; Thamer Ahmad Mohammad; Mohammad Malakootian; Alireza Nasiri; Mohammad Reza Heidari; Ghazal Yazdanpanah. Potential impact of global warming on river runoff coming to Jor reservoir, Malaysia by integration of LARS-WG with artificial neural networks. Environmental Health Engineering and Management 2019, 6, 139 -149.
AMA StyleAida Tayebiyan, Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Mohammad Malakootian, Alireza Nasiri, Mohammad Reza Heidari, Ghazal Yazdanpanah. Potential impact of global warming on river runoff coming to Jor reservoir, Malaysia by integration of LARS-WG with artificial neural networks. Environmental Health Engineering and Management. 2019; 6 (2):139-149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAida Tayebiyan; Thamer Ahmad Mohammad; Mohammad Malakootian; Alireza Nasiri; Mohammad Reza Heidari; Ghazal Yazdanpanah. 2019. "Potential impact of global warming on river runoff coming to Jor reservoir, Malaysia by integration of LARS-WG with artificial neural networks." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 6, no. 2: 139-149.
Catastrophic failures of many tsunami barriers along the affected coasts during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami has prompted extensive investigation into improving and revising design codes for tsunami defence structures. To date, researchers and coastal engineers are investigating to understand the failure mechanisms and to find solutions so that the structures merely remain intact in the extreme event such as tsunami. Thus, the present work is motivated to experimentally study tsunami-induced bore pressures exerted on vertical seawalls; a solid vertical wall and a porous vertical seawall that consisted of a perforated front wall and a solid rear wall. Bores with various heights and velocities were generated by using the dam-break method. A porous seawall with 20% porosity of perforated front wall was used in this study. Bore pressures exerted on the solid rear wall and chamber oscillations that occurred in the experiments were also discussed. The experimental results showed that multiple peak pressures were observed during bore run-up phase in the time series of bore impacts. A predictive equation to estimate the maximum bore pressure on a perforated seawall was developed using multiple regression analysis. The proposed equation was also compared with previous empirical formulas.
Zaty Aktar Mokhtar; Thamer Ahmad Mohammed; Badronnisa Yusuf; Tze Liang Lau. Experimental investigation of tsunami bore impact pressure on a perforated seawall. Applied Ocean Research 2019, 84, 291 -301.
AMA StyleZaty Aktar Mokhtar, Thamer Ahmad Mohammed, Badronnisa Yusuf, Tze Liang Lau. Experimental investigation of tsunami bore impact pressure on a perforated seawall. Applied Ocean Research. 2019; 84 ():291-301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaty Aktar Mokhtar; Thamer Ahmad Mohammed; Badronnisa Yusuf; Tze Liang Lau. 2019. "Experimental investigation of tsunami bore impact pressure on a perforated seawall." Applied Ocean Research 84, no. : 291-301.
Reservoir operation rules play an important role in regions economic development. Meanwhile, hedging policies are mostly applied for municipal, industrial, and irrigation water supplies from reservoirs and it is less used for reservoir operation for hydropower generation. The concept of hedging and rationing factors can be used to maintain the water in a reservoir for the sake of increasing water storage and water head for future use. However, water storage and head are the key factors in operation of reservoir systems for hydropower generation. This study investigates the applicability of seven competing hedging policies including four customary forms of hedging (1PHP, 2PHP, 3PHP, DHP) and three new forms of hedging rules (SOPHP, BSOPHP, SHPHP) for reservoir operation for hydropower generation. The models were constructed in MATLAB R2011b based on the characteristics of the Batang Padang hydropower reservoir system, Malaysia. In order to maximize the output of power generation in operational periods (2003–2009), three optimization algorithms namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and hybrid PSO-GA were linked to one of the constructed model (1PHP as a test) to find the most effective algorithm. Since the results demonstrated the superiority of the hybrid PSO-GA algorithm compared to either PSO or GA, the hybrid PSO-GA were linked to each constructed model in order to find the optimal decision variables of each model. The proposed methodology was validated using monthly data from 2010–2012. The results showed that there are no significant difference between the output of monthly mean power generation during 2003–2009 and 2010–2012.The results declared that by applying the proposed policies, the output of power generation could increase by 13% with respect to the historical management. Moreover, the discrepancies between mean power generations from highest to lowest months were reduced from 49 MW to 26 MW, which is almost half. This means that hedging policies could efficiently distribute the water-supply and power-supply in the operational period and increase the stability of the system. Among the studied hedging policies, SHPHP is the most convenient policy for hydropower reservoir operation and gave the best result.
Aida Tayebiyan; Thamer Ahmad Mohammad; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Mohammad Malakootian. Comparison of Optimal Hedging Policies for Hydropower Reservoir System Operation. Water 2019, 11, 121 .
AMA StyleAida Tayebiyan, Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Mohammad Malakootian. Comparison of Optimal Hedging Policies for Hydropower Reservoir System Operation. Water. 2019; 11 (1):121.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAida Tayebiyan; Thamer Ahmad Mohammad; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Mohammad Malakootian. 2019. "Comparison of Optimal Hedging Policies for Hydropower Reservoir System Operation." Water 11, no. 1: 121.
Controlling the flow and bed morphology in a river confluence is important in training and navigation works. The flow in river confluence is highly complex due to crucial and rapid changes associated with flow dynamics, sediment transport, and geomorphology. The flow in Malaysia’s rivers has many confluence junctions in natural drains of catchment areas. The confluence between Kurau and Ara Rivers, in Perak, Malaysia, is selected to investigate the scour hole that usually forms in the erosion zone and the bar that forms in the deposition zone. A 2D numerical model is used in simulating hydro-morpho dynamics in the rivers confluence to mitigate the erosion and deposition zones by adopting vanes as control structures. Simulation results suggest that the most effective location, dimension, and angle of vanes can be decided based on their performance in scouring and deposition zones. The distribution velocity and flow vectors can help in deciding the location of the vanes.
Hydar Lafta Ali; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Yasuyuki Shimizu; Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak; Balqis Mohamed Rehan. Improving the Hydro-Morpho Dynamics of A River Confluence by Using Vanes. Resources 2019, 8, 9 .
AMA StyleHydar Lafta Ali, Badronnisa Yusuf, Thamer Ahamed Mohammed, Yasuyuki Shimizu, Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak, Balqis Mohamed Rehan. Improving the Hydro-Morpho Dynamics of A River Confluence by Using Vanes. Resources. 2019; 8 (1):9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHydar Lafta Ali; Badronnisa Yusuf; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Yasuyuki Shimizu; Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak; Balqis Mohamed Rehan. 2019. "Improving the Hydro-Morpho Dynamics of A River Confluence by Using Vanes." Resources 8, no. 1: 9.
In this study, a simplified equation for estimating suspended sediment load is proposed, based on regression analysis and the concept presented by Einstein, Ackers and White, and Shields. Field data for 11 rivers located at different parts of the world were used for the calibration and validation of the proposed equation. The results show that the equation gives a good performance compared with Einstein's and Bagnold's equations when tested using field data for the Atchafalaya, Red, South American, Rio Grande and Al-Garraf rivers. The minimum and maximum values of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the output of the proposed equation and field records were 0.005 to 0.007 and 0.09 to 0.289, respectively. For the above rivers, graphical comparisons show that the predicted values of suspended sediment load had a range of D
Hydar Lafta Ali; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Badronnisa Binti Yusuf; Azlan Abdul Aziz. A simplification of the Einstein equation for the calculation of suspended sediment transport in rivers. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology 2018, 8, 393 .
AMA StyleHydar Lafta Ali, Thamer Ahamed Mohammed, Badronnisa Binti Yusuf, Azlan Abdul Aziz. A simplification of the Einstein equation for the calculation of suspended sediment transport in rivers. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology. 2018; 8 (4):393.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHydar Lafta Ali; Thamer Ahamed Mohammed; Badronnisa Binti Yusuf; Azlan Abdul Aziz. 2018. "A simplification of the Einstein equation for the calculation of suspended sediment transport in rivers." International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology 8, no. 4: 393.