A groundwater quality map serves as a deterrent mechanism that provides insight into likely environmental health predicaments. The objective of this study was to create map and evaluate the quality and changes in groundwater during the study period in Erbil, Iraq. Based on the 13 groundwater parameters, the water quality index (WQI) was calculated for 61 wells from 2015 to 2017 for wet and dry seasons. To generate WQI maps, two geostatistical analyst tools in Geographical Information Systems, including Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) were used. For determining the most suitable method, statistical indices were applied to the obtained data. The results showed that the Kriging method increases the prediction accuracy compared to the IDW method. The water quality in 2017 was decreased compared to the previous years and the WQI was increased from 1.64% to 11.47%. Untreated domestic and industrial wastewater causes groundwater pollution which was the main reason for the decrease in the water quality of Erbil city.

The present research was carried out to study drought and its effects upon water resources using remote sensing data. To this end, the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation, the synoptic stations, and fountain discharge data were employed. For monitoring of drought in the study area, in Kermanshah province, Iran, the monthly precipitation data of the synoptic stations along with TRMM satellite precipitation datasets were collected and processed in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. Statistical indicators were applied to evaluate the accuracy of TRMM precipitation against the meteorological stations’ data. Standardized precipitation index, SPI, and normalized fountain discharge were used in the monitoring of drought conditions, and fountains discharge, respectively. The fountains were selected so that in addition to enjoying the most discharge rates, they spread along the study area. The evaluation of precipitation data showed that the TRMM precipitation data were of high accuracy. Studies in temporal scale are indicative of the strike of drought in this region to the effect that for most months of the year, frequency and duration in dry periods are much more than in wet periods. As for seasonal scales, apart from winter, the frequency and duration of drought in spring and autumn have been longer than in wet years. Moreover, the duration of these periods was different. A comparison between the results of changes in fountain discharges and drought index in the region has verified that the drought has caused a remarkable decline in the fountain discharges.

Energy dissipation is one of the important issues in piano key weirs (PKWs). Excessive energy at the weir's toe can cause scouring. In the previous studies, energy dissipation of the arced piano key weirs (APKWs) has not been investigated. In this experimental study, the effect of weir height as well as the height and arrangement of the baffles located on the outlet key slope on the amount of dissipated energy were examined in trapezoidal piano key weirs (TPKWs) and APKWs. Experiments were performed on models with two weir height to the width of a cycle ratios equal to 0.9 and 1.2, three baffle height to the width of a cycle ratios equal to 0.06, 0.12 and 0.18 and two A and B-arrangements. The results showed that with the increase in discharge, the amount of relative energy dissipation decreases. The amount of relative energy dissipation is higher in weirs with higher height and also in weirs with larger baffles. Also, the arrangements of the baffles located on the outlet key slope has a significant effect on the amount of dissipated energy.