The rapid development of medicine has forced equally rapid progress in the field of pharmaceuticals. In connection with the expensive and time-consuming process of finding new drugs, great emphasis is put on the design and use of metal and metal oxides nanoparticles in nanomedicine. The main focus is on comprehensive presentation of both physicochemical properties and the possibilities of using, in particular, silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles, as well as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles as drug carriers and in the treatment of cancer. An important element of this subject is the possibility of occurrence of toxic effects of these nanoparticles. For this reason, possible mechanisms of toxic actions are presented, as well as methods used to reduce their toxicity to ensure the safety of drug carriers based on these nanostructures.

In this article, we provide an overview of the progress of scientists working to improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Among the known methods, cancer treatment methods focusing on the synergistic action of nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been proposed and described. The application of composite systems will allow precise delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells without systemic toxicity. The nanosystems described could be used as a high-efficiency photothermal therapy system by exploiting the properties of the individual nanoparticle components, including their magnetic, photothermal, complex, and bioactive properties. By combining the advantages of the individual components, it is possible to obtain a product that would be effective in cancer treatment. The use of nanomaterials to produce both drug carriers and those active substances with a direct anti-cancer effect has been extensively discussed. In this section, attention is paid to metallic nanoparticles, metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, and others. The use of complex compounds in biomedicine is also described. A group of compounds showing significant potential in anti-cancer therapies are natural compounds, which have also been discussed.

This paper presents the methodology for the preparation of hydrochar obtained from waste materials of natural origin and investigates its applicability for removing mercury ions from aqueous systems. The sorption properties of the obtained hydrochar were investigated in a batch and in a flow-through column system. The hydrochar material was obtained from apple pomace, which was hydrothermally carbonized in 230 °C for 5 h in a hydrothermal reactor. The hydrochar formed in the process was thermally activated with an inert gas flow—CO₂. Obtained materials were characterised with XRD, FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDS and nitrogen sorption (BET) analyses, which confirmed the obtaining of a highly porous carbon material with a specific surface area of 145.72 m²/g and an average pore diameter of 1.93 nm. The obtained hydrochar was analysed for sorption of mercury ions from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin, Hill, Redlich-Peterson, Sips and Toth) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion) were determined. The sorption process of mercury on the obtained material is best described using the Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This indicates that the process is chemical in nature The sorption of mercury ions from an aqueous solution with a concentration of C₀ = 100 mg Hg/dm³ has been also carried out in a flow-through column system. The data obtained from adsorption were fitted to mathematical dynamic models (Bohart–Adams, Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Clark, BDST and Yan) to illustrate the bed breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic column parameters. The Yan model has the best fit across the study area, although the Thomas model better predicts the maximum capacity of the bed, which is q_max = 111.5 mg/g.

With the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions, particularly for energy supply in transient sensor systems, this study focused on environmentally friendly materials in organic photovoltaics (OPV) and their key photovoltaic parameters.