Bu çalışma üniversitede eğitim öğrenim gören sporcu öğrencilerin ele alınan bazı değişkenlere göre psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin nasıl şekillendiğini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesinde 220 öğrenci üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında kişisel bilgi formu ve Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin kısa formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubunun cinsiyet değişkenine göre psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinde erkekler lehine fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaş değişkenine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda; psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterdiği ve erkeklerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Yaş değişkeninin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyini belirlemede etkili olduğu ve 18-21 yaş grubundakilerin aldığı puan ortalamalarının daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca gelir durumu yüksek olan öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinin de yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur.

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.

Today, there are various training methods used to increase athletic performance. One of these methods is artificial electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) used as strength maintenance and development training. The objective of the study is to examine the effects of plyometric training applications combined with EMS on sportive performance in basketball players. A total of 20 basketball players between the ages of 15-20 participated in the research. Participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: plyometric (PA) and plyometric training combined with EMS (PEMS). At the beginning and end of the study, the participants' height, body weight, vertical jump, 20m sprint, agility, balance and repeated sprint performance measurements were taken. In the findings of the study, there was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the PEMS and PA groups, among all sportive performance parameters. However, it was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in vertical jump, balance, agility, 20m sprint and repeated sprint performances. As a result, it can be said that both plyometric training and EMS training combined with plyometric training are two effective methods that can be used to improve sportive performance.

Purpose: In this study, our aim was to determine the effects of wrestling shoes, wrestling mats and wrestling styles on postural deformation of the foot and to elaborate its possible causes. Material: Study group comprised of 158 athletes (109 males, 59 females) from 26 different countries who participated in the 12th World University Wrestling Championship. Of the athletes, 102 (59 females, 43 males) performed in freestyle and 56 performed in Greco-Roman style. The age range of the athletes was 19 to 31 years and they have done wrestling for 3 to 18 years. Were evaluated to determine the relationship between flatfoot deformity and gender, age, wrestling style and years in the sport. Footprint parameters were used to determine and evaluate the overall structure of the foot. The Staheli and the Chippaux-Smirak indexes were used in the study. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS v.21.0 software, with the significance level set at α=0.05. Results: No significant relationship was found either between the gender of the wrestlers or their age and their pes planus state. A significant relationship was detected between the wrestling style performed and the wrestlers’ pes planus state, and between the years in the sport and their pes planus state. Conclusion: The fact that wrestlers wear the wrestling shoes for a long time can be a cause of pes planus. The center of mass of freestyle wrestlers shifts during continuous feet movement, and the surface of their soles extends the contact surface on the mat to maintain balance. This situation can also lead to a higher prevalence of pes planus in wrestlers. In addition, the wrestling shoes wrap around the Achilles tendon and thus the stretching of this tendon is restricted. Such restriction strengthens the opinion that freestyle wrestlers experience pes planus more.

Purpose: Sport is defined as regular physical activities for different purposes and it is a concept, which is aimed at satisfyingthe subconscious emotions of human beings, such as integrating a set of physical, psychological and mental efforts, andsocializing. Nowadays, sports are becoming more and more important in terms of their place and importance in the society aswell as increasing their influence on human life. Individual athletes develop in terms of physical and mental abilities. It is knownthat it strengthens social ties among individuals and socializes the individual in terms of its social aspect. This study wasconducted to examine the life skills of individuals participating in sports activities in high schools in terms of various variables.Design/Methodology/Approach: In this study, the Effect of Sport Scale on Life Skills was used. Screening method was used inthe research. The research population consists of 417 students studying in high schools in Bakırköy district of Istanbul.Findings: Sports in young people; it has been found that it has developed many life skills such as teamwork, goal setting, takinginitiative, respecting other peoples, time management, cognitive skills, emotional skills, communication skills, social skills,leadership, problem solving and decision making.Highlights: The findings are discussed with previous studies and suggestions for new research are included.

Bu çalışma beden eğitim ve spor öğretmenliği ile antrenörlük eğitimi bölümlerinde okuyan öğrencilerin akademik iyimserlik ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre nasıl şekillendiğini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmak isteyen beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenliği bölümünden 160, antrenörlük eğitimi bölümünden 120 olmak üzere toplam 280 öğrenci dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni 385 öğrencidir. Araştırma verileri 2017-2018 akademik yılında kişisel bilgi formunun yanı sıra akademik iyimserlik ve psikolojik iyi oluş ölçekleri kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; çalışma grubunun cinsiyet değişkenine göre bayan ve erkek öğrencilerin akademik iyimserlik ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerine ait puan ortalamaları arasında benzerlik olduğu görülmüştür. Beden eğitimi öğretmenliği bölümü öğrencilerinin antrenörlük eğitimi bölümü öğrencilerine göre, özel yurtta kalanların devlet yurdunda kalanlara göre psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin daha yüksek (X=120,32) olduğu belirlenmiştir.