In this study, we compared the simple methods of skinfolds, ultrasound, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) against the standard of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in the assessment of body fat in normoactive Turkish male and female university students. We wished to develop new regression equations to more accurately predict percent body fat from skinfolds and ultrasound for this group of individuals. One hundred and four male (age 22.2±2.5 years; height 1.77±0.06 m; mass 74.9±10.4 kg) and one hundred and four female (age 21.9±1.9 years; height 1.65±0.06 m; mass 55.6±7.9 kg) students aged 18–26 years participated in the study. Analysis of variance and confidence intervals were used to compare mean percent body fat derived from skinfolds, ultrasound, BIA, and DEXA measurements, while intra‐class correlation coefficients and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the strength of the relationship between the methods. Bland and Altman plot analysis was used to evaluate the strength of agreement of the three methods with DEXA. Moreover, multiple regression analyses were conducted to develop new regression equations to predict percent body fat from subcutaneous fat thickness measured at three sites. The accuracy of the predictive equations was assessed by a cross‐validation test. Mean percent body fat derived from DEXA (18.5±6.2% for males, 28.4±1.3% for females) was found to be significantly (p<0.01) greater than that derived from skinfolds (12.4±5.5% for males, 20.8±1.0% for females), ultrasound (12.0±7.8% for males, 25.0±1.4% for females), and BIA (13.7±4.9% for males, 19.2±1.0% for females) in both males and females. According to the Bland and Altman plot analysis, ultrasound gave the closest results to DEXA for females and males and females combined, whereas BIA gave the closest results to DEXA for males. Skinfolds were the second closest measure to DEXA for all groups. Results of the regression analysis showed that measurement of subcutaneous fat thickness at three sites by skinfolds and ultrasound best predicted percent body fat for males and females respectively. Multiple correlations using three sites simultaneously in the skinfold measurements were r=0.92 ( =2.4) and r=0.91 ( =2.8), and in the ultrasound measurements were r=0.93 ( =2.3) and r=0.90 ( =3.0), for males and females respectively. In conclusion, comparison of the methods revealed that the three techniques could not be used interchangeably in this population. However, with these new regression equations, ultrasound and skinfolds are confirmed to be accurate, portable, and non‐invasive tools for use in field studies. As a result, ultrasound can be used accurately on all individuals, regardless of whether they are obese or thin.

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Cronin ve Allen (2017) tarafından geliştirilen “Sporun Yaşam Becerilerine Etkisi Ölçeği (SYBEÖ)”ni Türkçeye uyarlayarak sporun yaşam becerilerine katkısını belirleyemeye olanak sağlayan bir tanı aracı elde etmektir. Yöntem: Bu amaç doğrultusunda ölçek maddeleri Türkçeye çevrildikten sonra tekrar İngilizceye çevirisi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra çeviriler arasındaki tutarlılık incelenmiş, herhangi bir anlam kaybı olmadığı görüldükten sonra 43 madde ve sekiz alt boyuttan oluşan orijinal ölçek düzenli spor yapan 482 sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği ve güvenilirliğini sınamak için iç tutarlılık katsayısı (Cronbach’s α) ve Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) işlemleri yapılmıştır.Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, ölçek özgün hali ile karşılaştırıldığında uyarlanan ölçek maddelerinin faktör boyutundaki dağılımlarında farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. AFA’dan elde edilen bulgular, uyarlanan ölçeğin yedi alt boyut ve toplam 31 maddeden oluştuğu ve faktör yapısının da kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir. Güvenirlik çalışması kapsamında iç tutarlık katsayısı .92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Test–tekrar test güvenirlik çalışması için hesaplanan Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon katsayısının (r=.89) da yüksek düzeyde ve anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Sonuç olarak uyarlanan ölçek, Türk kültüründe kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir araçtır.

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.

Cortical and Subcortical Brain Volume Alterations Following Endurance Running at 38.6 km and 119.2 km in Male Athletes - Article abstract #926060

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of participation in sports on the structural deformities of the foot. Methods: A total of 2013 athletes (1301 males, 712 females) who had regularly participated in sports for a minimum of three years were included in the study. Screening of the sole was performed using a podoscope as it is a reliable and practical device. The structure of the sole was evaluated with the highly valid Staheli index. Results: A significant relationship was detected between the ages of the athletes, years in sport, branch of sports variables and the prevalence of flat foot. However, no significant relationship was found between the athletes’ gender and the prevalence of flat foot. Conclusion: It is thought that the training regimes, the floor on which the sports is performed and the shoes used in sports had effects on flat foot deformity. Based on our results, we assert that redesigning the competition shoes and using sports shoes with arch support during warm-ups, running and other sportive and educational drills outside the routine activities of the sports branch may be beneficial for foot health.

The aim of this research was to examine the demographic factors that affect athletes' social media usage behaviors and understand how these factors exert influence. This cross-sectional study involved 296 athletes who participated voluntarily, and the research was conducted using a quantitative approach. A questionnaire assessing demographic information and a scale measuring social media usage behaviors were utilized. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software, providing a detailed examination of how athletes' social media interactions vary based on different demographic characteristics. The findings of the study indicate that demographic factors have a significant impact on social media usage behaviors. Variables such as age, gender, and type of sport substantially influence how and for what purposes athletes use social media. The results suggest that in order to better understand social media usage behaviors, not only demographic features but also athletes' sports habits should be taken into account. These findings could also assist in developing strategies to promote more conscious and balanced use of social media among athletes.