The relationship between an athlete’s somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath–Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph. In addition, balanced mesomorph showed significantly superior performance in 30-m sprint time and velocity than central and mesomorph-endomorph (ES range = 0.93–1, p < 0.05). Finally, balanced ectomorph (ES = 1.12, p = 0.009) and mesomorphic ectomorph (ES = 1.10, p = 0.017) were lower in sprint momentum compared to balanced mesomorphs. In conclusion, this study has shown the importance of the interaction between subtypes and athletic performance. The knowledge gained may be important in identifying those who tend to perform well in sports with explosive power and in prescribing training programs.

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the two tournaments in the variables of number of goals, number of yellow cards, number of red cards, half time and penalty shootout (p > 0.05). In light of the data obtained, it can be said that the effect of the VAR system on the spirit of the game will decrease as the share of the VAR system in the pauses during the competition decreases over the years. The data revealed in the study may be a clue to explaining why the effect of the VAR system on game dynamics and game spirit has decreased over the years. Therefore, the concerns of football stakeholders about the effects of the system on the game may gradually decrease with the arrangements made for VAR.

This study aims to examine the relationship between artificial intelligence anxiety and career decidedness among athletes and to determine whether these variables differ according to certain demographic characteristics. The research was conducted with a sample of 392 athletes competing in different sports disciplines. The sample consisted of 122 female and 270 male athletes, with a mean age of 20.67 years. Data were collected using validated and reliable measurement tools, including the Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale (AIAS) and the Career Decidedness Scale (CDS). After confirming that the assumptions required for parametric analyses were met, descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, MANOVA, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were employed. The MANOVA results indicated a statistically significant difference only in the “artificial intelligence configuration” sub-dimension of the AIAS based on gender, with female athletes scoring higher than male athletes. Correlation analyses showed a low-level, negative, and statistically significant relationship between the “learning” sub-dimension of the AIAS and CDS scores (p < 0.05). Conversely, a low-level, positive, and statistically significant relationship was found between the “sociotechnical blindness” sub-dimension of the AIAS and CDS scores (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that athletes who experience higher levels of anxiety related to learning processes involving artificial intelligence tend to exhibit greater career indecision, whereas athletes who are less sensitive to the potential risks and threats associated with artificial intelligence technologies demonstrate greater decisiveness in their career choices. Future research may further expand on these findings by investigating the impact of awareness and education programs on athletes’ career decision-making processes.

Challenging working conditions for fitness club trainers may reduce job satisfaction and trigger negative behaviors such as quiet quitting, withdrawal, and burnout, underscoring the critical importance of examining job satisfaction and organizational support to protect trainers’ well-being and ensure customer retention and organizational sustainability. The purpose of this study is to examine fitness trainers’ quiet quitting tendencies and to investigate the preventive role of job satisfaction in these tendencies. A quantitative research approach was adopted, employing a correlational survey design. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 315 fitness trainers selected using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed measurement instruments with established validity and reliability, including the Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS) and the Quiet Quitting Scale (QQS). After testing the assumptions required for parametric analyses, descriptive statistics, Independent Samples T-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results indicated that male trainers demonstrated significantly higher levels of quiet quitting compared to female trainers. In addition, trainers with higher income levels reported higher job satisfaction, whereas trainers with lower income levels exhibited higher levels of quiet quitting. Trainers who were satisfied with fitness club management demonstrated higher job satisfaction, while those who were dissatisfied reported higher quiet quitting levels. Furthermore, a moderate and negative relationship was found between job satisfaction and quiet quitting tendencies. These findings indicate that enhancing job satisfaction by improving working conditions, strengthening recognition and rewards, increasing managerial support, promoting work–life balance and addressing psychological needs effectively reduces quiet quitting behaviors.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between leisure participation and educational stress in secondary school students. The study sample consist of 367 participants, 214 boys and 153 girls, studying at four different secondary schools. The selection of the participants was made with purposeful sampling method. Data collection tools involved a personal information form and “Educational Stress Scale (ESS)”. The ANOVA results indicated a significant difference in the “Workload”, “Despondency”, “Worry about grades” and “Self-expectation” sub-dimensions of ESS by gender. According to the MANOVA results, there was no significant difference in frequency of participation in leisure activities on the sub-dimensions of ESS. A significant difference was found the effect of participating in country*in-school activities in the “Pressure from study” and “Despondency” sub-dimensions of ESS. As the findings were assessed as a whole, it was concluded that as the frequency of secondary school students’ participation in leisure activities increases, their educational stress decreases.