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Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is one of the most well-known wave energy converter (WEC). Typically, OWCs are installed in rocky shores or in custom-built breakwaters. However, since the wave profile is more favorable in an open sea, it can also be installed in a point absorber in order to increase the energy extraction. This paper presents the development of a new dual Multivector Model Predictive Control (MMPC) for the power converters of a floating OWC WEC. The fast dynamic response featured by the proposed MMPC has proven to be very suitable to deal with the highly variable torque and velocity of the turbines present in this type of WECs, achieving an outstanding tracking of the references. Besides, the dual MMPC provides high-quality current to the electric generator and to the grid. The performance of the MMPC for floating OWC WEC has been tested in the laboratory by implementing the mathematical model of the complete OWC WEC installed on a buoy, in the real-time controller of an emulator. The model is based on Thevenin equivalent theorem to simplify the calculation of the force generated by the power take-off (PTO) system.
Marcos Blanco; Dionisio Ramirez; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta. Dual multivector model predictive control for the power converters of a floating OWC WEC. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2021, 133, 107263 .
AMA StyleMarcos Blanco, Dionisio Ramirez, Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Mahima Gupta. Dual multivector model predictive control for the power converters of a floating OWC WEC. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2021; 133 ():107263.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcos Blanco; Dionisio Ramirez; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta. 2021. "Dual multivector model predictive control for the power converters of a floating OWC WEC." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 133, no. : 107263.
This paper presents a new way of organizing a wind farm with a large number of small to medium-sized turbines. Each wind generator has been included in a switching module of a modular multilevel converter (MMC), which generates the output voltage by near level control (NLC). The proposed topology reduces the number of semiconductors required, switching losses, and voltage filtering requirements. This topology replaces the usual configuration where each wind turbine is connected to a three-phase two-level back-to-back converter plus a filter and then connected in parallel with the other wind generators. To test the topology and its control performance, a case has been developed and simulated for generator configurations producing the same power, for generation imbalances between phases and for imbalances between arms. The analysis of the data shows that the converter works correctly and that it can deliver power to the grid in a balanced way even if the generation has imbalances. The generation imbalances between phases are compensated through the average value of the circulating current, while the imbalances between arms are compensated through the 50 Hz circulating current.
Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo; Dionisio Ramirez; Santiago de Pablo; Luis Herrero-De Lucas. Connection System for Small and Medium-Size Wind Generators through the Integration in an MMC and NLC Modulation. Energies 2021, 14, 2681 .
AMA StyleFernando Martinez-Rodrigo, Dionisio Ramirez, Santiago de Pablo, Luis Herrero-De Lucas. Connection System for Small and Medium-Size Wind Generators through the Integration in an MMC and NLC Modulation. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Martinez-Rodrigo; Dionisio Ramirez; Santiago de Pablo; Luis Herrero-De Lucas. 2021. "Connection System for Small and Medium-Size Wind Generators through the Integration in an MMC and NLC Modulation." Energies 14, no. 9: 2681.
Model-based predictive power control (MPPC) is a well-known and useful technique for control of electric drives and renewable energy generation systems. However, this strategy relies on the knowledge of accurate system models and parameter values and would otherwise lead to tracking errors in applications because of inevitable parameter uncertainties. Also, step delays in MPPC implementations have to be compensated to eliminate errors. This paper proposes a predictive control application to control active and reactive powers exchanged between the grid and the grid side converter (GSC) interfacing renewable energy sources such as wind farms or photovoltaic. The proposed MPPC minimizes the power tracking error based on a proposed cost function and the control system output is the voltage reference for the electronic converter that is converted into switching pulses by the modulation stage. The proposed control strategy is designed to eliminate tracking errors and has fixed switching frequency while featuring a fast-dynamic response, low current THD, and low computational burden. The method has been evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink environment and an experimental 5 kW grid-connected voltage source converter. Finally, the proposed MPPC method has been critically compared to the previous MPPC approaches.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Milan Prodanovic; Giri Venkataramanan. Multi-Vector Model Predictive Power Control for Grid Connected Converters in Renewable Power Plants. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2021, PP, 1 -1.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Dionisio Ramirez, Milan Prodanovic, Giri Venkataramanan. Multi-Vector Model Predictive Power Control for Grid Connected Converters in Renewable Power Plants. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2021; PP (99):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Milan Prodanovic; Giri Venkataramanan. 2021. "Multi-Vector Model Predictive Power Control for Grid Connected Converters in Renewable Power Plants." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics PP, no. 99: 1-1.
During their lifespan, due to small but persistent changes in their physical-chemical properties, photovoltaic (PV) generators undergo processes that degrade their electrical properties and reduce the power they can deliver. This power loss has technical and economic consequences, so it is of great interest to know their causes and develop procedures to assess its impact. This work proposes an assessment of the probable displacement of the maximum power point of mono and polycrystalline silicon PV modules and generators, before degradation and aging processes start. For this purpose, it is considered that the changes that these processes cause in the generators I-V characteristic are the result of variations of their loss resistances. To achieve this, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to study how the variations in the loss resistances affect the maximum power voltage and current. From the results of this analysis and based on the coefficients of sensitivity, a procedure using a simple linear approximation, which assesses the values towards which the maximum power voltage and current of PV generators will evolve, is proposed. The obtained results show differences lower than 1% concerning the actual displacements, even for the worst case, despite the apparent simplicity of the proposed procedure.
C. Carrero; D. Ramirez; J. Rodríguez; R. Castillo-Sierra. Sensitivity analysis of loss resistances variations of PV generators applied to the assessment of maximum power point changes due to degradation. Renewable Energy 2021, 173, 351 -361.
AMA StyleC. Carrero, D. Ramirez, J. Rodríguez, R. Castillo-Sierra. Sensitivity analysis of loss resistances variations of PV generators applied to the assessment of maximum power point changes due to degradation. Renewable Energy. 2021; 173 ():351-361.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Carrero; D. Ramirez; J. Rodríguez; R. Castillo-Sierra. 2021. "Sensitivity analysis of loss resistances variations of PV generators applied to the assessment of maximum power point changes due to degradation." Renewable Energy 173, no. : 351-361.
The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for dimensioning an energy storage system (ESS) to the generation data measured in an operating wave energy generation plant connected to the electric grid in the north of Spain. The selection criterion for the ESS is the compliance of the power injected into the grid with a specific active-power ramp-rate limit. Due to its electrical characteristics, supercapacitor (SC) technology is especially suitable for this application. The ESS dimensioning methodology is based on a mathematical model, which takes into account the power generation system, the chosen ramp-rate limit, the ESS efficiency maps and electrical characteristics. It allows one to evaluate the number of storage cabinets required to satisfy the needs described, considering a compromise between the number of units, which means cost, and the reliability of the storage system to ensure the grid codes compliance. Power and energy parameters for the ESS are obtained from the calculations and some tips regarding the most efficient operation of the SC cabinets, based on a stepped switching strategy, are also given. Finally, some conclusions about the technology selection will be updated after the detailed analysis accomplished.
Gustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres; Jorge Nájera; Álvaro Santiago; Miguel Santos-Herran; Dionisio Ramírez; Marcos Lafoz. Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant. Energies 2021, 14, 985 .
AMA StyleGustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Torres, Jorge Nájera, Álvaro Santiago, Miguel Santos-Herran, Dionisio Ramírez, Marcos Lafoz. Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):985.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustavo Navarro; Marcos Blanco; Jorge Torres; Jorge Nájera; Álvaro Santiago; Miguel Santos-Herran; Dionisio Ramírez; Marcos Lafoz. 2021. "Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant." Energies 14, no. 4: 985.
This paper presents an improved model based predictive current control for surface permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) where the dynamic response time can be adjusted according to the characteristics of the application and that can operate in the over-modulation region. Moreover, the steady-state errors typically observed in other model predictive controls (MPCs) due to the uncertainties of the system and errors in the parameter values, are removed in the proposed MPC. The proposed MPC was tested for the nED100 wind turbine of Norvento in Matlab/Simulink environment. Besides, it was assessed in an 8.7 kW SPMSG laboratory prototype. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed MPC works properly in over-modulation region and the desired dynamic response time is achieved whereas the switching frequency is constant.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Milan None Prodanovic; Gerardo Medrano Arana. Model Predictive Control for PMSG-based Wind Turbines with Overmodulation and Adjustable Dynamic Response Time. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2021, PP, 1 -1.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Dionisio Ramirez, Milan None Prodanovic, Gerardo Medrano Arana. Model Predictive Control for PMSG-based Wind Turbines with Overmodulation and Adjustable Dynamic Response Time. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2021; PP (99):1-1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Milan None Prodanovic; Gerardo Medrano Arana. 2021. "Model Predictive Control for PMSG-based Wind Turbines with Overmodulation and Adjustable Dynamic Response Time." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics PP, no. 99: 1-1.
Grid side converters of renewable power plants have to be capable of dealing with severe grid disturbances, such as, grid faults and voltage sags. Model‐based predictive control provides outstanding performance to grid side converters: fast dynamic response, good tracking error and high‐quality currents. However, choosing the best set of vectors for the modulation requires assessing all the possible combinations of vectors using a cost function, which is very time consuming. Thus, the modulation is normally carried out with only 1 or 2 vectors per PWM period to save computing time, but this turns the modulation non‐linear. This lack of linearity makes it impossible to use symmetrical components in unbalanced grids. A linear multi‐vector model‐based predictive control that controls the power of both sequences using a sole cost function and analyses the effect of the transient response of several sequence decomposition systems on the model‐based predictive control predictions and dynamic response is proposed. Moreover, the proposed multi‐vector provides low THD currents while keeping the computing time low. In addition, the paper addresses the extrapolation of the proposed multi‐vector model‐based predictive control to N‐level converters. The good performance obtained is supported by the results obtained in simulations and the laboratory.
Dionisio Ramirez; Rafael De Jesus Castillo; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Javier Serrano. Linear multi‐vector model‐based predictive control for grid side converters of renewable power plants under severe grid disturbances. IET Renewable Power Generation 2021, 15, 964 -979.
AMA StyleDionisio Ramirez, Rafael De Jesus Castillo, Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Javier Serrano. Linear multi‐vector model‐based predictive control for grid side converters of renewable power plants under severe grid disturbances. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2021; 15 (5):964-979.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDionisio Ramirez; Rafael De Jesus Castillo; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Javier Serrano. 2021. "Linear multi‐vector model‐based predictive control for grid side converters of renewable power plants under severe grid disturbances." IET Renewable Power Generation 15, no. 5: 964-979.
This article focuses on smoothing the large power peaks that wave energy converters (WECs) inject into the electrical grid. The study is carried out for a single WEC where the generated power is delivered to the grid by means of a power converter. Two different measures have been considered to improve the power quality of the grid connection. Firstly, the electronic converter has been chosen a modular multilevel converter (MMC) to allow replacing the standard high voltage capacitors of the DC link by low voltage ultracapacitors distributed across the modules of the MMC. Secondly, the MMC is controlled using a non-linear vector current control. The results show that the power delivered to the grid becomes approximately constant when using ultracapacitors. Furthermore, the non-linear vector current source provides the grid connection converter with the necessary fast dynamic response to avoid large variations in the DC voltage. Keywords: modular multilevel converter (MMC); non-linear vector current source; ultracapacitor; wave energy converter (WEC).
Fernando Martinez Rodrigo; Santiago De Pablo Gomez; Luis Carlos Herrero DE Lucas; Dionisio Ramirez Prieto. SMOOTHING OF THE INTERMITTENT POWER PROVIDED BY WAVE POWER PLANTS USING ULTRACAPACITORS AND A NON-LINEAR VECTOR CURRENT CONTROLLED MMC. DYNA 2021, 96, 61 -66.
AMA StyleFernando Martinez Rodrigo, Santiago De Pablo Gomez, Luis Carlos Herrero DE Lucas, Dionisio Ramirez Prieto. SMOOTHING OF THE INTERMITTENT POWER PROVIDED BY WAVE POWER PLANTS USING ULTRACAPACITORS AND A NON-LINEAR VECTOR CURRENT CONTROLLED MMC. DYNA. 2021; 96 (1):61-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Martinez Rodrigo; Santiago De Pablo Gomez; Luis Carlos Herrero DE Lucas; Dionisio Ramirez Prieto. 2021. "SMOOTHING OF THE INTERMITTENT POWER PROVIDED BY WAVE POWER PLANTS USING ULTRACAPACITORS AND A NON-LINEAR VECTOR CURRENT CONTROLLED MMC." DYNA 96, no. 1: 61-66.
The operation and maintenance activity of off-shore wind turbines (WTs) increases the cost of the generated energy. Although significant efforts have been made to improve the reliability of the mechanical subassemblies, electrical and electronic subassemblies fail more frequently, causing undesirable downtimes and loss of revenues. Since off-shore WTs and wave energy converters (WECs) share the electrical and electronic subassemblies, the reliability of WECs is expected to be affected by the same causes. This study presents a robust model predictive control for a WEC consisting of an oscillating water column (OWC) installed in a point absorber. The control system is capable of dealing with open switch faults in one or two insulated-gate bipolar transistors of the same arm in any of the voltage source converters (VSCs), or even in both VSCs at the same time. The system allows the OWC WEC to generate energy, although under certain restrictions, thereby reducing the urgency of repair and loss of revenues. The performance of the proposed approach is tested for several cases of open switch faults, experimentally in the laboratory using an OWC WEC emulator.
Dionisio Ramirez; Marcos Blanco; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta. Robust control of a floating OWC WEC under open‐switch fault condition in one or in both VSCs. IET Renewable Power Generation 2020, 14, 2538 -2549.
AMA StyleDionisio Ramirez, Marcos Blanco, Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Mahima Gupta. Robust control of a floating OWC WEC under open‐switch fault condition in one or in both VSCs. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2020; 14 (13):2538-2549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDionisio Ramirez; Marcos Blanco; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta. 2020. "Robust control of a floating OWC WEC under open‐switch fault condition in one or in both VSCs." IET Renewable Power Generation 14, no. 13: 2538-2549.
Model-based predictive control, or MPC, is a popular technique widely used in three-phase two-level power converters (VSC), in applications such as motor and generator control. One of the main drawbacks of implementing MPC is the high computation time requirements while evaluating the effects of the six available vectors on the cost function. The computing time becomes unacceptable when the number of vectors is very high, as in modular multilevel converters (MMC), making it impossible to run the MPC algorithm in microcontrollers (MCUs) within reasonable cycle times. This paper proposes a fast method capable of finding the reference voltage vector among a large number of available multilevel voltage vectors, in a single step, which greatly reduces the computation time and makes it possible to use MPC in regular MCUs. Unlike other MPCs, after calculating the reference vector, the proposed method discards the duration times obtained by the MPC and the reference vector is modulated using an SVM. MPC has been little developed for MMC and is normally intended to improve the internal operation of the converter. In contrast, this paper presents a fast MPC, designed to control the active and reactive powers exchanged by a grid-connected MMC, providing a fast dynamic response, low current THD and constant switching frequency. In addition, the implementation is compatible with other known MMC vector control algorithms and can even be used with other multilevel converters.
Dionisio Ramirez; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Javier Serrano. Fast Model-based Predictive Control (FMPC) for grid connected Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC). International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2020, 119, 105951 .
AMA StyleDionisio Ramirez, Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Mahima Gupta, Javier Serrano. Fast Model-based Predictive Control (FMPC) for grid connected Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC). International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020; 119 ():105951.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDionisio Ramirez; Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Javier Serrano. 2020. "Fast Model-based Predictive Control (FMPC) for grid connected Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC)." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 119, no. : 105951.
Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) are traditionally used in high-power applications although their field of application has lately widened to lower powers. In medium and low-power applications such as electric drives, a fast control system is usually required and model-based predictive control approaches (MPC) are highly suitable to obtain superior performance. Unfortunately, although MPC is widely used with two-level three-phase power converters, typically in motor and generator control applications, it has been barely developed for MMC. Recent studies discuss MPC approaches for MMC but they are primarily focused on improving the internal operation of MMC. In contrast, this paper presents an MPC which is designed to control the torque and the magnetic field of a surface permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) by means of an MMC. The proposed approach features a new and fast method to find the location of the reference voltage vector among the large number of multilevel vectors present in typical MMCs. The performance of the new control system has been demonstrated for an oscillating water column (OWC) based power plant simulation. The control system stands out for its fast response, low THD currents and reasonably low computing time which enables its easy implementation in microcontrollers (MCU).
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Dionisio Ramirez; Fernando Martinez‐Rodrigo. Predictive control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to an MMC converter in an oscillating water column based power plant. IET Renewable Power Generation 2020, 14, 275 -285.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Mahima Gupta, Dionisio Ramirez, Fernando Martinez‐Rodrigo. Predictive control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to an MMC converter in an oscillating water column based power plant. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2020; 14 (2):275-285.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Dionisio Ramirez; Fernando Martinez‐Rodrigo. 2020. "Predictive control of a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to an MMC converter in an oscillating water column based power plant." IET Renewable Power Generation 14, no. 2: 275-285.
A new strategy framed in the field of model predictive direct current control (MPDCC) applied to surface permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPMSG) is presented. Compared to conventional space vector control systems, the proposed predictive strategy reduces the number of PI regulators and maintains the advantages of a fixed switching frequency. It also performs a faster response providing a smooth electromagnetic torque and smooth active and reactive power control. The dynamic performance of the proposed control is firstly analyzed by means of simulations in MATLAB Simulink environment and then compared with two other model predictive controls (MPC). Also, the performance of the control is analyzed in simulation using a simple model of an oscillating water column (OWC) power plant. This application was chosen because it is a difficult case study that demands a fast torque control to handle the power take-off (PTO) system. Later, the proposed method is tested in a customized SPMSG based laboratory setup. This paper is accompanied by a video
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Carlos Veganzones; Jaime Rodriguez. Predictive Direct Control of SPMS Generators Applied to the Machine Side Converter of an OWC Power Plant. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2019, 35, 6719 -6731.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Dionisio Ramirez, Carlos Veganzones, Jaime Rodriguez. Predictive Direct Control of SPMS Generators Applied to the Machine Side Converter of an OWC Power Plant. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2019; 35 (7):6719-6731.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Carlos Veganzones; Jaime Rodriguez. 2019. "Predictive Direct Control of SPMS Generators Applied to the Machine Side Converter of an OWC Power Plant." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 7: 6719-6731.
During IGBT breakdowns, the grid side converter (GSC) of a renewable power plant must be disconnected from the grid. In the recent past, topological modifications propose the faulty phase to be connected to the mid-point of the DC bus as a solution. In this configuration, the converter can only generate four vectors. Moreover, since the capacitor voltages carry a voltage ripple at grid frequency, the magnitude and angle of the vectors become variable during post-fault scenarios. Recent model predictive control (MPC) approaches select the vectors to be used in the cost function based on the location of the reference vector in a post-fault unsymmetrical vector diagram or by checking the effect of all of them, which is time consuming. This paper proposes a simplified approach which reduces the computing time by avoiding successive iterations to obtain the correct vector pairs. Furthermore, an approach to rebuild a regular hexagon from the four post-fault vectors is proposed. Hence, the proposed controller retains the advantages of the conventional space vector modulation (SVM) approach with minimal additions to handle post-fault scenarios. Lastly, the paper studies the limitations in the VSC output voltage and power magnitudes during post-fault scenarios. The approaches presented in this paper have been verified using simulation and experimental results.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Dionisio Ramirez; Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo. Switch Fault Tolerant Model-Based Predictive Control of a VSC Connected to the Grid. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2019, 9, 949 -960.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Mahima Gupta, Dionisio Ramirez, Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo. Switch Fault Tolerant Model-Based Predictive Control of a VSC Connected to the Grid. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 2019; 9 (1):949-960.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Mahima Gupta; Dionisio Ramirez; Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo. 2019. "Switch Fault Tolerant Model-Based Predictive Control of a VSC Connected to the Grid." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 9, no. 1: 949-960.
Nowadays, cybersecurity labs all around the world are trying to specify guidelines intended to improve the security in totally connected systems such as Smart Grids or autonomous vehicles. Smart Grids came up from the necessity of coordinating generation devices and loads, mostly when the penetration of renewable energies is high. Given its nature, its proper operation relies in fast and secure communications. However, the fast growth of this type of infrastructure, perhaps did not allow paying enough attention to the requirements of security to assure an operation resistant to increasingly complex cyberattacks. This paper addresses how to use the latest software and hardware technology to protect the generators and loads belonging a Smart Grid against cyber-attacks by using a secure layer based in digital identity and encryption. The study has been carried out using a laboratory prototype including the latest cybersecurity technology integrated within a renewable power plant belonging a Smart Grid. Finally, advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed. Key Words: Smart Grid, secure communications, cryptographic card, SSL, TLS
Dionisio Ramirez Prieto; Valentin Ramirez Prieto; Giri Venkataramanan. CYBER SECURITY IN INFRASTRUCTURES. APPLICATION TO THE COMPONENTS OF A SMART GRID. DYNA 2019, 94, 518 -522.
AMA StyleDionisio Ramirez Prieto, Valentin Ramirez Prieto, Giri Venkataramanan. CYBER SECURITY IN INFRASTRUCTURES. APPLICATION TO THE COMPONENTS OF A SMART GRID. DYNA. 2019; 94 (1):518-522.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDionisio Ramirez Prieto; Valentin Ramirez Prieto; Giri Venkataramanan. 2019. "CYBER SECURITY IN INFRASTRUCTURES. APPLICATION TO THE COMPONENTS OF A SMART GRID." DYNA 94, no. 1: 518-522.
Dionisio Ramirez; Hugo Mendonça; Marcos Blanco; Fernando Martinez. Non‐linear vector current source for the control of permanent magnet synchronous generators in wave energy applications. IET Renewable Power Generation 2019, 13, 2409 -2417.
AMA StyleDionisio Ramirez, Hugo Mendonça, Marcos Blanco, Fernando Martinez. Non‐linear vector current source for the control of permanent magnet synchronous generators in wave energy applications. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2019; 13 (13):2409-2417.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDionisio Ramirez; Hugo Mendonça; Marcos Blanco; Fernando Martinez. 2019. "Non‐linear vector current source for the control of permanent magnet synchronous generators in wave energy applications." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 13: 2409-2417.
Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a type of electronic converter currently used as voltage source in real HVDC transmission systems. This paper presents, as an alternative, a control system designed to operate an MMC as a nonlinear vector current source (NLVCS). From the design point of view, it features advantages such as constant switching frequency, robustness against grid parameters changes and that the algorithm is entirely designed from space vectors. From the application point of view, the main advantages are its fast dynamic response combined with its capability to handle large amounts of electric power. Together, these two features allow the MMC to deal with highly variable renewable energies. To show the advantages of the proposed control system, it has been chosen a very demanding application: wave energy. In this type of applications, the random nature of the sea produces large and fast variations of the generated power, that enters the DC link and that the grid side converter has to handle very fast, injecting it into the grid in order to maintain the DC voltage constant. The capability of the NLVCS for MMC to handle the energy generated has been tested in two different wave energy applications. Firstly, on a single wave energy converter (WEC), a point absorber. This case is characterized by smaller and faster power changes. Secondly, on a wave farm made up of 200 WECs connected to the grid through an MMC. This case is characterized by much larger but smoother power changes. Wave farms, WECs and MMC are large and sophisticated facilities or devices that are almost impossible to gather in the same laboratory. Consequently, the features of the new control system for MMC and the advantages that provide in the connection of wave energy power plants and point absorbers to the grid has been simulated using detailed models. The results demonstrated the capability of the MMC operating as NLVCS to deal with the fast and random power changes present in renewable energy sources.
F. Martinez-Rodrigo; D. Ramirez; Hugo Mendonca; S. de Pablo. MMC as nonlinear vector current source for grid connection of wave energy generation. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2019, 113, 686 -698.
AMA StyleF. Martinez-Rodrigo, D. Ramirez, Hugo Mendonca, S. de Pablo. MMC as nonlinear vector current source for grid connection of wave energy generation. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2019; 113 ():686-698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Martinez-Rodrigo; D. Ramirez; Hugo Mendonca; S. de Pablo. 2019. "MMC as nonlinear vector current source for grid connection of wave energy generation." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 113, no. : 686-698.
This paper presents a model predictive current control (MPCC) for three-phase four-switch converters (TPFSC) connected to surface permanent magnet synchronous generators (SPMSGs) in oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy plants, that brings some benefits over the existing control methods used in this type of plants. The proposed MPCC for TPFSC follows the current references with great accuracy whereas the switching frequency of the IGBTs is fixed and low. This method minimizes the current reference tracking error, and its fast response makes it suitable for the power take-off (PTO) systems present in wave energy converters (WECs). Furthermore, the system features a fast capacitor voltage offset suppression control. The dynamic performance and the voltage offset control of the proposed strategy for TPFSC feeding a SPMSG is evaluated in Simulink environment. Later, experimental studies are carried out on an 8.7 kW laboratory SPMSG prototype. Finally, the capability of the proposed method to harvest the maximum energy from irregular waves is assessed using an OWC power plant emulator.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Carlos Veganzones Nicolas; Jaime Rodriguez Arribas. Three-Phase Four-Switch Converter for SPMS Generators Based on Model Predictive Current Control for Wave Energy Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 2019, 35, 289 -302.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Dionisio Ramirez, Carlos Veganzones Nicolas, Jaime Rodriguez Arribas. Three-Phase Four-Switch Converter for SPMS Generators Based on Model Predictive Current Control for Wave Energy Applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2019; 35 (1):289-302.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Dionisio Ramirez; Carlos Veganzones Nicolas; Jaime Rodriguez Arribas. 2019. "Three-Phase Four-Switch Converter for SPMS Generators Based on Model Predictive Current Control for Wave Energy Applications." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 1: 289-302.
Modern electric power distribution systems are progressively integrating electronic power converters. However, the design of electronic-power-converter-based systems is not a straightforward task, as the interactions among the different converters can lead to dynamic degradation or instabilities. In addition, electric power distribution systems are expected to consist of commercial-off-the-shelf converters, which implies limited information about the dynamic behavior of the devices. Large-signal blackbox modeling approaches have been proposed in order to obtain accurate dynamic models of commercial converters that can be used for system-level analyses. However, most of the works are focused on DC-DC converters. In this work, a large-signal blackbox model is proposed to model grid-connected three-phase DC-AC converters. An experimental setup has been used to demonstrate the limitations of small-signal models and the capability of the proposed modeling approach to capture the dynamic behavior of the converter when large perturbations are applied. Finally, the automation of the model identification process is discussed.
Galo Guarderas; Airan Frances; Dionisio Ramirez; Rafael Asensi; Javier Uceda. Blackbox Large-Signal Modeling of Grid-Connected DC-AC Electronic Power Converters. Energies 2019, 12, 989 .
AMA StyleGalo Guarderas, Airan Frances, Dionisio Ramirez, Rafael Asensi, Javier Uceda. Blackbox Large-Signal Modeling of Grid-Connected DC-AC Electronic Power Converters. Energies. 2019; 12 (6):989.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalo Guarderas; Airan Frances; Dionisio Ramirez; Rafael Asensi; Javier Uceda. 2019. "Blackbox Large-Signal Modeling of Grid-Connected DC-AC Electronic Power Converters." Energies 12, no. 6: 989.
A predictive power control for a four- switch three phase (FSTP) grid side converter (GSC) of doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) is presented. In this new method, three voltage vectors are employed to ensure that the proposed strategy maintains the switching frequency constant while the ripple of the active and reactive powers of the GSC is minimized. Moreover, a compensation power to eliminate the DC voltage deviation in the capacitors is presented, and it can be estimated without using any low pass filter. The proposed method can be implemented in a microcontroller very easily. Firstly, the proposed strategy has been evaluated in Matlab/Simulink environment and afterwards it was implemented in a laboratory prototype. The simulation and experimental results of the proposed predictive strategy show that it is capable to suppress the DC link voltage offset, featuring balanced currents and a fast dynamic response while the GSC current THD is low. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method is compared to two other predictive controls. The results prove that the proposed method is well suitable for the FSTP GSC of a DFIG.
Mohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Carlos Veganzones Nicolas; Jaime Rodriguez Arribas; Dionisio Ramirez. Four-Switch Three-Phase Operation of Grid-Side Converter of Doubly Fed Induction Generator With Three Vectors Predictive Direct Power Control Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2018, 66, 7741 -7752.
AMA StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei, Carlos Veganzones Nicolas, Jaime Rodriguez Arribas, Dionisio Ramirez. Four-Switch Three-Phase Operation of Grid-Side Converter of Doubly Fed Induction Generator With Three Vectors Predictive Direct Power Control Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 66 (10):7741-7752.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ebrahim Zarei; Carlos Veganzones Nicolas; Jaime Rodriguez Arribas; Dionisio Ramirez. 2018. "Four-Switch Three-Phase Operation of Grid-Side Converter of Doubly Fed Induction Generator With Three Vectors Predictive Direct Power Control Strategy." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 10: 7741-7752.
This paper is focused on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology that uses the near level control (NLC) method. Specifically, it addresses the relationship between the number of levels or switching modules, the switching frequency and the harmonics superimposed on the generated voltages and currents, making a comparison with the high and medium voltage AC codes. Furthermore, it also assesses the possibility of connecting the MMC to the electrical grid without using any coupling inductor, either using a transformer or simply directly. Finally, it shows how to automate the simulations necessary to select the number of levels and the switching frequency.
Fernando Martinez-Rodrigo; Luis C. Herrero-De Lucas; Santiago De Pablo; Alexis B. Rey-Boué; Dionisio Ramirez. Calculation of the number of modules and the switching frequency of a modular multilevel converter using near level control. Electric Power Systems Research 2018, 165, 68 -83.
AMA StyleFernando Martinez-Rodrigo, Luis C. Herrero-De Lucas, Santiago De Pablo, Alexis B. Rey-Boué, Dionisio Ramirez. Calculation of the number of modules and the switching frequency of a modular multilevel converter using near level control. Electric Power Systems Research. 2018; 165 ():68-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Martinez-Rodrigo; Luis C. Herrero-De Lucas; Santiago De Pablo; Alexis B. Rey-Boué; Dionisio Ramirez. 2018. "Calculation of the number of modules and the switching frequency of a modular multilevel converter using near level control." Electric Power Systems Research 165, no. : 68-83.