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Prof. Dr. Antonio J García-Fernández
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain

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0 Ecotoxicology
0 Food Safety
0 Metals
0 Risk Assessment
0 Persistent Organic Pollutants

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Review
Published: 24 June 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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The COST Action ‘European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility’ (ERBFacility) aims to develop pan-European raptor biomonitoring in support of better chemicals management in Europe, using raptors as sentinel species. This presents a significant challenge involving a range of constraints that must be identified and addressed. The aims of this study were to: (1) carry out a comprehensive review of the constraints that may limit the gathering in the field of raptor samples and contextual data, and assess their relative importance across Europe; and (2) identify and discuss possible solutions to the key constraints that were identified. We applied a participatory approach to identify constraints and to discuss feasible solutions. Thirty-one constraints were identified, which were divided into four categories: legal, methodological, spatial coverage, and skills constraints. To assess the importance of the constraints and their possible solutions, we collected information through scientific workshops and by distributing a questionnaire to stakeholders in all the countries involved in ERBFacility. We obtained 74 answers to the questionnaire, from 24 of the 39 COST participating countries. The most important constraints identified were related to the collection of complex contextual data about sources of contamination, and the low number of existing raptor population national/regional monitoring schemes and ecological studies that could provide raptor samples. Legal constraints, such as permits to allow the collection of invasive samples, and skills constraints, such as the lack of expertise to practice necropsies, were also highlighted. Here, we present solutions for all the constraints identified, thus suggesting the feasibility of establishing a long-term European Raptor Sampling Programme as a key element of the planned European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility.

ACS Style

Maria Dulsat-Masvidal; Rui Lourenço; Silvia Lacorte; Marcello D'Amico; Tamer Albayrak; Jovan Andevski; Arianna Aradis; Emanuel Baltag; Oded Berger-Tal; Philippe Berny; Yael Choresh; Guy Duke; Silvia Espín; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Gunnar T. Hallgrimsson; Veerle Jaspers; Ulf Johansson; Andras Kovacs; Oliver Krone; Madis Leivits; Emma Martínez-López; Rafael Mateo; Paola Movalli; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Richard F. Shore; Jari Valkama; Al Vrezec; Stavros Xirouchakis; Lee A. Walker; Chris Wernham. A review of constraints and solutions for collecting raptor samples and contextual data for a European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 793, 148599 .

AMA Style

Maria Dulsat-Masvidal, Rui Lourenço, Silvia Lacorte, Marcello D'Amico, Tamer Albayrak, Jovan Andevski, Arianna Aradis, Emanuel Baltag, Oded Berger-Tal, Philippe Berny, Yael Choresh, Guy Duke, Silvia Espín, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Gunnar T. Hallgrimsson, Veerle Jaspers, Ulf Johansson, Andras Kovacs, Oliver Krone, Madis Leivits, Emma Martínez-López, Rafael Mateo, Paola Movalli, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Richard F. Shore, Jari Valkama, Al Vrezec, Stavros Xirouchakis, Lee A. Walker, Chris Wernham. A review of constraints and solutions for collecting raptor samples and contextual data for a European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 793 ():148599.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Dulsat-Masvidal; Rui Lourenço; Silvia Lacorte; Marcello D'Amico; Tamer Albayrak; Jovan Andevski; Arianna Aradis; Emanuel Baltag; Oded Berger-Tal; Philippe Berny; Yael Choresh; Guy Duke; Silvia Espín; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Gunnar T. Hallgrimsson; Veerle Jaspers; Ulf Johansson; Andras Kovacs; Oliver Krone; Madis Leivits; Emma Martínez-López; Rafael Mateo; Paola Movalli; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Richard F. Shore; Jari Valkama; Al Vrezec; Stavros Xirouchakis; Lee A. Walker; Chris Wernham. 2021. "A review of constraints and solutions for collecting raptor samples and contextual data for a European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility." Science of The Total Environment 793, no. : 148599.

Article
Published: 08 June 2021 in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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The Atacama Desert represents the highest levels of mining exploitation in Chile, which inexorably results in high levels of pollution. Raptors, and particularly scavengers, have shown their usefulness to evaluate exposure to environmental contaminants in polluted scenarios. In this study, we used primary feathers from a local avian scavenger, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, to evaluate the exposure to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in two locations from the southern Atacama Desert (coastal and inland) and a third location from the bordering semiarid region, in northern Chile. All metals were detected in all analyzed samples (n = 54). Mean concentrations in Coastal Atacama were 0.68 ± 0.84 ppm for Cd; 1.97 ± 2.01 ppm for Pb; 59.11 ± 80.69 ppm for Cu; and 107.96 ± 51.00 ppm for Zn, while mean concentrations in Inland Atacama were 0.55 ± 0.42 ppm for Cd; 3.37 ± 2.61 ppm for Pb; 91.66 ± 77.74 ppm for Cu; and 214.03 ± 99.08 ppm for Zn. Mean concentrations in Coastal Coquimbo were 0.63 ± 0.69 ppm for Cd; 1.57 ± 0.92 ppm for Pb; 18.09 ± 6.12 ppm for Cu; and 149.37 ± 105.56 ppm for Zn. These differences could be explained by differences on abundance of mining settlements among areas. According to the literature, these values are very high for all metals, exceeding in some cases those values referred as responsible of health disorders in birds. We strongly recommend further research looking at potential adverse effects caused by heavy metal pollution on the health of human and wildlife populations in the southern Atacama Desert.

ACS Style

G. López-Berenguer; J. M. Pérez-García; A. J. García-Fernández; E. Martínez-López. High Levels of Heavy Metals detected in Feathers of an Avian Scavenger Warn of a High Pollution Risk in the Atacama Desert (Chile). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2021, 81, 227 -235.

AMA Style

G. López-Berenguer, J. M. Pérez-García, A. J. García-Fernández, E. Martínez-López. High Levels of Heavy Metals detected in Feathers of an Avian Scavenger Warn of a High Pollution Risk in the Atacama Desert (Chile). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2021; 81 (2):227-235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. López-Berenguer; J. M. Pérez-García; A. J. García-Fernández; E. Martínez-López. 2021. "High Levels of Heavy Metals detected in Feathers of an Avian Scavenger Warn of a High Pollution Risk in the Atacama Desert (Chile)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81, no. 2: 227-235.

Review
Published: 17 April 2021 in Ecotoxicology
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Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent populations and frequently involved in wildlife and domestic animal poisoning. These poisoning cases (especially for ARs) are a challenge for forensic toxicologists, and adequate post-mortem examination and toxicological analyses become essential for a proper diagnosis. Publications describing different analytical methods for AR analysis in biological samples are growing, and a clear compilation of the overall picture is needed to standardize methodologies in future research. This review aims to compile and compare the analytical procedures applied for AR determination in the literature. Using this information, a scoring system was developed for those techniques using liver and blood as matrices, and the techniques were ranked considering different criteria (i.e. sample amount required, recoveries, limits of quantification (LOQs), number of ARs analysed, points of the calibration curve and multi-class methods). This review shows an overview of the main methods used for AR analysis in forensic toxicology and will help to elucidate future directions to improve multi-residue techniques to detect the ARs involved in wildlife lethal poisoning.

ACS Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Isabel Navas; Pedro María-Mojica; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Pedro Jiménez; María Y. Torres-Chaparro; Antonio J. García-Fernández. Wildlife poisoning: a novel scoring system and review of analytical methods for anticoagulant rodenticide determination. Ecotoxicology 2021, 30, 767 -782.

AMA Style

Irene Valverde, Silvia Espín, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Isabel Navas, Pedro María-Mojica, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Pedro Jiménez, María Y. Torres-Chaparro, Antonio J. García-Fernández. Wildlife poisoning: a novel scoring system and review of analytical methods for anticoagulant rodenticide determination. Ecotoxicology. 2021; 30 (5):767-782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Isabel Navas; Pedro María-Mojica; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Pedro Jiménez; María Y. Torres-Chaparro; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2021. "Wildlife poisoning: a novel scoring system and review of analytical methods for anticoagulant rodenticide determination." Ecotoxicology 30, no. 5: 767-782.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2020 in Toxics
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Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) used to control pest rodents worldwide. SGARs are frequently involved in secondary poisoning in rodent predators due to their persistence and toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the persistence of bromadiolone in liver at different stages of carcass decomposition in experimentally-dosed common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) to understand the possibility of detecting bromadiolone in cases of wildlife poisoning and the potential risk of tertiary poisoning. Twelve individuals were divided into the bromadiolone-dose group (dosed with 55 mg/kg b.w) and the control group. Hepatic bromadiolone concentrations found in each stage of decomposition were: 3000, 2891, 4804, 4245, 8848, and 756 ng/g dry weight at 1–2 h (fresh carcass), 24 h (moderate decomposition), 72 h, 96 h (advanced decomposition), seven days (very advanced decomposition), and 15 days (initial skeletal reduction) after death, respectively. Liver bromadiolone concentrations in carcasses remained relatively stable over the first four days and raised on day 7 of decomposition under the specific conditions of this experiment, presenting a risk of causing tertiary poisoning. However, at the initial skeletal reduction stage, liver bromadiolone concentration declined, which should be considered to interpret toxicological analyses and for proper diagnosis. This experimental study provides for the first time some light to better understand the degradation of SGARs in carcasses in the wild.

ACS Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Isabel Navas; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; María Torres-Chaparro; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio García-Fernández. Temporal Persistence of Bromadiolone in Decomposing Bodies of Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Toxics 2020, 8, 98 .

AMA Style

Irene Valverde, Silvia Espín, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Isabel Navas, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, María Torres-Chaparro, Pedro Jiménez, Pedro María-Mojica, Antonio García-Fernández. Temporal Persistence of Bromadiolone in Decomposing Bodies of Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). Toxics. 2020; 8 (4):98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Isabel Navas; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; María Torres-Chaparro; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio García-Fernández. 2020. "Temporal Persistence of Bromadiolone in Decomposing Bodies of Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)." Toxics 8, no. 4: 98.

Original article
Published: 28 October 2020 in European Journal of Wildlife Research
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One of the most common wildlife crimes involving birds worldwide is malicious poisoning. Post-mortem examination and toxicological analysis are essential for a proper diagnosis of the cause of the poisoning. However, investigators often require an estimate of the time of death, which is best determined by identifying the stage of carcass decomposition. The aim of this article is to propose a scoring method to classify the stages of carcass decomposition and thus provide an estimate of the time of death in small-size raptors. This protocol can be used by practitioners, forensic veterinarians, researchers, authorities and personnel collecting carcasses in order to standardize methods and minimize subjectivity. For this purpose, 12 carcasses of Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) were exposed to external weather conditions (in the period 4–19 July 2019) in Murcia, Southeastern Spain. The ambient temperature and relative humidity, body core temperatures and carcass weights were measured at intervals over the study period. Necropsies were performed (2 birds at each interval) at 1–2 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 7 days and 15 days after death. The necropsy of a previously frozen bird was performed to act as a comparison with non-frozen fresh individuals. Six stages of the post-mortem autolytic process were selected: fresh carcass, moderate decomposition, advanced decomposition, very advanced decomposition, initial skeletal reduction and complete skeletal reduction. To classify the carcasses according to these categories, a scoring method is proposed considering 5 parameters: state of the eyeballs, tongue/oral cavity, pectoral muscle, internal organs and other features. Several parameters affecting the process of the decomposition are discussed.

ACS Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio J. García-Fernández. Protocol to classify the stages of carcass decomposition and estimate the time of death in small-size raptors. European Journal of Wildlife Research 2020, 66, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Irene Valverde, Silvia Espín, Pedro María-Mojica, Antonio J. García-Fernández. Protocol to classify the stages of carcass decomposition and estimate the time of death in small-size raptors. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 2020; 66 (6):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Valverde; Silvia Espín; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2020. "Protocol to classify the stages of carcass decomposition and estimate the time of death in small-size raptors." European Journal of Wildlife Research 66, no. 6: 1-13.

Article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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Mercury (Hg), particularly as methylmercury (MeHg), is a nonessential, persistent, and bioaccumulative toxic element with high biomagnification capacity and is considered a threat to marine environments. We evaluated total Hg concentrations in liver, kidney, and brain in 62 individuals of 9 bird species linked to marine ecosystems from western Mediterranean admitted in a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (WRC) (Alicante, Spain, 2005–2020). Age- and sex-related differences in Hg levels, as well as the cause of admission to the WRC, were also evaluated in certain species. The species studied were: northern gannet (Morus bassanus), European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus), yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), razorbill (Alca torda), common tern (Sterna hirundo), and black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Concentrations in feathers of 27 individuals, and concentrations in internal tissues in 7 other individuals of 7 different species were also reported but not statistically evaluated due to the limited number of samples. Results suggest that individuals were chronically exposed to Hg through diet. The differences in Hg concentrations among species may be explained by their diet habits. Mercury concentrations strongly correlated between tissues (r = 0.78–0.94, p < 0.001, n = 61–62). Some individuals of certain species (i.e., European shag, northern gannet, and great cormorant) showed Hg concentrations close to or above those described in the literature as causing reproductive alterations in other avian species. Consequently, certain individuals inhabiting western Mediterranean could be at risk of suffering long-term, Hg-related effects. Some of the species evaluated are listed within different categories of threat according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and are endangered at a national level, so this study will provide valuable information for assessors and authorities in charge of the management of the environment and pollution.

ACS Style

Silvia Albertos; Neus I. Berenguer; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Pedro Jiménez; María Y. Torres-Chaparro; Irene Valverde; Isabel Navas; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Silvia Espín. Mercury Exposure in Birds Linked to Marine Ecosystems in the Western Mediterranean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2020, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Silvia Albertos, Neus I. Berenguer, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Pedro Jiménez, María Y. Torres-Chaparro, Irene Valverde, Isabel Navas, Pedro María-Mojica, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Silvia Espín. Mercury Exposure in Birds Linked to Marine Ecosystems in the Western Mediterranean. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2020; ():1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvia Albertos; Neus I. Berenguer; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Pedro Jiménez; María Y. Torres-Chaparro; Irene Valverde; Isabel Navas; Pedro María-Mojica; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Silvia Espín. 2020. "Mercury Exposure in Birds Linked to Marine Ecosystems in the Western Mediterranean." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , no. : 1-19.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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Some metals and metalloids (e.g. Pb, Hg, Cd and As) are well-known for their bioaccumulation capacity and their toxic effects on birds, but concerns on other minor elements and rare earth elements (ME and REE) are growing due to their intensive use in modern technology and potential toxicity. Vitamins and carotenoids play essential roles in nestling growth and proper development, and are known to be affected by the metals classically considered as toxic. However, we are unaware of any attempts to evaluate the exposure to 50 elements and related effects in plasma vitamins and carotenoids in raptor species. The main goals of this study are: (i) to assess the exposure to 50 elements (i.e. classic toxic elements, trace elements, REE and ME) in nestling Eagle owls (Bubo bubo) inhabiting three differently polluted environments (mining, industrial and control areas) in southeastern Spain, and (ii) to evaluate how element exposure affects plasma vitamin and carotenoid levels, hematocrit and body measurements (mass and wing length) of the individuals. Our results show that local contamination in the mining area contributes to increased blood concentrations of Pb, As and Tl in nestlings, while diet differences between control and mining/industrial areas may account for the different levels of Mn, Zn, and Sr in blood, and lutein in plasma. Plasma tocopherol levels were increased in the mining-impacted environment, which may be a mechanism of protection to prevent toxic element-related oxidative stress. Plasma α-tocopherol was enhanced by 20% at blood Pb concentrations ≥8 ng/ml, and nestlings exhibited up to 56% increase in α-tocopherol levels when blood Pb concentrations reached 170 ng/ml. Tocopherol seems to be a sensitive biomarker under an exposure to certain toxic elements (e.g. Pb, As, Tl).

ACS Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Mario León-Ortega; José F. Calvo; Pablo R. Camarero; Rafael Mateo; Manuel Zumbado; Octavio P. Luzardo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Silvia Espín. Blood concentrations of 50 elements in Eagle owl (Bubo bubo) at different contamination scenarios and related effects on plasma vitamin levels. Environmental Pollution 2020, 265, 115012 .

AMA Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Mario León-Ortega, José F. Calvo, Pablo R. Camarero, Rafael Mateo, Manuel Zumbado, Octavio P. Luzardo, Tapio Eeva, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Silvia Espín. Blood concentrations of 50 elements in Eagle owl (Bubo bubo) at different contamination scenarios and related effects on plasma vitamin levels. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 265 ():115012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Mario León-Ortega; José F. Calvo; Pablo R. Camarero; Rafael Mateo; Manuel Zumbado; Octavio P. Luzardo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Silvia Espín. 2020. "Blood concentrations of 50 elements in Eagle owl (Bubo bubo) at different contamination scenarios and related effects on plasma vitamin levels." Environmental Pollution 265, no. : 115012.

Journal article
Published: 06 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Pharmaceuticals are still considered emerging pollutants affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Scavenging bird species may be exposed to veterinary drugs when they feed on livestock carcasses provided at supplementary feeding stations, as these are often stocked with ailing and/or recently medicated animals. Because those animals may be a source of several different pharmaceutical compounds, analytical methods to evaluate residue levels and exposure potential should enable detection and quantification of as many different compounds as possible, preferably from small sample volumes. Four different extraction methods were tested to conduct HPLC-MS-TOF analysis of some of the most common veterinary drugs used in livestock in Spain. The method deemed most viable was a simple extraction, using methanol and 100 µL of plasma, that allowed quantification of seven antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine) and five nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (meloxicam, flunixin, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, phenylbutazone). The method was then applied to analysis of 29 Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) nestling samples, wherein enrofloxacin and tolfenamic acid were most commonly detected (69% and 20%, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study including NSAIDs in the exposure assessment of different classes of veterinary pharmaceuticals in live avian scavengers.

ACS Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Guillermo Blanco; Antonio Juan García-Fernández. Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4058 .

AMA Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Guillermo Blanco, Antonio Juan García-Fernández. Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (11):4058.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Guillermo Blanco; Antonio Juan García-Fernández. 2020. "Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4058.

Perspective
Published: 12 May 2020 in Ambio
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Birds of prey, owls and falcons are widely used as sentinel species in raptor biomonitoring programmes. A major current challenge is to facilitate large-scale biomonitoring by coordinating contaminant monitoring activities and by building capacity across countries. This requires sharing, dissemination and adoption of best practices addressed by the Networking Programme Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON) and now being advanced by the ongoing international COST Action European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. The present perspective introduces a schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. We provide guidance on sample collection with a view to increasing sampling capacity across countries, ensuring appropriate quality of samples and facilitating harmonization of procedures to maximize the reliability, comparability and interoperability of data. The here presented protocol can be used by professionals and volunteers as a standard guide to ensure harmonised sampling methods for contaminant monitoring in raptors.

ACS Style

Silvia Espín; Jovan Andevski; Guy Duke; Igor Eulaers; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson; Björn Helander; Dorte Herzke; Veerle L. B. Jaspers; Oliver Krone; Rui Lourenço; Pedro María-Mojica; Emma Martínez-López; Rafael Mateo; Paola Movalli; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Richard F. Shore; Christian Sonne; Nico W. Van Den Brink; Bert Van Hattum; Al Vrezec; Chris Wernham; Antonio J. García-Fernández. A schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. Ambio 2020, 50, 95 -100.

AMA Style

Silvia Espín, Jovan Andevski, Guy Duke, Igor Eulaers, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson, Björn Helander, Dorte Herzke, Veerle L. B. Jaspers, Oliver Krone, Rui Lourenço, Pedro María-Mojica, Emma Martínez-López, Rafael Mateo, Paola Movalli, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Richard F. Shore, Christian Sonne, Nico W. Van Den Brink, Bert Van Hattum, Al Vrezec, Chris Wernham, Antonio J. García-Fernández. A schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. Ambio. 2020; 50 (1):95-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvia Espín; Jovan Andevski; Guy Duke; Igor Eulaers; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson; Björn Helander; Dorte Herzke; Veerle L. B. Jaspers; Oliver Krone; Rui Lourenço; Pedro María-Mojica; Emma Martínez-López; Rafael Mateo; Paola Movalli; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Richard F. Shore; Christian Sonne; Nico W. Van Den Brink; Bert Van Hattum; Al Vrezec; Chris Wernham; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2020. "A schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors." Ambio 50, no. 1: 95-100.

Research article
Published: 30 April 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Geothermal activities (e.g., volcanic eruptions) represent one of the most important natural sources of metal emissions (heavy metals and metalloids). They can be one of the main risks for the ecosystems in regions like North of Argentiniean Patagonia, a sparsely populated area, close to an extensive network of active volcanoes on the Andes Range. The 2011 eruption of the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) has been the largest volcanic event of the last decades. The effects of exposure to ashes on wildlife and humans have been sparsely studied, and only one biomonitoring study has used higher trophic species. The exposure to metals of the species in Patagonia has been poorly studied. The main objectives of our study were to assess metal screening and to evaluate a possible relation between the levels of metals in the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) population and the volcanic activity of the area. We investigated the effects of the eruption of the PCCVC in 2011, using samples of molt primary feathers of the Andean condor, collected in nine roosts around Bariloche, Argentina (maximum distance 85 km). Data available suggest the molt of the primary feathers of the Andean condor has a duration of 6 years. We carried out sampling before (2007, 2009) and after (2017) the volcanic eruption (2011). The feathers sampled in 2017 should have been developed in 2011–2012, reflecting the environmental situation of the period immediately following the eruption of the PCCVC. For the first time, we have screened metals in 48 molted primary feathers of Andean condor, showing the levels of 9 metals and metalloids (Si, Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Pb, Hg). Si, Zn, As, and Cd showed higher levels in the feathers sampled after the eruption. The levels of Cr and Pb (although apparently not related to the volcanic eruption) in some samples are compatible with potential adverse effects in living organisms. The screening results represent an important database (the first for this species) that can be used in in future studies for comparative purposes. •We present the first database of metals in condor feathers, which may be useful for future studies. •Volcanic eruptions might represent an important source of metal and metalloid emissions in this area. •The Andean condor from Argentine Patagonia could be affected by volcanic activity in the area. •Andean condor feathers may be good biomonitoring units of this contamination. •Pb pollution does not seem to be related to the volcano’s eruption.

ACS Style

Alessandro Di Marzio; Sergio Agustín Lambertucci; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Emma Martínez-López. Temporal changes in metal concentrations in Andean condor feathers: a potential influence of volcanic activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 25600 -25611.

AMA Style

Alessandro Di Marzio, Sergio Agustín Lambertucci, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Emma Martínez-López. Temporal changes in metal concentrations in Andean condor feathers: a potential influence of volcanic activity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (20):25600-25611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Di Marzio; Sergio Agustín Lambertucci; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Emma Martínez-López. 2020. "Temporal changes in metal concentrations in Andean condor feathers: a potential influence of volcanic activity." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 20: 25600-25611.

Journal article
Published: 12 April 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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Nightjars are considered human-tolerant species due to the population densities reached in strongly managed landscapes. However, no studies have been done evaluating metal-related effects on physiology, condition or fitness in any nightjar species. The main aim of this study was to evaluate how metal exposure affects physiology and condition in red-necked nightjar (Caprimulgus ruficollis) populations inhabiting three different environments in southeastern Spain: agricultural-urban area (n = 15 individuals), mining area (n = 17) and control area (n = 16). Increased plasma mineral levels (magnesium and calcium) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were observed in breeding females, and ALP was significantly higher in young birds due to bone growth and development. In the mining-impacted environment, nightjars showed decreased retinol (17.3 and 23.6 μM in the mining area and control area), uric acid (28.8 and 48.6 mg/dl in the mining area and control area) and albumin (16.2 and 19.6 g/l in the mining area and control area), probably impaired by a combination of toxic metal exposure and low prey quantity/quality in that area. Moreover, they showed increased plasma tocopherol levels (53.4 and 38.6 μM in the mining area and control area) which may be a response to cope with metal-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Blood concentrations of toxic metals (As, Pb, Cd and Hg) were negatively associated with calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, ALP, total proteins and body condition index. This could lead to metal-related disorders in mineral metabolism and ALP activity that may potentially increase the risk of skeletal pathologies and consequent risk of fractures in the long term, compromising the survival of individuals. Further studies need to be carried out to evaluate potential metal-related effects on the antioxidant status and bone mineralization of nightjars inhabiting mining environments.

ACS Style

Silvia Espín; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; José M. Zamora-Marín; Mario León-Ortega; Pedro Jiménez; Antonio Zamora-López; Pablo R. Camarero; Rafael Mateo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández. Physiological effects of toxic elements on a wild nightjar species. Environmental Pollution 2020, 263, 114568 .

AMA Style

Silvia Espín, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, José M. Zamora-Marín, Mario León-Ortega, Pedro Jiménez, Antonio Zamora-López, Pablo R. Camarero, Rafael Mateo, Tapio Eeva, Antonio J. García-Fernández. Physiological effects of toxic elements on a wild nightjar species. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 263 ():114568.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvia Espín; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; José M. Zamora-Marín; Mario León-Ortega; Pedro Jiménez; Antonio Zamora-López; Pablo R. Camarero; Rafael Mateo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2020. "Physiological effects of toxic elements on a wild nightjar species." Environmental Pollution 263, no. : 114568.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2020
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Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Silvia Espín; Isabel Navas; Emma Martínez-López; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; José Peñalver; Antonio J García-Fernández. Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain). 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Silvia Espín, Isabel Navas, Emma Martínez-López, Pedro Jiménez, Pedro María-Mojica, José Peñalver, Antonio J García-Fernández. Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain). . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Silvia Espín; Isabel Navas; Emma Martínez-López; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; José Peñalver; Antonio J García-Fernández. 2020. "Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain)." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 17 March 2020 in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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Nineteen loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded along the southwestern Mediterranean coastline (Andalusia) were used in this study. A total of 68 samples of fat (n = 18), liver (n = 15), kidney (n = 13), pectoral muscle (n = 19), and brain (n = 3) were analysed for total mercury (Hg) and organochlorine pesticides [OC: ∑Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (∑DDT), ∑Hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH), ∑Heptachlor, ∑Drins and ∑Endosulfan]. These loggerhead sea turtles showed tissue Hg and OC concentrations similar to or lower than those reported in other studies. Few growth-related variations in Hg or OC levels in relation to straight carapace length were found, probably because the specimens were mostly juveniles. This study will help to fill the gap on spatio-temporal exposure data and ascertain the real world-wide picture of the contamination levels in loggerhead sea turtles.

ACS Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Silvia Espín; Isabel Navas; Emma Martínez-López; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; Jose Peñalver; Antonio J. García-Fernández. Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2020, 104, 559 -567.

AMA Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Silvia Espín, Isabel Navas, Emma Martínez-López, Pedro Jiménez, Pedro María-Mojica, Jose Peñalver, Antonio J. García-Fernández. Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2020; 104 (5):559-567.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Silvia Espín; Isabel Navas; Emma Martínez-López; Pedro Jiménez; Pedro María-Mojica; Jose Peñalver; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2020. "Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain)." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 104, no. 5: 559-567.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2020 in Environmental Pollution
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Toxic metals have been widely reported in avian tissues due to their well-known accumulation capacity and adverse effects. However, rare earth elements (REE) and other minor elements (ME) are becoming a new threat due to their use in modern technology. Presently, exposure data are limited and no studies have been reported in wildlife. The order Caprimulgiformes is among the most understudied groups of birds lacking blood ecotoxicological data. One major constraint is the small blood sample volume that can be collected to ensure animal welfare, which limits analyses. In order to shed light on these collective issues, we sampled 48 red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting three different scenarios of contaminant exposure (agricultural-urban area, n = 15; mining area, n = 17; and control area, n = 16) in southeastern Spain, and report for the first time concentrations of 50 elements (i.e. trace elements, ATSDR’s list toxic elements, REE and ME) using a recently developed technique able to analyze them by ICP-MS in very small volumes of blood (130 μL). Concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Mn were significantly higher in individuals captured at the mining area compared to the other sites. Lead levels in the mine site were of particular concern since it was in the range of blood concentrations related to subclinical/clinical effects in other species, and in our study were associated with decreased hematocrit values (up to 44% hematocrit depression at blood concentrations >1000 ng/ml w.w.). Moreover, additive effects related to metal cocktail exposure in the mining area could be expected. Age and gender-related differences in blood concentrations were found for some elements. Even though most REE and ME concentrations were close to the LOQ, some of these emerging contaminants may trigger sublethal effects that, together with the ATSDR’s list toxic elements, need to be carefully evaluated in a future study.

ACS Style

Silvia Espín; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; José M. Zamora-Marín; Mario León-Ortega; Pedro Jiménez; Manuel Zumbado; Octavio P. Luzardo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández. Toxic elements in blood of red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting differently polluted environments. Environmental Pollution 2020, 262, 114334 .

AMA Style

Silvia Espín, Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, José M. Zamora-Marín, Mario León-Ortega, Pedro Jiménez, Manuel Zumbado, Octavio P. Luzardo, Tapio Eeva, Antonio J. García-Fernández. Toxic elements in blood of red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting differently polluted environments. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 262 ():114334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silvia Espín; Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; José M. Zamora-Marín; Mario León-Ortega; Pedro Jiménez; Manuel Zumbado; Octavio P. Luzardo; Tapio Eeva; Antonio J. García-Fernández. 2020. "Toxic elements in blood of red-necked nightjars (Caprimulgus ruficollis) inhabiting differently polluted environments." Environmental Pollution 262, no. : 114334.

Protocol
Published: 17 January 2020 in Methods in Molecular Biology
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Can animals reflect human and environmental health risks? This is a frequently asked question in the research community. Sentinel species are organisms that can provide early warning signs of potential risks to humans, so that preventive measures can be taken in time to avoid serious adverse health consequences. In spite of the well-known cases of use of sentinel species, animals are continuously offering information that in most cases is underestimated or incorrectly interpreted. Many species may be successfully used as sentinels or monitors of environmental and health hazards; however, there is no ideal species for all types of scenarios and conditions. For this reason, the advantages and disadvantages on the use of potential sentinel species and the main characteristics they should gather to be effective sentinels are discussed. Although a wide range of wildlife species are considered good candidates for biomonitoring purposes, bird species are especially suitable as biomonitors of environmental quality and to estimate human health risks. During the last two decades, the effects induced by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on hormone action have been widely tested. Since the mid-twentieth century, it is well-known that humans and wildlife species are simultaneously exposed to multiple chemicals from multiple sources with potential ability to disrupt the endocrine system by different pathways and/or interfere with hormone actions. Moreover, additive effects related to this chemical cocktail exposure could be expected, increasing the potential risks to animal and human health. In addition, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, behavioral, and other chronic effects are observed in wildlife, which are closely linked to human diseases.

ACS Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Emma Martínez-López; Isabel Navas. Wildlife Sentinels for Human and Environmental Health Hazards in Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment. Methods in Molecular Biology 2020, 77 -94.

AMA Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández, Silvia Espín, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Emma Martínez-López, Isabel Navas. Wildlife Sentinels for Human and Environmental Health Hazards in Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2020; ():77-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández; Silvia Espín; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Emma Martínez-López; Isabel Navas. 2020. "Wildlife Sentinels for Human and Environmental Health Hazards in Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment." Methods in Molecular Biology , no. : 77-94.

Protocol
Published: 17 January 2020 in Methods in Molecular Biology
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For an appropriate environmental risk assessment, it is necessary to perform a set of ecotoxicological tests in the different environmental compartments. The number and type of ecotoxicological assays that must be performed to introduce a substance, mixture, or product into the market will depend on the properties and characteristics of the chemical itself, its persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and ecotoxicity. In addition, the intended use also determines the type and number of tests to be performed. During the last decades, the European Union has approved many regulations and directives on chemicals, such as those under REACH Regulation, Biocidal Products, Plant Protection Products, Human and Veterinary medicines, Nanoforms, etc. All of them are subjected to rigorous legislative and regulatory frameworks to ensure human health and the environment and, in some circumstances also, animal health. In addition to these laws focused on the chemicals, there are other crosscutting laws, like the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, or Directive 2004/10/EC on good laboratory practice, which are continuously mentioned in the directives and regulations on chemicals. Finally, the European Union is currently working to implement a strategy for a nontoxic environment, paying special attention to promoting innovation and the development of sustainable substitutes including nonchemical solutions.

ACS Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández. Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment in the Context of Different EU Regulations. Methods in Molecular Biology 2020, 3 -25.

AMA Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández. Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment in the Context of Different EU Regulations. Methods in Molecular Biology. 2020; ():3-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Juan García-Fernández. 2020. "Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment in the Context of Different EU Regulations." Methods in Molecular Biology , no. : 3-25.

Research article
Published: 20 December 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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In this study, we determined the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in back feathers from three raptor species, Phalcoboenus chimango, Milvago chimachima and Caracara plancus. Samples were obtained from live animals and ten OCPs were detected: α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH (lindane), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and p,p′-DDE. The concentrations found were higher than those reported in other raptor species, and C. plancus showed greater values than P. chimango and M. chimachima for all the substances. These differences may be justified by the species feeding habits and the characteristics of the sampling area, since C. plancus were sampled in an area with a higher concentration of agricultural crops and urbanized environments. In relation to the possible negative effects, four individuals of C. plancus presented DDE values related to sublethal effects for other species. This is the first study reporting OCPs in back feathers of these species in Brazil, and further studies evaluating OCP exposure and related effects are important for a better understanding of the consequences of different OCP concentrations on the health of these species.

ACS Style

Gustavo Francisco Aver; Silvia Espín; Renata De Boni Dal Corno; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Maria Virginia Petry. Organochlorine pesticides in feathers of three raptor species in southern Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 27, 5971 -5980.

AMA Style

Gustavo Francisco Aver, Silvia Espín, Renata De Boni Dal Corno, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Maria Virginia Petry. Organochlorine pesticides in feathers of three raptor species in southern Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 27 (6):5971-5980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo Francisco Aver; Silvia Espín; Renata De Boni Dal Corno; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Maria Virginia Petry. 2019. "Organochlorine pesticides in feathers of three raptor species in southern Brazil." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 6: 5971-5980.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Environmental Pollution
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Arsenic (As) is broadly distributed due to natural and anthropogenic sources, and it may cause adverse effects in birds. However, research on other elements (Pb, Hg and Cd) has been prioritized, resulting in scarce data on As exposure and related effects in wild birds. One of the mechanisms responsible for As toxicity is oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if environmentally relevant As levels affected oxidative stress biomarkers in great tits (Parus major). This is the first field experiment studying the effects of As on oxidative stress in wild passerines. Wild great tit nestlings were orally dosed with sodium arsenite (Control: water, Low dose: 0.2 μg g−1 d−1 and High dose: 1 μg g−1 d−1; from day 3 to day 13 post-hatching). We intended to reach As concentrations similar to those at which passerines are exposed to at actual polluted areas. We compared the responses to the experimental manipulations (High, Low and Control groups) with those in an As/metal-exposed population breeding close to a Cu–Ni smelter in Finland (Smelter group). A set of antioxidants (tGSH, GSH:GSSG ratio, CAT, SOD, GST and GPx), and oxidative damage biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine formation in DNA, and telomere length) were explored in blood. Arsenic administration had no significant effect on most of the biomarkers measured: only the CAT activity was lower in the High As group and the GPx activity was enhanced in the Smelter group compared to the Control. Our results suggest that the dose and duration of the As exposure was not enough to induce oxidative damage in red cells of great tit nestlings. In spite of this, nestlings dosed with 1 μg g−1 d−1 of sodium arsenite showed non-significantly higher oxidative stress biomarkers than controls, suggesting that we were close to an effect level for the redox-defense system. Oxidative effects at equivalent As levels combined with other stressors cannot be dismissed.

ACS Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Silvia Espín; Sandra Ruiz; Bineet Panda; Petteri Ilmonen; Sandra L. Schultz; Natalie Karouna-Renier; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Tapio Eeva. Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally-dosed wild great tit nestlings. Environmental Pollution 2019, 259, 113813 .

AMA Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta, Silvia Espín, Sandra Ruiz, Bineet Panda, Petteri Ilmonen, Sandra L. Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Tapio Eeva. Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally-dosed wild great tit nestlings. Environmental Pollution. 2019; 259 ():113813.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pablo Sánchez-Virosta; Silvia Espín; Sandra Ruiz; Bineet Panda; Petteri Ilmonen; Sandra L. Schultz; Natalie Karouna-Renier; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Tapio Eeva. 2019. "Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally-dosed wild great tit nestlings." Environmental Pollution 259, no. : 113813.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2019 in Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Jorge Rosell; Agustín Barragán; María D. Carbonell; Cati Gerique; Miguel Fernández; Valentín Pérez; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Miguel Casares; David Viana; Laura Selva; Joaquín Ortega; Juan M. Corpa. Pathology in Practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2019, 255, 1349 -1352.

AMA Style

Jorge Rosell, Agustín Barragán, María D. Carbonell, Cati Gerique, Miguel Fernández, Valentín Pérez, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Miguel Casares, David Viana, Laura Selva, Joaquín Ortega, Juan M. Corpa. Pathology in Practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2019; 255 (12):1349-1352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Rosell; Agustín Barragán; María D. Carbonell; Cati Gerique; Miguel Fernández; Valentín Pérez; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Miguel Casares; David Viana; Laura Selva; Joaquín Ortega; Juan M. Corpa. 2019. "Pathology in Practice." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 255, no. 12: 1349-1352.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in Behavioural Processes
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Globally, native predators and scavengers are threatened through the incidence of illegal poisoning due to increasing human-wildlife conflicts. The use of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) may mitigate such conflicts. CTA is a robust learning paradigm that occurs when animals associate a food with a discomfort induced by a chemical, thereby avoiding that food in subsequent encounters. We reviewed the potential of 167 chemical compounds to be used in CTA, considering effects, margin of safety, accessibility, and detectability. After the review, 15 compounds fulfilled the required characteristics, but only five (thiabendazole, thiram, levamisole, fluconazole and fluralaner) were finally selected to be tested in CTA assays with dogs. Of the tested compounds, thiabendazole, thiram and levamisole caused target food rejection by dogs and reduced the time spent eating during post-conditioning. However, despite being microencapsulated, levamisole appeared to be detectable by dogs, whereas thiram and thiabendazole were not. Fluconazole and fluralaner did not produce any CTA effect. Thiabendazole, thiram and levamisole can therefore induce CTA, and thus are potential candidates as aversive compounds for wildlife management. Thiram is an undetectable, relatively safe and accessible compound that can induce CTA in canids, and opens new possibilities to develop methods of non-lethal predation control.

ACS Style

Jorge Tobajas; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Pedro María-Mojica; Isabel Navas; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Pablo Ferreras; Rafael Mateo. Selection of new chemicals to be used in conditioned aversion for non-lethal predation control. Behavioural Processes 2019, 166, 103905 .

AMA Style

Jorge Tobajas, Pilar Gómez-Ramírez, Pedro María-Mojica, Isabel Navas, Antonio J. García-Fernández, Pablo Ferreras, Rafael Mateo. Selection of new chemicals to be used in conditioned aversion for non-lethal predation control. Behavioural Processes. 2019; 166 ():103905.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Tobajas; Pilar Gómez-Ramírez; Pedro María-Mojica; Isabel Navas; Antonio J. García-Fernández; Pablo Ferreras; Rafael Mateo. 2019. "Selection of new chemicals to be used in conditioned aversion for non-lethal predation control." Behavioural Processes 166, no. : 103905.