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Dr. Montse Ruiz
University of Jyväskylä

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0 Emotion Regulation
0 Self-regulation
0 emotion
0 sport
0 Sport Psychology

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Correction
Published: 23 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. In the original article

ACS Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Paul R. Appleton; Joan L. Duda; Laura Bortoli; Claudio Robazza. Correction: Ruiz et al. Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4997. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6756 .

AMA Style

Montse C. Ruiz, Paul R. Appleton, Joan L. Duda, Laura Bortoli, Claudio Robazza. Correction: Ruiz et al. Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4997. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):6756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Paul R. Appleton; Joan L. Duda; Laura Bortoli; Claudio Robazza. 2021. "Correction: Ruiz et al. Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4997." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6756.

Journal article
Published: 08 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The coach-created motivational climate influences variations in athletes’ motivation and emotional experiences. The present study aimed to examine social environmental antecedents of athletes’ emotions. Participants (N = 262, 52% female, M age = 22.75 ± 6.92) completed questionnaires assessing perceptions of coach-created motivational climates, goal orientations, motivation regulations, and emotions. The mediation effects of goal orientations (i.e., task/ego) and motivation regulations (i.e., autonomous/controlled) on the relationship between motivational climate (i.e., empowering/disempowering) and emotions (i.e., happiness, excitement, anxiety, dejection, and anger) were examined. Structural equation modeling revealed positive direct effects of perceptions of an empowering motivational climate on happiness. Indirect effects of empowering climate to happiness and excitement via task orientation and autonomous motivation emerged. Perceptions of a disempowering climate positively predicted anxiety, dejection, and anger via ego orientation and controlled motivation. Overall, the findings have implications for coach education as they highlight the importance of creating more empowering environments and avoiding or reducing social comparisons.

ACS Style

Montse Ruiz; Paul Appleton; Joan Duda; Laura Bortoli; Claudio Robazza. Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 4997 .

AMA Style

Montse Ruiz, Paul Appleton, Joan Duda, Laura Bortoli, Claudio Robazza. Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (9):4997.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse Ruiz; Paul Appleton; Joan Duda; Laura Bortoli; Claudio Robazza. 2021. "Social Environmental Antecedents of Athletes’ Emotions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4997.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Psychology of Sport and Exercise
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To develop and validate the Psychobiosocial Experience Semantic Differential scale in sport (PESD-Sport), a new measure to assess discrete emotions and performance-related experiences in sport as conceptualized within the individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF; Hanin, 2000, 2007, 2010) framework. In Study 1, we developed a preliminary 53-item version of the scale using a semantic differential format in the construction of the items pertaining to 12 psychobiosocial modalities. We chose this format to attain a clear representation of psychobiosocial states between opposites along perceived performance functionality (i.e., functional, dysfunctional). The preliminary scale was then administered in a sample of 280 athletes. In Study 2, a 30-item scale derived from Study 1 was cross validated in a second independent sample of 302 athletes. Findings from Study 1 provided preliminary evidence of factorial and construct validity for a 10-modality, 30-item model (3 items for each modality). Findings from Study 2 supported the factor structure of a model containing 30 items loading into 10 modalities (i.e., unpleasant/pleasant emotions, confidence, anxiety, assertiveness, cognitive, bodily-somatic, motor-behavioral, operational, communicative, and social support). Convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the PESD-Sport was also demonstrated. Based on a substantive theoretical framework, this new measure of discrete emotions and performance-related experiences can advance the knowledge on the relationship between psychobiosocial states and performance. The scale could also inform applied interventions aimed at improving psychobiosocial experiences for performance enhancement.

ACS Style

Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Laura Bortoli. Psychobiosocial experiences in sport: Development and initial validation of a semantic differential scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2021, 55, 101963 .

AMA Style

Claudio Robazza, Montse C. Ruiz, Laura Bortoli. Psychobiosocial experiences in sport: Development and initial validation of a semantic differential scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2021; 55 ():101963.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Laura Bortoli. 2021. "Psychobiosocial experiences in sport: Development and initial validation of a semantic differential scale." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 55, no. : 101963.

Original research article
Published: 12 January 2021 in Frontiers in Psychology
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This study explored the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived health behaviors; physical activity, sleep, and diet behaviors, alongside associations with wellbeing. Participants were 1,140 individuals residing in the United Kingdom (n = 230), South Korea (n = 204), Finland (n = 171), Philippines (n = 132), Latin America (n = 124), Spain (n = 112), North America (n = 87), and Italy (n = 80). They completed an online survey reporting possible changes in the targeted behaviors as well as perceived changes in their physical and mental health. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) on the final sample (n = 1,131) revealed significant mean differences regarding perceived physical and mental health “over the last week,” as well as changes in health behaviors during the pandemic by levels of physical activity and country of residence. Follow up analyses indicated that individuals with highest decrease in physical activity reported significantly lower physical and mental health, while those with highest increase in physical activity reported significantly higher increase in sleep and lower weight gain. United Kingdom participants reported lowest levels of physical health and highest increase in weight while Latin American participants reported being most affected by emotional problems. Finnish participants reported significantly higher ratings for physical health. The physical activity by country interaction was significant for wellbeing. MANCOVA also revealed significant differences across physical activity levels and four established age categories. Participants in the oldest category reported being significantly least affected by personal and emotional problems; youngest participants reported significantly more sleep. The age by physical activity interaction was significant for eating. Discussed in light of Hobfoll (1998) conservation of resources theory, findings endorse the policy of advocating physical activity as a means of generating and maintaining resources combative of stress and protective of health.

ACS Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Tracey J. Devonport; Chao-Hwa (Josephine) Chen-Wilson; Wendy Nicholls; Jonathan Y. Cagas; Javier Fernandez-Montalvo; Youngjun Choi; Claudio Robazza. A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology 2021, 11, 608216 .

AMA Style

Montse C. Ruiz, Tracey J. Devonport, Chao-Hwa (Josephine) Chen-Wilson, Wendy Nicholls, Jonathan Y. Cagas, Javier Fernandez-Montalvo, Youngjun Choi, Claudio Robazza. A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021; 11 ():608216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Tracey J. Devonport; Chao-Hwa (Josephine) Chen-Wilson; Wendy Nicholls; Jonathan Y. Cagas; Javier Fernandez-Montalvo; Youngjun Choi; Claudio Robazza. 2021. "A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19." Frontiers in Psychology 11, no. : 608216.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Emotional intelligence is an important variable related to the interaction and functioning of sports teams. The present study examined the relationship between players’ trait emotional intelligence and functional and dysfunctional psychobiosocial states. In particular, we examined the mediating effects of intra-team communication efficacy and role ambiguity in this relationship. The participants were 291 (174 men and 117 women) Italian players involved in various team sports (i.e., futsal, soccer, volleyball, handball, and rugby). They completed a multi-section questionnaire assessing the study variables during the early/middle part of their competitive seasons. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed trait emotional intelligence to positively predict functional psychobiosocial states and negatively predict dysfunctional psychobiosocial states. Effective intra-team communication mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and functional states, while role ambiguity was a mediator of the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and dysfunctional states. Overall, the results highlight the importance of examining trait emotional intelligence as an antecedent of players’ psychobiosocial states in applied sport contexts both in terms of team functioning and individual optimal sport experience.

ACS Style

Rachele Nateri; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Laura Bortoli; Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis; Montse Ruiz. Emotional Intelligence and Psychobiosocial States: Mediating Effects of Intra-Team Communication and Role Ambiguity. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9019 .

AMA Style

Rachele Nateri, Claudio Robazza, Asko Tolvanen, Laura Bortoli, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Montse Ruiz. Emotional Intelligence and Psychobiosocial States: Mediating Effects of Intra-Team Communication and Role Ambiguity. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachele Nateri; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Laura Bortoli; Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis; Montse Ruiz. 2020. "Emotional Intelligence and Psychobiosocial States: Mediating Effects of Intra-Team Communication and Role Ambiguity." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9019.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Youth sport experience provides opportunities for physical, personal, and social development in youngsters. Sport is a social system in which socially constructed gender differences and stereotypes are incorporated, and specific sport activities are often perceived as gender characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between some salient physical and emotional self-perceptions and the type of sport practiced. A sample of 261 female athletes, aged 14–21 years (Mage = 15.59, SD = 2.00), practicing different sports, categorized as feminine (e.g., artistic and rhythmic gymnastics), masculine (e.g., soccer and rugby), or neutral (e.g., track and field and tennis), took part in a cross-sectional study. Significant differences were observed between aesthetic sports and other types of sports. Athletes involved in aesthetic sports reported the lowest values in their feelings of confidence and the highest values in feelings of worry related to competition. This may be attributed to the evaluation system of aesthetic sports, in which the athlete’s performance is evaluated by a jury. At the same time, they reported low values of dysfunctional psychobiosocial states associated with their general sport experience, likely because of their physical appearance close to the current body social standards for girls. Notwithstanding the differences by type of sport, athletes of all disciplines reported high mean values of functional psychobiosocial states, suggesting that their overall sporting experience was good.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Stefania Cataldi; Francesco Fischetti; Laura Bortoli. Gender-Typed Sport Practice, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Performance-Related Emotions in Adolescent Girls. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8518 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Claudio Robazza, Montse C. Ruiz, Stefania Cataldi, Francesco Fischetti, Laura Bortoli. Gender-Typed Sport Practice, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Performance-Related Emotions in Adolescent Girls. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Stefania Cataldi; Francesco Fischetti; Laura Bortoli. 2020. "Gender-Typed Sport Practice, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Performance-Related Emotions in Adolescent Girls." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8518.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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With the current obesity epidemic and the decline of fitness among school-aged children, the importance of obesity interventions to promote physical activity and healthy habits has become indisputable. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a school-based multicomponent intervention in increasing physical activity (PA) levels, actual physical abilities, and perceived physical abilities in clinical and nonclinical samples of overweight/obese boys and girls aged 10–12 years. The clinical intervention group (n = 35) participated in a 7-month after-school program in addition to curricular physical education lessons, while the nonclinical control group (n = 29) received usual curricular lessons. Measures included levels of PA and fitness and individual’s perceptions of physical ability. After treatment, the intervention group showed improved PA levels, perceived physical ability, and throwing and jumping task performances compared to the control group. Results indicate that a multicomponent program can improve levels of PA, fitness, and perceived competence of overweight participants. Findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive healthy lifestyle program that includes physical, psychosocial, and behavioral factors and suggest practical implications for educators, trainers, and teachers in identifying best practices targeting childhood obesity.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Laura Bortoli; Irene Rutigliano; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi. Physical Activity and Physical Competence in Overweight and Obese Children: An Intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6370 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Claudio Robazza, Laura Bortoli, Irene Rutigliano, Montse C. Ruiz, Angelo Campanozzi. Physical Activity and Physical Competence in Overweight and Obese Children: An Intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (17):6370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Laura Bortoli; Irene Rutigliano; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi. 2020. "Physical Activity and Physical Competence in Overweight and Obese Children: An Intervention Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6370.

Book
Published: 10 August 2020 in Feelings in Sport
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Feeling states, including emotional experiences, are pervasive to human functioning. Feeling states deeply influence the individual’s effort, attention, decision making, memory, behavioural responses, and interpersonal interactions. The sporting environment offers an ideal setting for the development of research questions and applied interventions to improve the well-being and well-functioning of the people involved. This ground-breaking book is the first to offer cutting-edge knowledge about contemporary theoretical, methodological, and applied issues with the contributions of leading researchers and practitioners in the field. Feeling states in sports are comprehensively covered by adopting an international and multi-disciplinary perspective. Part I covers most relevant conceptual frameworks, including emotion-centred and action-centred approaches, challenge and threat evaluations, an evolutionary approach to emotions, and the role of passion in the experience of emotion. Part II focuses on interpersonal aspects related to emotions and regulation, encompassing social and interpersonal emotion influence and regulation, social identity and group-based emotions, and performance experiences in teams. Part III presents applied indications surrounding emotional intelligence training, and emotional regulation strategies including imagery, self-talk, the use of music, mindfulness, motor skills execution under pressure, self-regulation in endurance sports, and the use of technology. Finally, Part IV examines issues related to athlete well-being, including the role of emotions in sport injury, emotional eating, and mental recovery. Feelings in Sport: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications for Performance and Well-being is an essential source for sport psychology practitioners, researchers, sports coaches, undergraduate and postgraduate students.

ACS Style

Montse Ruiz. Feelings in Sport. Feelings in Sport 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Montse Ruiz. Feelings in Sport. Feelings in Sport. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse Ruiz. 2020. "Feelings in Sport." Feelings in Sport , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Sport participation in youngsters has been associated with long-lasting psychosocial and health-related benefits as well as increased levels of physical exercise in adulthood. The objective of this study was to examine some psychological factors of fundamental importance in enhancing sport participation and preventing burnout. A sample of 520 girls and boys aged 13–18 years, practicing individual or team sports, took part in a cross-sectional study to assess basic psychological need satisfaction, psychobiosocial states, and burnout symptoms. The specific purpose was to examine the mediation effects of emotion-related (i.e., functional/dysfunctional) psychobiosocial states on the relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy-choice, competence, and relatedness) and burnout symptoms (i.e., emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation). Competence need satisfaction was found to be the most influential variable, with direct and indirect effects on burnout components, in particular, on a reduced sense of sport accomplishment. Overall, findings support the usefulness of investigating psychobiosocial states in youth sport and indicate that functional psychobiosocial states, as consequences of environmental motivational aspects, can have a significant effect on contrasting burnout symptoms.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza. Psychobiosocial States as Mediators of the Effects of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction on Burnout Symptoms in Youth Sport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4447 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Laura Bortoli, Montse C. Ruiz, Claudio Robazza. Psychobiosocial States as Mediators of the Effects of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction on Burnout Symptoms in Youth Sport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4447.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza. 2020. "Psychobiosocial States as Mediators of the Effects of Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction on Burnout Symptoms in Youth Sport." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4447.

Research article
Published: 13 May 2020 in PLoS ONE
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The aims of this study were (1) to investigate whether 6−7-year-old children are accurate in perceiving their actual movement competence, and (2) to examine possible age- and gender-related differences. A total of 603 children (301 girls and 302 boys, aged 6 to 7 years) were assessed on the execution accuracy of six locomotor skills and six object control skills using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). The perceived competence of the same skills, plus six active play activities, was also gauged through the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence (PMSC-2). The factorial validity of the TGMD-2 and PMSC-2 scales was preliminarily ascertained using a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. The relationships between the latent factors of the two instruments were then assessed. Gender and age differences were also examined. The factorial validity of the TGMD-2 and the PMSC-2 was confirmed after some adjustments. A subsequent analysis of the relationship between the latent factors (i.e., locomotor skills and object control) of the two instruments yielded very low estimates. Finally, boys and older children showed better competence in object control skills compared to their counterparts. Weak associations between actual and perceived competence suggest that inaccuracy in children’s perceptions can be likely due to a still limited development of cognitive skills needed for the evaluation of the own competence. From an applied perspective, interventions aimed at improving actual motor competence may also increase children’s self-perceived motor competence and their motivation toward physical activity.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi; Claudio Robazza. Actual and perceived motor competence: Are children accurate in their perceptions? PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233190 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Laura Bortoli, Montse C. Ruiz, Angelo Campanozzi, Claudio Robazza. Actual and perceived motor competence: Are children accurate in their perceptions? PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (5):e0233190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi; Claudio Robazza. 2020. "Actual and perceived motor competence: Are children accurate in their perceptions?" PLoS ONE 15, no. 5: e0233190.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Sustainability
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The obesity epidemic and the decline of fitness among children highlights the need for suitable interventions designed to promote Physical Activity (PA) and healthy habits. The purpose of our pilot study was to assess the feasibility of a school-based program among overweight and obese children, by examining changes in their body composition, PA, physical fitness, and some psychosocial determinants of active behavior. An additional objective was to investigate the reciprocal relationship over time between PA and body image. Self-reported PA and health-related fitness tests were administered to 18 overweight and obese children (11.3 ± 0.4 years), before and after a 6-month intervention including nutritional education, skill-learning, playful physical activities, and exercise training. Participants were assessed on body composition, perceived physical ability, body image, and pleasant and unpleasant psychobiosocial states towards PA. After treatment, children showed decreased body mass index, body fat percentage, arm and waist circumferences, and skinfold thickness. Actual and perceived physical abilities, body image, and PA also improved over six months. Cross-lagged correlations suggest body image to be an antecedent to being physically active. Results showed that the multi-component school program may have sustainable benefits in reducing adiposity indicators and improving exercise adherence, physical fitness, and psychological well-being.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Irene Rutigliano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi. Changes in Physical Activity, Motor Performance, and Psychosocial Determinants of Active Behavior in Children: A Pilot School-Based Obesity Program. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1128 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Claudio Robazza, Irene Rutigliano, Laura Bortoli, Montse C. Ruiz, Angelo Campanozzi. Changes in Physical Activity, Motor Performance, and Psychosocial Determinants of Active Behavior in Children: A Pilot School-Based Obesity Program. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1128.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Claudio Robazza; Irene Rutigliano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Angelo Campanozzi. 2020. "Changes in Physical Activity, Motor Performance, and Psychosocial Determinants of Active Behavior in Children: A Pilot School-Based Obesity Program." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1128.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2019 in European Journal of Psychological Assessment
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This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) scale in the assessment of situational performance-related experiences. We administered the scale to 483 Finnish athletes before a practice session to assess the intensity and perceived impact of their performance-related feeling states. The hypothesized two-factor structure indicating functional effects (10 items) and dysfunctional effects (10 items) toward performance was examined via exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Regarding the intensity and perceived impact dimensions of reported states, ESEM and CFA showed a good fit for a two-factor solution of a 14-item PBS-S scale (seven functional and seven dysfunctional items). For both intensity and impact ratings, core state functional modalities were bodily, cognitive, and volitional, while core state dysfunctional modalities were volitional, operational, and anxiety. Findings support the use of a 14-item PBS-S scale to measure a range of preperformance states.

ACS Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Juri Hanin. The Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2019, 35, 658 -665.

AMA Style

Montse C. Ruiz, Claudio Robazza, Asko Tolvanen, Juri Hanin. The Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2019; 35 (5):658-665.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Juri Hanin. 2019. "The Psychobiosocial States (PBS-S) Scale." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 5: 658-665.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2019 in PeerJ
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BackgroundSelf-efficacy and enjoyment are two main constructs proposed within many motivational theories in any human endeavor, sport and physical activity included.MethodsThe purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of two pictorial scales measuring self-efficacy and enjoyment levels in a sample of 14,035 Italian schoolchildren (7,075 boys and 6,960 girls, 6- to 7-year-olds). An important feature of the two scales is that they are in a pictorial format in order to prompt a straightforward understanding in children. The whole sample was randomly split in two subsamples according to gender and age and the factor structure of the measures was examined across subsamples.ResultsData were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, which yielded satisfactory fit indices on the measures of both subsamples. Overall findings supported the single factor structure of the scales, which can be easily administered to 6- to 7-year-old children to assess two relevant psychological constructs in physical education.

ACS Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Francesca Vitali; Claudio Robazza; Montse Ruiz. Self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity in children: factorial validity of two pictorial scales. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7402 .

AMA Style

Milena Morano, Laura Bortoli, Montse C. Ruiz, Francesca Vitali, Claudio Robazza, Montse Ruiz. Self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity in children: factorial validity of two pictorial scales. PeerJ. 2019; 7 ():e7402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Milena Morano; Laura Bortoli; Montse C. Ruiz; Francesca Vitali; Claudio Robazza; Montse Ruiz. 2019. "Self-efficacy and enjoyment of physical activity in children: factorial validity of two pictorial scales." PeerJ 7, no. : e7402.

Original research article
Published: 22 March 2019 in Frontiers in Psychology
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This two-wave study investigated the temporal interplay between motivation and the intensity and reported impact of athletes’ emotions in training settings. In total, 217 athletes completed self-report measures of motivational climate, motivation regulations, emotional states (i.e., pleasant states, anger, and anxiety) experienced before practice at two time points during a 3-month period. Latent change score modeling revealed significantly negative paths from task-involving climate at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of dysfunctional anxiety and anger, and significantly positive paths from ego-involving climate at time 1 to the latent change in dysfunctional anger (i.e., intensity and reported impact). The paths from controlled motivation at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of dysfunctional anxiety and vice versa were significantly positive. The path from controlled motivation at time 1 to the latent change in the intensity of functional anger was significantly positive, but not vice versa. In addition, the paths from dysfunctional anger (i.e., intensity and reported impact) at time 1 to the latent change in motivation regulations were significant, but not vice versa. Overall, evidence provided suggested that the temporal interplay of motivation and emotions is contingent on the specific emotions. The findings highlight the role of coach-created motivational climate and the importance of identifying high levels of controlled motivation to help athletes better adapt to psychological stress.

ACS Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Saara Haapanen; Joan L. Duda. Coach-Created Motivational Climate and Athletes’ Adaptation to Psychological Stress: Temporal Motivation-Emotion Interplay. Frontiers in Psychology 2019, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Montse C. Ruiz, Claudio Robazza, Asko Tolvanen, Saara Haapanen, Joan L. Duda. Coach-Created Motivational Climate and Athletes’ Adaptation to Psychological Stress: Temporal Motivation-Emotion Interplay. Frontiers in Psychology. 2019; 10 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza; Asko Tolvanen; Saara Haapanen; Joan L. Duda. 2019. "Coach-Created Motivational Climate and Athletes’ Adaptation to Psychological Stress: Temporal Motivation-Emotion Interplay." Frontiers in Psychology 10, no. : 1.

Original research article
Published: 06 December 2018 in Frontiers in Psychology
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The purpose of this cross-sectional investigation was to examine the item characteristics, factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and nomological validity of the Psychobiosocial States in Physical Education (PBS-SPE) scale. In Study 1, a sample of 1,030 students (582 girls and 448 boys, 10 to 19-year-olds), drawn from middle or high schools, rated the intensity of the 20 items version of the PBS-SPE scale thinking about the feelings they had usually experienced in physical education classes. In Study 2, an additional sample of 1,025 students (578 girls, 447 boys, 10 to 19-year-olds), rated the 16 items of the final version of the scale. Two subsamples also completed an affective-related measure (i.e., the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale) and two motivation scales often used in the physical education domain (i.e., the Teacher-Initiated Motivational Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire and the Situational Motivation Scale). Exploratory structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analyses of the data showed that a two-factor, 16-item solution (i.e., 8 pleasant/functional items and 8 unpleasant/dysfunctional items) of the PBS-SPE scale reached satisfactory fit indices. Multi-group comparisons provided support for measurement and structural invariance across samples, gender, and age. Convergent and nomological validity was also upheld. Overall, the findings offer support for the use of a new instrument in the assessment of PBS-SPE settings.

ACS Style

Laura Bortoli; Francesca Vitali; Rossana Di Battista; Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza. Initial Validation of the Psychobiosocial States in Physical Education (PBS-SPE) Scale. Frontiers in Psychology 2018, 9, 2446 .

AMA Style

Laura Bortoli, Francesca Vitali, Rossana Di Battista, Montse C. Ruiz, Claudio Robazza. Initial Validation of the Psychobiosocial States in Physical Education (PBS-SPE) Scale. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9 ():2446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Bortoli; Francesca Vitali; Rossana Di Battista; Montse C. Ruiz; Claudio Robazza. 2018. "Initial Validation of the Psychobiosocial States in Physical Education (PBS-SPE) Scale." Frontiers in Psychology 9, no. : 2446.

Reference entry
Published: 30 July 2018 in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology
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Emotions are multifaceted subjective feelings that reflect expected, current, or past interactions with the environment. They involve sets of interrelated psychological processes, encompassing affective, cognitive, motivational, physiological, and expressive or behavioral components. Emotions play a fundamental role in human adaptation and performance by improving sensory intake, detection of relevant stimuli, readiness for behavioral responses, decision-making, memory, and interpersonal interactions. These beneficial effects enhance human health and performance in any endeavor, including sport, work, and the arts. However, emotions can also be maladaptive. Their beneficial or maladaptive effects depend on their content, time of occurrence, and intensity level. Emotional self-regulation refers to the processes by which individuals modify the type, quality, time course, and intensity of their emotions. Individuals attempt to regulate their emotions to attain beneficial effects, to deal with unfavorable circumstances, or both. Emotional self-regulation occurs when persons monitor the emotions they are experiencing and try to modify or maintain them. It can be automatic or effortful, conscious or unconscious. The process model of emotion regulation provides a framework for the classification of antecedent- and response-focused regulation processes. These processes are categorized according to the point at which they have their primary impact in the emotion generative process: situation selection (e.g., confrontation and avoidance), situation modification (e.g., direct situation modification, support-seeking, and conflict resolution), attentional deployment (e.g., distraction, concentration, and mindfulness), cognitive change (e.g., self-efficacy appraisals, challenge/threat appraisals, positive reappraisal, and acceptance), and response modulation (e.g., regulation of experience, arousal regulation, and expressive suppression). In addition to the process model of emotion regulation, other prominent approaches provide useful insights to the study of adaptation and self-regulation for performance enhancement. These include the strength model of self-control, the dual-process theories, the biopsychosocial model, the attentional control theory, and the individual zones of optimal functioning model. Based on the latter model, emotion-centered and action-centered interrelated strategies have been proposed for self-regulation in sport. Within this framework, performers identify, regulate, and optimize their functional and dysfunctional emotions and their most relevant components of functional performance patterns.

ACS Style

Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz. Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Claudio Robazza, Montse C. Ruiz. Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz. 2018. "Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in International Sport Coaching Journal
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Considering the limited attention paid to interpersonal aspects of emotions, this study explored coaches’ perceptions of athletes’ performance-related states and how they used this information for its regulation. Using a case study approach, three coach-athlete dyads from competitive tennis took part in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Individualized profiling of psychobiosocial states was used to assess athletes’ states in most and least successful performances and as a way of data triangulation. Findings indicated that the coaches paid attention to bodily, motor-behavioural, and operational components of a performance state, and used this information to appropriately adapt their responses to the players’ needs, via the provision of positive reinforcement, and performance-related feedback. The coaches described themselves as calm, patient, and understanding; characteristics that appeared to be vital for the coach-athlete relationship and the coaches’ emotional competence. Findings are discussed within the contexts of emotion regulation and coach-athlete relationship, and how they might be useful to help coaches develop emotional competence.

ACS Style

Stephanie Mueller; Montse C. Ruiz; Stiliani "ani" Chroni. Coaches’ Perceptions of Athletes’ Psychobiosocial States: The Case of Three Tennis Coach-Athlete Dyads. International Sport Coaching Journal 2018, 5, 156 -168.

AMA Style

Stephanie Mueller, Montse C. Ruiz, Stiliani "ani" Chroni. Coaches’ Perceptions of Athletes’ Psychobiosocial States: The Case of Three Tennis Coach-Athlete Dyads. International Sport Coaching Journal. 2018; 5 (2):156-168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephanie Mueller; Montse C. Ruiz; Stiliani "ani" Chroni. 2018. "Coaches’ Perceptions of Athletes’ Psychobiosocial States: The Case of Three Tennis Coach-Athlete Dyads." International Sport Coaching Journal 5, no. 2: 156-168.

Research article
Published: 26 April 2018 in PLOS ONE
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The purpose of the study was to examine psychobiosocial states, cognitive functions, endocrine responses (i.e., salivary cortisol and chromogranin A), and performance under competitive pressure in orienteering athletes. The study was grounded in the individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) and biopsychosocial models. Fourteen junior orienteering athletes (7 girls and 7 boys), ranging in age from 15 to 20 years (M = 16.93, SD = 1.77) took part in a two-day competitive event. To enhance competitive pressure, emphasis was placed on the importance of the competition and race outcome. Psychophysiological and performance data were collected at several points before, during, and after the races. Results showed that an increase in cortisol levels was associated with competitive pressure and reflected in higher perceived exertion (day 1, r = .32; day 2, r = .46), higher intensity of dysfunctional states (day 1, r = .59; day 2, r = .55), lower intensity of functional states (day 1, r = -.36; day 2, r = -.33), and decay in memory (day 1, r = -.27; day 2, r = -.35), visual attention (day 1, r = -.56; day 2, r = -.35), and attention/mental flexibility (day 1, r = .16; day 2, r = .26) tasks. The second day we observed better performance times, lower intensity of dysfunctional states, lower cortisol levels, improved visual attention and attention/mental flexibility (p < .050). Across the two competition days, chromogranin A levels were higher (p < .050) on the most difficult loops of the race in terms of both physical and psychological demands. Findings suggest emotional, cognitive, psychophysiological, and performance variables to be related and to jointly change across different levels of cognitive and physical load. Overall results are discussed in light of the IZOF and biopsychosocial models. The procedure adopted in the study also supports the feasibility of including additional cognitive load for possible practical applications.

ACS Style

Claudio Robazza; Pascal Izzicupo; Maria Angela D’Amico; Barbara Ghinassi; Maria Chiara Crippa; Vincenzo Di Cecco; Montse C. Ruiz; Laura Bortoli; Angela Di Baldassarre. Psychophysiological responses of junior orienteers under competitive pressure. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0196273 .

AMA Style

Claudio Robazza, Pascal Izzicupo, Maria Angela D’Amico, Barbara Ghinassi, Maria Chiara Crippa, Vincenzo Di Cecco, Montse C. Ruiz, Laura Bortoli, Angela Di Baldassarre. Psychophysiological responses of junior orienteers under competitive pressure. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (4):e0196273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudio Robazza; Pascal Izzicupo; Maria Angela D’Amico; Barbara Ghinassi; Maria Chiara Crippa; Vincenzo Di Cecco; Montse C. Ruiz; Laura Bortoli; Angela Di Baldassarre. 2018. "Psychophysiological responses of junior orienteers under competitive pressure." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4: e0196273.

Original articles
Published: 08 February 2018 in International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
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The purpose of this multi-sample study was to examine the psychometric characteristics, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the hard-copy and web-based versions of a measure of sport imagery ability, termed Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM). In the first sample, Spanish athletes (N = 274, 161 men, 113 women, Mage = 21.91, SD = 6.67) completed a hard-copy version of the SIAM. A newly developed web-based version of the SIAM was cross validated in an independent group (N = 266, 147 men, 119 women, Mage = 25.93, SD = 9.84). A small group of participants (n = 16) completed both versions. Exploratory structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis of the data from the hard-copy version showed that a 3-factor (i.e. generation, feeling, and single senses) solution of the SIAM reached satisfactory fit indices. The 3-factor solution showed good fit to the data obtained through the web-based version of the SIAM. Multi-group comparisons provided support for measurement invariance across gender and competitive level. Evidence of full invariance of factor loadings was obtained for both formats of administration indicating that the factor structure was held across groups, while partial invariance was seen for item intercepts indicating inequality in the intercepts of some indicators.

ACS Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Anthony P. Watt; Natalia Palacios Samper; Tony Morris. Cross validation of hard-copy and web-based formats of the Sport Imagery Ability Measure. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2018, 17, 647 -658.

AMA Style

Montse C. Ruiz, Anthony P. Watt, Natalia Palacios Samper, Tony Morris. Cross validation of hard-copy and web-based formats of the Sport Imagery Ability Measure. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2018; 17 (6):647-658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Montse C. Ruiz; Anthony P. Watt; Natalia Palacios Samper; Tony Morris. 2018. "Cross validation of hard-copy and web-based formats of the Sport Imagery Ability Measure." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 17, no. 6: 647-658.

Research article
Published: 06 February 2018 in European Physical Education Review
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Grounded in achievement goal theory and basic psychological needs theory, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of the interaction of perceived motivational climate in physical education with psychological needs satisfaction (relatedness, competence and autonomy) and psychobiosocial states on student intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity. Participants ( N = 470 Italian students, 287 boys and 183 girls, aged 16–19 years) completed the Teacher-Initiated Motivational Climate in Physical Education Questionnaire, the Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale in Physical Education, the Psychobiosocial States Questionnaire, and a measure of intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity. Structural equation modelling analysis indicated that a perceived task-involving climate was related to intention to engage in physical activity through the serial mediation of competence need satisfaction and pleasant/functional psychobiosocial states. The findings highlight the importance of task-involving climate and competence need satisfaction in determining pleasant emotional states and, consequently, in promoting leisure-time physical activity. Teachers should apply curricular and pedagogical strategies that aim to create a task-involving motivational climate, make movement experiences personally meaningful and pleasant and therefore stimulate students to adopt an active lifestyle.

ACS Style

Rossana Di Battista; Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Maurizio Bertollo; Francesca Vitali; Laura Bortoli. Student intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity: The interplay of task-involving climate, competence need satisfaction and psychobiosocial states in physical education. European Physical Education Review 2018, 25, 761 -777.

AMA Style

Rossana Di Battista, Claudio Robazza, Montse C. Ruiz, Maurizio Bertollo, Francesca Vitali, Laura Bortoli. Student intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity: The interplay of task-involving climate, competence need satisfaction and psychobiosocial states in physical education. European Physical Education Review. 2018; 25 (3):761-777.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rossana Di Battista; Claudio Robazza; Montse C. Ruiz; Maurizio Bertollo; Francesca Vitali; Laura Bortoli. 2018. "Student intention to engage in leisure-time physical activity: The interplay of task-involving climate, competence need satisfaction and psychobiosocial states in physical education." European Physical Education Review 25, no. 3: 761-777.