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Bruce C. Anderson
Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada

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Research article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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CH4 flux measured by a portable chamber using an infrared analyzer was compared with the flux by static chamber measurement for CW at 13 different sites from May 2012 to May 2017 in the Living Water Garden (LWG) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, over 4 timescales (daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual). During the measurement period, a total of 1443 data were collected. CH4 fluxes were measured using the portable chamber method and the results showed that the annual mean and median CH4 flux values in the LWG were 17.4 mg m−2 h−1 and 6.2 mg m−2 h−1, respectively, ranging from − 19.7 to 98.0 mg m−2 h−1. Cumulative CH4 emissions for LWG ranged from − 0.17 to 0.86 kg m−2 year−1. Global warming potential (GWP, 25.7 kg CO2eq m−2 year−1) was at a high level, which means that the LWG was a source of CH4 emissions. Significant temporal variations on the 4 timescales were observed. And the asymmetry of measurement uncertainty of CH4 flux increases with the timescale. Although the total mean CH4 flux measured by the portable chamber method was 42.1% lower than that of the static chamber method, the temporal variation trends of CH4 flux were similar. The uncertainty of CH4 flux measured in portable chamber was more symmetrical than that in static chamber. These results suggest that the portable chamber method has considerable value as a long-term measurement method for CH4 flux temporal variations.

ACS Style

Ru Xue; Xiaoling Liu; Xiaoying Fu; Hongbing Luo; Ke Zhang; Bruce C. Anderson; Mei Li; Bo Huang; Lijuan Yu; Xiaoting Li; Shuzhi Fu; Aiping Pu; Liangqian Fan; Wei Chen. Characteristics of methane emissions in the Living Water Garden in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2017. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 39531 -39546.

AMA Style

Ru Xue, Xiaoling Liu, Xiaoying Fu, Hongbing Luo, Ke Zhang, Bruce C. Anderson, Mei Li, Bo Huang, Lijuan Yu, Xiaoting Li, Shuzhi Fu, Aiping Pu, Liangqian Fan, Wei Chen. Characteristics of methane emissions in the Living Water Garden in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2017. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (31):39531-39546.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ru Xue; Xiaoling Liu; Xiaoying Fu; Hongbing Luo; Ke Zhang; Bruce C. Anderson; Mei Li; Bo Huang; Lijuan Yu; Xiaoting Li; Shuzhi Fu; Aiping Pu; Liangqian Fan; Wei Chen. 2020. "Characteristics of methane emissions in the Living Water Garden in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2017." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 31: 39531-39546.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Plants
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The microbial characteristics of four vegetated and one unplanted wood-chip bioreactors treating greenhouse effluent were investigated in a continuous experiment operated for over 2.5 years. The bioreactors were designed to reduce nitrate concentrations via naturally induced microbial denitrification. The vegetation type and reactor depth were both found to be significant factors in defining the mixed microbial activity. However, a consistent correlation between the abundance of the denitrifying communities and reactor depth could not be found across all reactors. The media samples from the unit planted with Typha angustifolia displayed higher microbial activities compared with the other reactors. This plant’s root-associated bacteria also demonstrated the greatest copies of the denitrifying genes nirK and nosZ. The most abundant denitrifier communities and those encoding the nosZ gene were found in the unplanted reactor, followed by the T. angustifolia unit. The T. angustifolia reactor demonstrated greater microbial activity and denitrification capacity at the depth of 20 cm, while the greatest denitrification capacity in the unplanted reactor was found at the depth of 60 cm. These findings indicated the importance of the T. angustifolia rhizosphere to support microbial community establishment and growth in the vicinity of the plant’s roots, although those populations may eventually develop in an unplanted environment.

ACS Style

Soheil Fatehi-Pouladi; Bruce C. Anderson; Brent Wootton; Sarah J. Wallace; Sonja Bissegger; Lloyd Rozema; Kela P. Weber. Influence of Plant Species on Microbial Activity and Denitrifier Population Development in Vegetated Denitrifying Wood-Chip Bioreactors. Plants 2020, 9, 289 .

AMA Style

Soheil Fatehi-Pouladi, Bruce C. Anderson, Brent Wootton, Sarah J. Wallace, Sonja Bissegger, Lloyd Rozema, Kela P. Weber. Influence of Plant Species on Microbial Activity and Denitrifier Population Development in Vegetated Denitrifying Wood-Chip Bioreactors. Plants. 2020; 9 (3):289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soheil Fatehi-Pouladi; Bruce C. Anderson; Brent Wootton; Sarah J. Wallace; Sonja Bissegger; Lloyd Rozema; Kela P. Weber. 2020. "Influence of Plant Species on Microbial Activity and Denitrifier Population Development in Vegetated Denitrifying Wood-Chip Bioreactors." Plants 9, no. 3: 289.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Water
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In this study, the short-term effects of NaCl stress on the free amino acid content and composition of root exudates of Phragmites australis were evaluated. Nineteen amino acid types were detected in all samples. The results indicated that NaCl significantly influenced the total amino acid (TotAA) content. The TotAA content at 6‰ salinity (1098.79 μM g−1 DW) was up to 24 times higher than that in the control group (45.97 μM g−1 DW) but decreased to 106.32 μM g−1 DW at 6‰ salinity in the first hour. The stress period also significantly affected the TotAA content. After 4 h of stress, the TotAA content of the control and 1‰ salinity groups increased by approximately 30- and 14-fold, and those of the 3‰ and 6‰ groups decreased to 60% and 37%, respectively. The increase in TotAA content was primarily caused by the increase in proline content; the proportion of proline accounted for 58.05% of the TotAA content at 3‰ salinity level in 2 h. Most amino acids showed a significant positive correlation with each other, but proline and methionine showed a different trend. Therefore, the proline level is a useful indicator of salt stress in Phragmites australis, especially in saltwater wetlands.

ACS Style

En Xie; Xuejing Wei; Aizhong Ding; Lei Zheng; Xiaona Wu; Bruce Anderson. Short-Term Effects of Salt Stress on the Amino Acids of Phragmites australis Root Exudates in Constructed Wetlands. Water 2020, 12, 569 .

AMA Style

En Xie, Xuejing Wei, Aizhong Ding, Lei Zheng, Xiaona Wu, Bruce Anderson. Short-Term Effects of Salt Stress on the Amino Acids of Phragmites australis Root Exudates in Constructed Wetlands. Water. 2020; 12 (2):569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

En Xie; Xuejing Wei; Aizhong Ding; Lei Zheng; Xiaona Wu; Bruce Anderson. 2020. "Short-Term Effects of Salt Stress on the Amino Acids of Phragmites australis Root Exudates in Constructed Wetlands." Water 12, no. 2: 569.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2019 in Water
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This work aims to investigate the methane emissions from integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs) when ethanol is added as an external carbon source. In this study, a gradient of ethanol (0, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mmol/L) was added as the carbon source in an IVCW planted with Cyperus alternifolius L. The results showed that the methane emission flux at an ethanol concentration of 32 mmol/L was 32.34 g CH4 m−2 day−1 less than that of the control experiment (0 mmol/L) and that the methane emission flux at an ethanol concentration of 16 mmol/L was 5.53 g CH4 m−2 day−1 less than that at 0 mmol/L. In addition, variations in the water quality driven by the different ethanol concentrations were found, with a redox potential range of −64 mV to +30 mV, a pH range of 6.6–6.9, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate range of 41% to 78%, and an ammonia nitrogen removal rate range of 59% to 82% after the ethanol addition. With the average CH4-C/TOC (%) value of 35% driven by ethanol, it will be beneficial to understand that CH4-C/TOC can be considered an ecological indicator of anthropogenic methanogenesis from treatment wetlands when driven by carbon sources or carbon loading. It can be concluded that adding ethanol as an external carbon source can not only meet the water quality demand of the IVCW treatment system but also stimulate and increase the average CH4 emissions from IVCWs by 23% compared with the control experiment. This finding indicates that an external carbon source can stimulate more CH4 emissions from IVCWs and shows the importance of carbon sources during sewage treatment processes when considering greenhouse emissions from treated wetlands.

ACS Style

Xiaoling Liu; Jingting Wang; Xiaoying Fu; Hongbing Luo; Bruce C. Anderson; Ke Zhang; Mei Li; Bo Huang; Liangqian Fan; Lijuan Yu; Guozhu He; Likou Zou; Shuzhi Fu; Limei Hu; Mingshu Jiang. Methane Emissions Driven by Adding a Gradient of Ethanol as Carbon Source in Integrated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands. Water 2019, 11, 1086 .

AMA Style

Xiaoling Liu, Jingting Wang, Xiaoying Fu, Hongbing Luo, Bruce C. Anderson, Ke Zhang, Mei Li, Bo Huang, Liangqian Fan, Lijuan Yu, Guozhu He, Likou Zou, Shuzhi Fu, Limei Hu, Mingshu Jiang. Methane Emissions Driven by Adding a Gradient of Ethanol as Carbon Source in Integrated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands. Water. 2019; 11 (5):1086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaoling Liu; Jingting Wang; Xiaoying Fu; Hongbing Luo; Bruce C. Anderson; Ke Zhang; Mei Li; Bo Huang; Liangqian Fan; Lijuan Yu; Guozhu He; Likou Zou; Shuzhi Fu; Limei Hu; Mingshu Jiang. 2019. "Methane Emissions Driven by Adding a Gradient of Ethanol as Carbon Source in Integrated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands." Water 11, no. 5: 1086.

Journal article
Published: 22 November 2016 in Biosystems Engineering
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Reactive nitrogen leaving agricultural fields through subsurface drainage systems enters aquatic systems and contributes to eutrophication, habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity. Denitrification bioreactors, in combination with controlled drainage, are proposed as a means of reducing nitrogen emitted through subsurface agricultural drainage systems, but their suitability in colder climates where soils and drainage systems freeze during winter is poorly understood. This study presents the first field-scale evaluation of denitrification bioreactors under cold climate conditions during a three-year period in Quebec, Canada. Under a three-year crop rotation, about 55% of the total annual subsurface drainage water passed through bioreactors, which significantly lowered the total-nitrogen (72%) and nitrate-nitrogen (99%) median concentrations in the subsurface drainage outflows. Loadings of nitrate-nitrogen from the test fields to surface drainage ditches were reduced by 99%, equivalent to about 11 kg nitrate-nitrogen ha−1 year−1 removal in the test area and approximately 7 g nitrate-nitrogen removal m−3 bioreactor volume d−1. Aquatic environmental criteria non-compliance events declined by 96% for nitrate-nitrogen and by 50% for total-nitrogen during the three-year study. This study demonstrates that denitrification bioreactors, combined with controlled drainage, are an effective in-field technology for nitrogen removal from agricultural subsurface drainage water that will improve water quality under cold climate conditions.

ACS Style

Barry R. Husk; Bruce C. Anderson; JoAnn K. Whalen; Juan S. Sanchez. Reducing nitrogen contamination from agricultural subsurface drainage with denitrification bioreactors and controlled drainage. Biosystems Engineering 2016, 153, 52 -62.

AMA Style

Barry R. Husk, Bruce C. Anderson, JoAnn K. Whalen, Juan S. Sanchez. Reducing nitrogen contamination from agricultural subsurface drainage with denitrification bioreactors and controlled drainage. Biosystems Engineering. 2016; 153 ():52-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barry R. Husk; Bruce C. Anderson; JoAnn K. Whalen; Juan S. Sanchez. 2016. "Reducing nitrogen contamination from agricultural subsurface drainage with denitrification bioreactors and controlled drainage." Biosystems Engineering 153, no. : 52-62.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2016 in Water
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The dissolved salt ions that are not absorbed during irrigation of greenhouse crops are gradually accumulated in the nutrient solution resulting in levels of salinity high enough to damage the crops. This water salinity presents operational and environmental challenges as the nutrient-rich greenhouse effluent should be discharged to the environment when deemed unsuited for irrigation. In this pilot-scale study, the potential of passive salt reduction (phytodesalination) in gravel and wood-chip flow-through reactors was evaluated using seven plant species including Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Andropogon gerardii, Typha angustifolia, Elymus canadensis, Panicum virgatum, Spartina pectinata and Distichlis spicata along with an unplanted control reactor. While the unplanted system outperformed the planted units with gravel media, the wood-chip bioreactors with S. tabernaemontani and S. pectinata improved the greenhouse effluent reducing the solution conductivity (EC) by a maximum of 15% (average = 7%). S. tabernaemontani and D. spicata showed higher accumulated contents of Na+ and Cl− in comparison with T. angustifolia and S. pectinata. Overall, S. tabernaemontani was selected as the most capable species in the wood-chip bioreactors for its better salt management via EC reduction and salt accumulation. It was however concluded that further treatment would be required for the greenhouse effluent to meet the stringent irrigation water quality guidelines in order not to pose any adverse effects on sensitive crops. Finally, the present hydraulic residence time (HRT = 3.7 days) and the solution salinity concentration were identified as the potential factors that may be limiting the efficiency of plant salt uptake, emphasizing the need for conducting more research on the optimization and enhancement of passive desalination systems for the greenhouse effluent.

ACS Style

Soheil Fatehi Pouladi; Bruce C. Anderson; Brent Wootton; Lloyd Rozema. Evaluation of Phytodesalination Potential of Vegetated Bioreactors Treating Greenhouse Effluent. Water 2016, 8, 233 .

AMA Style

Soheil Fatehi Pouladi, Bruce C. Anderson, Brent Wootton, Lloyd Rozema. Evaluation of Phytodesalination Potential of Vegetated Bioreactors Treating Greenhouse Effluent. Water. 2016; 8 (6):233.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soheil Fatehi Pouladi; Bruce C. Anderson; Brent Wootton; Lloyd Rozema. 2016. "Evaluation of Phytodesalination Potential of Vegetated Bioreactors Treating Greenhouse Effluent." Water 8, no. 6: 233.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Environmental Reviews
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This paper aims to be a cursory relative comparison between applications of custom-designed constructed wetland systems for specific water resources protection in Canada and northern China. Comparing constructed wetlands can be difficult and at times misleading; they are custom built to deal with specific target wastewater at specific locations and differ not only in physical shape and dimension, but in vegetation cover, hydraulic retention time, and pollutant loading rates. Treatment efficiencies defined by the Canadian and northern Chinese experience vary considerably. Experience in both countries shows that the majority of effluent values are generally better than those required by discharge standards in Canada and China. Examples provided from both countries demonstrated that plants can play a role in constructed wetland systems and make a difference in treatment efficiency. A review of the available case studies on cold weather treatment in both countries indicates that this technology is feasible in Canada and northern China, although further monitoring data are needed to optimize wetland design and ensure that the effluent quality standards are consistently met. Constructed wetland systems in both countries have an apparent advantage in construction costs, and the costs for treatment and operation and maintenance of these systems are much lower than those of conventional wastewater treatment plants. Land requirements for constructed wetlands present one of the factors most limiting their broader use, especially in China, where land resources are scarce and population density is high.

ACS Style

A. Chouinard; B.C. Anderson; B.C. Wootton; J.J. Huang. Comparative study of cold-climate constructed wetland technology in Canada and northern China for water resource protection. Environmental Reviews 2015, 23, 367 -381.

AMA Style

A. Chouinard, B.C. Anderson, B.C. Wootton, J.J. Huang. Comparative study of cold-climate constructed wetland technology in Canada and northern China for water resource protection. Environmental Reviews. 2015; 23 (4):367-381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Chouinard; B.C. Anderson; B.C. Wootton; J.J. Huang. 2015. "Comparative study of cold-climate constructed wetland technology in Canada and northern China for water resource protection." Environmental Reviews 23, no. 4: 367-381.