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Near-infrared (NIR) reflective materials are being developed for mitigating building cooling needs. Their use contributes to broadening the range of colours, responding to the urban aesthetic demand without compromising the building performance. Despite the increase in NIR reflective pigments investigation, there is still a knowledge gap in their applicability, impact, and durability in multilayer finishing coatings of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS). Hence, the main goal of this work consists of evaluating the impact of incorporating NIR reflective pigments (NRP) in the solar reflectance of the surface layer of ETICS, without affecting the colour perception, as well as their influence on the colour durability and surface temperature. As such, colour, solar reflectance, and surface temperature were monitored for 2 years in dark-coloured specimens of ETICS, with and without NRP and a primer layer. It was confirmed that the main contribution of NRP is the increase of solar reflectance and, consequently, the decrease in surface temperature, especially for high exterior temperatures (around 30 °C). Moreover, these pigments highly increase the NIR reflectance without affecting the visible colour. In addition, they contribute to maintaining the colour characteristics. The application of primer increased the surface temperature, especially for higher exterior temperatures. However, it contributes to a lower colour difference and solar reflectance variation, which is an important achievement for durability purposes.
Nuno Ramos; Joana Maia; Andrea Souza; Ricardo Almeida; Luís Silva. Impact of Incorporating NIR Reflective Pigments in Finishing Coatings of ETICS. Infrastructures 2021, 6, 79 .
AMA StyleNuno Ramos, Joana Maia, Andrea Souza, Ricardo Almeida, Luís Silva. Impact of Incorporating NIR Reflective Pigments in Finishing Coatings of ETICS. Infrastructures. 2021; 6 (6):79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno Ramos; Joana Maia; Andrea Souza; Ricardo Almeida; Luís Silva. 2021. "Impact of Incorporating NIR Reflective Pigments in Finishing Coatings of ETICS." Infrastructures 6, no. 6: 79.
Social housing represents a part of the whole building stock with a high risk of energy poverty, and it should be treated as a priority in renovation strategies, due to its potential for improvement and the need to fight that risk. Renovation actions are currently designed based on patterns that have been shown to be disparate from the reality of social housing. Thereby, a monitoring study is essential for the evaluation of the actual conditions. An in-depth characterization of a social housing neighborhood, located in the North of Portugal, was carried out. Indoor hygrothermal conditions were analyzed through a monitoring campaign. It was possible to identify the differences in indoor conditions of the dwellings and understand the influence of occupancy density and occupants’ behavior. In order to identify the actual occupancy and the type of use, a social survey was performed. A renovation action will soon take place, and a monitoring and survey plan is proposed for the post-renovation period, based on a previous evaluation of the renovation impact, using DesignBuilder software and the real occupancy profiles. In social housing context, since energy consumption for heating and cooling is punctual or non-existent, the focus of low energy renovation should be based on passive strategies that reduce the energy demand. The remaining energy needs should be supplied by renewable energy sources, reducing energy poverty, and enhancing quality of life.
Bianca Seabra; Pedro Pereira; Helena Corvacho; Carla Pires; Nuno Ramos. Low Energy Renovation of Social Housing: Recommendations on Monitoring and Renewable Energies Use. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2718 .
AMA StyleBianca Seabra, Pedro Pereira, Helena Corvacho, Carla Pires, Nuno Ramos. Low Energy Renovation of Social Housing: Recommendations on Monitoring and Renewable Energies Use. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2718.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBianca Seabra; Pedro Pereira; Helena Corvacho; Carla Pires; Nuno Ramos. 2021. "Low Energy Renovation of Social Housing: Recommendations on Monitoring and Renewable Energies Use." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2718.
PurposeThis paper aims to further the discussion on Building Information Modelling (BIM) legal requirements, providing a framework with key energy parameters capable of supporting the Appointing Party in the definition of the Exchange Information Requirements (EIR) for a BIM project appointment. The EIR is described in ISO-19650–1:2018 as a fundamental step in the information delivery cycle.Design/methodology/approachA literature review on the topic of BIM energy analysis was completed to identify current knowledge gaps and support the need for the proposed framework. Afterwards, the framework was established based on the review findings and the authors’ domain knowledge. The applicability of the proposed framework was assessed through a case study, where several energy simulations were performed in three different design stages of the same BIM model.FindingsThis study identified a lack of standards and legislation capable of supporting the Appointing Party in the definition of energy-related BIM requirements. To this end, a new framework is proposed to mediate existing practices, linking prior knowledge with BIM’s new reality. The study showcases the applicability of the framework, identifying that the performance of different energy studies involves distinct Level of Development (LOD) requirements, which in turn have an impact on the modelling time and cost.Originality/valueA BIM framework for the specification of information requirements in energy-related projects was developed to support the Appointing Party. The framework presents appropriate parameters for energy analysis in each design stage, as well as the suitable LOD for the BIM model.
Luís Sanhudo; João Poças Martins; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Ana Rocha; Débora Pinto; Eva Barreira; M. Lurdes Simões. BIM framework for the specification of information requirements in energy-related projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2020, ahead-of-p, 1 .
AMA StyleLuís Sanhudo, João Poças Martins, Nuno M.M. Ramos, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida, Ana Rocha, Débora Pinto, Eva Barreira, M. Lurdes Simões. BIM framework for the specification of information requirements in energy-related projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2020; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuís Sanhudo; João Poças Martins; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Ana Rocha; Débora Pinto; Eva Barreira; M. Lurdes Simões. 2020. "BIM framework for the specification of information requirements in energy-related projects." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.
The airtightness of buildings has gained relevance in the last decade. The spread of the regulatory frameworks, the demand of stricter requirements, schemes for testing and quality control, the creation of airtightness databases and its analysis, is proof of this reality. The present review encompasses schemes developed in Europe and North America with regard to these aspects for national residential sectors. A normative framework on requirements and recommendations at the national level is compiled. Whole building airtightness databases are compared based on their structures and measurement data acquisition protocols. Gathered complementary information not directly related to testing is analysed and airtightness influencing factors importance and relationships are discussed. Weaknesses and strengths in the different aspects of the existing database setups are identified. Also, neglected or not entirely undertaken topics are pinpointed together with the suggestion of possible opportunities for future works and changes. Amongst other relevant remarks and discussions, it is concluded that the lack of uniformization in method between countries, the need for a minimum data setup, the lack of data analysis on relating the energy impact with the advancement in requirements of airtightness performance and the implemented setups are some of the main issues to address in the near future.
Irene Poza-Casado; Vitor E.M. Cardoso; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Alberto Meiss; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America. Building and Environment 2020, 183, 107221 .
AMA StyleIrene Poza-Casado, Vitor E.M. Cardoso, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida, Alberto Meiss, Nuno M. M. Ramos, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America. Building and Environment. 2020; 183 ():107221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrene Poza-Casado; Vitor E.M. Cardoso; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Alberto Meiss; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. 2020. "Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America." Building and Environment 183, no. : 107221.
Balconies are an ancient architectural archetype that are being increasingly considered in multi-family buildings of high-density cities. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impacts of balcony types on the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy consumption of dwellings. Of the reviewed studies, 69% were published during the last decade, making it evident that awareness of the positive impact of balcony spaces is continuously increasing. The literature review allowed us to identify three balcony spaces according to their morphology and their boundary system: open balcony (OB), glazed balcony (GB), and eliminate balcony (EB). It was concluded that these balcony types produce relevant impacts in four factors that contribute to the indoor environmental quality: thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, and acoustic comfort. Practical design recommendations and constraints were provided according to distinct climatic conditions and building technologies. This review also explored the assessment methodologies used for the optimization of the balconies on the design process. The literature highlighted the lack of a comprehensive study about the impact of balconies in mild and Mediterranean climates, as well as the knowledge limitations concerning the balance between the impacts on IEQ factors.
Catarina Ribeiro; Nuno Ramos; Inês Flores-Colen. A Review of Balcony Impacts on the Indoor Environmental Quality of Dwellings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6453 .
AMA StyleCatarina Ribeiro, Nuno Ramos, Inês Flores-Colen. A Review of Balcony Impacts on the Indoor Environmental Quality of Dwellings. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatarina Ribeiro; Nuno Ramos; Inês Flores-Colen. 2020. "A Review of Balcony Impacts on the Indoor Environmental Quality of Dwellings." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6453.
A full characterization of a building air leakage is labour intensive. As results of laboratory and mock-up experimentation rarely portray in situ conditions, the assessment of real case studies bring added value. Still, the results of experimentation of the latter face more challenges than the former. In this work a full quantitative and qualitative assessment of air leakage paths is performed, using a light steel framing (LSF) modular building with structural insulated panels (SIPs) as case study. Blower-door measurements undergo for a sealing campaign of eleven steps, a technique often described as reductive sealing. Additionally, smoke tracer measurements were carried out to visually identify the air leakage locations. The application of three regression methods resulted in different uncertainty estimates. Less than 7% of the total air leakage was not attributed to one of the considered types of air leakage paths. Assessing less impacting leakage paths first and placing similar types of air leakage paths in a consecutive sealing order seems to be the most correct strategy when using the reductive sealing technique. On average, at a reference pressure difference of 4 Pa, the sealing step uncertainty averaged, 9.9%, 18.8%, and 27.5%, depending on the method used for regression of the blower door test results. Despite the highest calculated uncertainty, literature shows that the application of the method leading to it, Weighted Line of Organic Correlation (WLOC), provides the results in closer agreement with the observed uncertainty of measurements.
Vitor E.M. Cardoso; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Manuela Almeida; Pedro F. Pereira; Martin Prignon. Reliability of quantitative and qualitative assessment of air leakage paths through reductive sealing. Building and Environment 2020, 183, 107151 .
AMA StyleVitor E.M. Cardoso, Nuno M.M. Ramos, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida, Manuela Almeida, Pedro F. Pereira, Martin Prignon. Reliability of quantitative and qualitative assessment of air leakage paths through reductive sealing. Building and Environment. 2020; 183 ():107151.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitor E.M. Cardoso; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Manuela Almeida; Pedro F. Pereira; Martin Prignon. 2020. "Reliability of quantitative and qualitative assessment of air leakage paths through reductive sealing." Building and Environment 183, no. : 107151.
The increasing interest in the use of a wide range of colours in buildings, especially dark colours, may lead to the early degradation of the façades, compromising their aesthetic and thermal performance. On the other hand, the incorporation of nanopigments with high reflectance properties can contribute to reducing the absorption of solar radiation. The nanoparticles contribute to increasing the solar reflectance of coatings, decreasing the surface temperature and improving the coating performance. This work evaluates the natural degradation of the colour of finishing coat with nanopigments in ETICS. The colour parameters were evaluated in different ETICS specimens, considering the colour black and red with and without incorporated nanopigments, under natural ageing. The colour measurement was performed according to ISO 1164-4, using a portable spectrophotometer. The results confirmed that the use of nanopigments improved the colour durability, promoting the maintenance of the colours parameters. The total colour difference was lower than the perceptible by the human eyes, even as the lower variation on chroma and hue parameters of the colours with nanopigments. In summary, the incorporation of nanoparticles in finishing coat of ETICS can contribute to increasing their durability and improve their thermal performance without compromising the aesthetic characteristics.
Nuno M. M. Ramos; Andrea Souza; Joana Maia; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. Colour degradation of façade coatings – the effect of nanopigments incorporation. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 172, 24004 .
AMA StyleNuno M. M. Ramos, Andrea Souza, Joana Maia, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. Colour degradation of façade coatings – the effect of nanopigments incorporation. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 172 ():24004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno M. M. Ramos; Andrea Souza; Joana Maia; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. 2020. "Colour degradation of façade coatings – the effect of nanopigments incorporation." E3S Web of Conferences 172, no. : 24004.
The solar reflectance has a significant role in the thermal behaviour and surface temperature of ETICS finishing coats. Incomplete information of solar reflectance of ETICS with nanopigments can sometimes difficult their adequate selection. In this work, the solar reflectance of different ETICS finishing coats was measured using two distinct methodologies, and the importance of the adopted procedure was discussed. The experimental methodologies used were: i) the adapted conventional pyranometer technique (non-ASTM E1918A), which measures the global solar reflectance; and ii) the use of the spectrophotometry, to measure the spectral reflectance. It was verified that the E1918A methodology is more sensitive to environmental conditions than the spectrophotometry procedure. Also, the calculation of solar reflectance with spectrophotometer can be carried out by the 50 or 100 ordinates. However, the surface characteristics, as the concentration of pigments and roughness, affect more the solar reflectance measured with the spectrophotometer than with the pyranometer. It was verified that the nanopigments could improve solar reflectance and change the spectral reflectance. The results showed that, if the procedure is well applied, both methodologies could be used to evaluate the advantages of incorporating nanopigments in façade finishing coatings and also to assess the durability of these materials.
Nuno M. M. Ramos; Andrea Souza; Joana Maia; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. Solar reflectance of ETICS finishing coatings – a comparison of experimental techniques. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 172, 21003 .
AMA StyleNuno M. M. Ramos, Andrea Souza, Joana Maia, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. Solar reflectance of ETICS finishing coatings – a comparison of experimental techniques. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 172 ():21003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuno M. M. Ramos; Andrea Souza; Joana Maia; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. 2020. "Solar reflectance of ETICS finishing coatings – a comparison of experimental techniques." E3S Web of Conferences 172, no. : 21003.
The development of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) is a goal being set for many countries for the next years. In order to achieve that goal, on-site energy generation is needed, and the use of photovoltaic and storage systems is a possible strategy. Hence, the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact that occupant behaviour has on the batteries energy storage systems (BESS) of an nZEB. This study considers as a case study an nZEB with lightweight construction, located in the university campus, and used by different occupants. The case study has 12 PVs located on the root and a second-life BESS from an electrical vehicle (EV). The monitoring system consists of interior T, RH, CO2 and energy sensors and an exterior on-site meteorological station. The research started with a state of the art review of the support policies for the on-site photovoltaic generation and energy storage. Different storage charge profiles were obtained as different occupant behaviours were applied to the test building. In total, it were considered three occupant profiles and a base scenario was the unoccupied. The occupant behaviour showed to be determinant in the state of charge of the BESS independently from the impacts in the indoor temperature. The need to know the profile of the occupants before the design of the buildings was enhanced.
Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos. Influence of Occupant Behaviour on the State of Charge of a Storage Battery in a nearly-Zero Energy Building. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 172, 16010 .
AMA StylePedro F. Pereira, Nuno M. M. Ramos. Influence of Occupant Behaviour on the State of Charge of a Storage Battery in a nearly-Zero Energy Building. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 172 ():16010.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos. 2020. "Influence of Occupant Behaviour on the State of Charge of a Storage Battery in a nearly-Zero Energy Building." E3S Web of Conferences 172, no. : 16010.
Southern European countries have milder climatic conditions that differ from their colder northern counterparts, which greatly influence indoor ventilation strategies. The relation between a building’s airtightness and the air change rates remains a topic to be fully tackled in these countries, since natural ventilation is very frequent. In this work, the ventilation and airtightness of a case study were analyzed in-depth to support a discussion on this topic. CO2 concentration decay and blower-door measurements were used to characterize the infiltration and ventilation conditions of the case study. The case study represents a common Portuguese situation, with highly permeable envelopes, combined with highly variable air change rates. Transient simulations were carried out for the comparison of scenarios where different configurations of possible air paths were analyzed. The simulations included both natural and mechanical ventilation scenarios. An air sweeping effect from bedroom to bathroom only occurred when the mechanical extraction ventilation (MEV) was on. Different air leakage path configurations resulted in substantial offsets, up to 63%, of the air change rate (ACH) due to natural occurring forces. The results confirmed that the relation between airtightness and air change rates should be carefully analyzed in southern European countries, as indoor air quality, comfort of occupants, and energy efficiency are highly influenced by the considered variables.
Vitor E. M. Cardoso; Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. The Impacts of Air Leakage Paths and Airtightness Levels on Air Change Rates. Buildings 2020, 10, 55 .
AMA StyleVitor E. M. Cardoso, Pedro F. Pereira, Nuno M. M. Ramos, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. The Impacts of Air Leakage Paths and Airtightness Levels on Air Change Rates. Buildings. 2020; 10 (3):55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVitor E. M. Cardoso; Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida. 2020. "The Impacts of Air Leakage Paths and Airtightness Levels on Air Change Rates." Buildings 10, no. 3: 55.
In recent years, the demand for accurate, clear and easy-understandable information has been steadily rising within the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry's stakeholders. Despite this, a sizeable portion of this industry still considers the traditional approach to Construction Engineering, disregarding major innovations and technologic advances. This not only poses a great obstacle to proper communication between project-related entities but also presents a significant challenge for retrofitting projects. This article proposes a workflow for the improvement of communication in construction projects, in particular between professionals who lack specific BIM skills. Thus, by coupling laser scanning and Virtual Reality (VR), within a Building Information Modelling (BIM) work environment, this workflow comprises the entire process from on-site geometric data acquisition, through data treatment and analysis, culminating with the point-cloud importation into a game engine and the development of navigation and interaction tools within the VR environment. The framework is validated through its application to a proof of concept, from which conclusions regarding the workflow success, limitations, optimization, among other topics are discussed.
Fábio Matoseiro Dinis; Luís Sanhudo; João Poças Martins; Nuno M. M. Ramos. Improving project communication in the architecture, engineering and construction industry: Coupling virtual reality and laser scanning. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 30, 101287 .
AMA StyleFábio Matoseiro Dinis, Luís Sanhudo, João Poças Martins, Nuno M. M. Ramos. Improving project communication in the architecture, engineering and construction industry: Coupling virtual reality and laser scanning. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 30 ():101287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFábio Matoseiro Dinis; Luís Sanhudo; João Poças Martins; Nuno M. M. Ramos. 2020. "Improving project communication in the architecture, engineering and construction industry: Coupling virtual reality and laser scanning." Journal of Building Engineering 30, no. : 101287.
The thermal comfort retrofitting of existing transport stations is an opportunity to increase the interest in the use of public transportation while improving the performance of the building, and consequently reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study is to implement an innovative methodology to evaluate and improve the thermal comfort of an existing semi-outdoor bus station in the winter season through the application of retrofit solutions. Some research was recently published concerning the evaluation of the thermal environment in semi-outdoor spaces showing that thermal comfort is achievable. The thermal environment of the station was evaluated through an experimental campaign involving the measurement of physical parameters and the application of questionnaires to the passengers. The results of the questionnaires indicate a colder sensation in the morning period and a lower percentage of dissatisfied people when compared to the application of the thermal comfort models. However, the preference of the passengers for a warmer environment was also identified. A realistic thermal comfort target, adapted to this semi-outdoor space, could, therefore, be defined. An innovative integrated methodology articulated in a BIM2BEM approach was applied in this work. The methodology included the joint application of Building Information Modeling and Building Energy Modeling, allowing the simulation of different retrofitting alternatives. The decision-making process was completed with an economic analysis of the alternatives, using the Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR) as an indicator. In order to improve the passengers’ thermal comfort, the option to create an enclosed heated waiting area was technically supported by the results of the study.
Ana Rocha; Débora Pinto; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Eva Barreira; M. Lurdes Simões; João Poças Martins; Pedro F. Pereira; Luís Sanhudo. A case study to improve the winter thermal comfort of an existing bus station. Journal of Building Engineering 2019, 29, 101123 .
AMA StyleAna Rocha, Débora Pinto, Nuno M.M. Ramos, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida, Eva Barreira, M. Lurdes Simões, João Poças Martins, Pedro F. Pereira, Luís Sanhudo. A case study to improve the winter thermal comfort of an existing bus station. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 29 ():101123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Rocha; Débora Pinto; Nuno M.M. Ramos; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Eva Barreira; M. Lurdes Simões; João Poças Martins; Pedro F. Pereira; Luís Sanhudo. 2019. "A case study to improve the winter thermal comfort of an existing bus station." Journal of Building Engineering 29, no. : 101123.
An intelligent building has to know the specificities of the occupants and determine their drivers to perform actions so that it can optimize the building operation. Five windows of different rooms of the same dwelling were analysed in-depth to understand the specificities and variations of occupants’ behaviour. Logistic regressions were used as a machine learning method to predict occupants’ actions. The windows opening prediction models were formulated by taking into account continuous and categorical variables. An evaluation of the required data length that allows obtaining the prediction models with results identical to those obtained with the complete year was performed. It was concluded that the best option was to use at least 15 days in summer and 15 days in winter to have a reliable prediction for the full year. The model constructed for each window did not show good prediction success when applied in another room of the same dwelling. This study shows that the specificity of humans needs do not allow a generalization of their behaviours in the built environment. Thus, it is necessary to adapt the algorithms of the building automation systems through data-driven machine learning techniques.
Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; M. Lurdes Simões. Data-driven occupant actions prediction to achieve an intelligent building. Building Research & Information 2019, 48, 485 -500.
AMA StylePedro F. Pereira, Nuno M. M. Ramos, M. Lurdes Simões. Data-driven occupant actions prediction to achieve an intelligent building. Building Research & Information. 2019; 48 (5):485-500.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; M. Lurdes Simões. 2019. "Data-driven occupant actions prediction to achieve an intelligent building." Building Research & Information 48, no. 5: 485-500.
Laser scanning, as a rising topic within the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, has been increasing both in importance and practice as a means of gathering in-situ geometric data. Several studies have covered possible applications of this technology, from construction monitoring to damage assessment, with Building Information Modelling (BIM) being one of its focus. Despite this, to present, no research was found to fully explore the laser scanning survey process, with most studies either focusing the process after the point cloud acquisition or after its conversion to BIM. To help fill this knowledge gap, the present article introduces a full-fledged laser scanning framework for geometric data acquisition, comprising the entire spectrum from planning, surveying and data analysis. The result is a framework that details the necessary steps to acquire a point cloud that is applicable to BIM modelling. The framework is validated through its application to a recently renewed bus station in Porto, Portugal. Relevant conclusions regarding setting selection, station positioning, optimization, point cloud decimation and treatment, required resolution, along other topics, are drawn through laboratory tests and the previously mentioned case study.
Luís Sanhudo; Nuno M. M. Ramos; João Poças Martins; Ricardo Almeida; Eva Barreira; Maria Lurdes Simões; Vitor E. M. Cardoso. A framework for in-situ geometric data acquisition using laser scanning for BIM modelling. Journal of Building Engineering 2019, 28, 101073 .
AMA StyleLuís Sanhudo, Nuno M. M. Ramos, João Poças Martins, Ricardo Almeida, Eva Barreira, Maria Lurdes Simões, Vitor E. M. Cardoso. A framework for in-situ geometric data acquisition using laser scanning for BIM modelling. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 28 ():101073.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuís Sanhudo; Nuno M. M. Ramos; João Poças Martins; Ricardo Almeida; Eva Barreira; Maria Lurdes Simões; Vitor E. M. Cardoso. 2019. "A framework for in-situ geometric data acquisition using laser scanning for BIM modelling." Journal of Building Engineering 28, no. : 101073.
Thermal mortars are a trend in the construction industry in recent years, owing to the required decrease of the thermal transmission of building envelopes. The high porosity of thermal mortars leads to permeability values that can affect their durability since it creates more favourable conditions for the penetration of aggressive agents. Water is observed as one of the most common and harmful degradation agents. Regarding the climatic variability in Europe, freezing is a usual degradation mechanism both in severe and moderate climates. Since thermal mortars have higher water absorption than a common insulation, the freezing may occur. As no durability assessment methodologies to evaluate the exposure of thermal mortars to freezing degradation mechanisms exist, the present work has the objective to analyse existing accelerated ageing procedures, which envisage freezing degradation mechanism. As such, the durability assessment described in EN 1015-21 and ETAG 004 was adapted and implemented in different thermal mortars. It was observed that the higher number of cycles and the severity of the freeze–thaw ageing cycles, according to ETAG 004, may reproduce the effect of the northern European climates, while the ageing cycles, described in EN 1015-21, combine degradation mechanisms that occur in central and southern European climates. This adaptation allowed collecting reliable data and inputs to the development of durability assessment methodologies directly applicable to thermal rendering and plastering systems.
J. Maia; Nuno M. M. Ramos; R. Veiga. Assessment of test methods for the durability of thermal mortars exposure to freezing. Materials and Structures 2019, 52, 112 .
AMA StyleJ. Maia, Nuno M. M. Ramos, R. Veiga. Assessment of test methods for the durability of thermal mortars exposure to freezing. Materials and Structures. 2019; 52 (6):112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Maia; Nuno M. M. Ramos; R. Veiga. 2019. "Assessment of test methods for the durability of thermal mortars exposure to freezing." Materials and Structures 52, no. 6: 112.
Improving the comfort of public transport buildings is a mean to arouse the public interest in its use. The available studies concerning transport stations with semi-outdoor configurations barely emphasize local thermal discomfort. Generally, these studies produce a somewhat superficial approach to the subject, relying on the direct application of the standards (ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55). Since the characteristics of most transport stations differ from the scope of the standards, the direct application of these standards does not represent the real thermal discomfort due to draught sensed by the users. The aim of this study is to propose a new approach able to predict the percentage of dissatisfied people due to draught in semi-outdoor spaces. An experimental campaign was conducted in a transport station with a semi-outdoor configuration, where 575 passengers were surveyed about the sensation of air movement, while air temperature and air velocity were measured. Through the collected data, it was possible to propose an alternative draught model (aDR) to assess the local thermal discomfort due to draught in semi-outdoor spaces.
Débora Pinto; Ana Rocha; Maria Lurdes Simões; Ricardo Almeida; Eva Barreira; Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; João Poças Martins. An innovative approach to evaluate local thermal discomfort due to draught in semi-outdoor spaces. Energy and Buildings 2019, 203, 109416 .
AMA StyleDébora Pinto, Ana Rocha, Maria Lurdes Simões, Ricardo Almeida, Eva Barreira, Pedro F. Pereira, Nuno M. M. Ramos, João Poças Martins. An innovative approach to evaluate local thermal discomfort due to draught in semi-outdoor spaces. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 203 ():109416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDébora Pinto; Ana Rocha; Maria Lurdes Simões; Ricardo Almeida; Eva Barreira; Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos; João Poças Martins. 2019. "An innovative approach to evaluate local thermal discomfort due to draught in semi-outdoor spaces." Energy and Buildings 203, no. : 109416.
The increase of the thermal resistance of building envelopes is a result from the growing demand of energy efficiency. Several new materials and systems emerged in recent years as an answer to that growing need. Thermal mortars applied in thermal rendering systems are an example of how the research community and the building industry try to tackle that challenge. A gap in the durability assessment of thermal rendering systems can however be observed. The existing standardization for the durability assessment of mortars does not allow a consistent evaluation of thermal mortars, especially in multilayer systems. As such, the main goal of the present work consists in proposing a durability assessment methodology of thermal mortars applied as multilayer systems. Accelerated ageing cycles, directly applicable to thermal mortars, were developed through numerical simulation, taking into account material properties, climatic conditions and consequent degradation mechanisms to which the system is subjected. A theoretical methodology for the determination of heat-cold cycles that can represent specific climatic conditions was developed. The implementation of the developed accelerated ageing cycles and the obtained experimental results contributed to the definition of a new durability assessment methodology. This methodology defines the accelerated ageing cycles that should be performed in each climate zone, representative of the main degradation mechanisms. One of the major advantages is the temperature adaption of the accelerated ageing cycles to the climatic conditions. The new methodology contributes to the evaluation of new solutions, during their development stage, and to their adequacy for specific climatic conditions.
J. Maia; Nuno M. M. Ramos; R. Veiga. A new durability assessment methodology of thermal mortars applied in multilayer rendering systems. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 222, 654 -663.
AMA StyleJ. Maia, Nuno M. M. Ramos, R. Veiga. A new durability assessment methodology of thermal mortars applied in multilayer rendering systems. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 222 ():654-663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Maia; Nuno M. M. Ramos; R. Veiga. 2019. "A new durability assessment methodology of thermal mortars applied in multilayer rendering systems." Construction and Building Materials 222, no. : 654-663.
The European Union aims to achieve a nearly zero energy balance in buildings by 2020. The present study takes into consideration the passive systems of the building, energy demand, and energy generated by the on-site photovoltaic and storage system, and how they interact in different scenarios. The study also considers the energy demand from the grid and the surplus of renewable energy. The software EnergyPlus was used and the parametric sensitivity simulation method was applied, taking into account blinds operation, ventilation strategies, HVAC operation schemes and battery storage capacity, in 96 scenarios. The results highlight that there is great variability between the considered scenarios, highlighting the importance of sizing methodologies for the passive systems and the use of optimized home management algorithms. It was found that the use of batteries with higher storage capacity increases the demand-supply from the on-site PV energy but decreases the amount of energy injected into the grid. The design of the PV and battery system based on yearly integrated simulations allows for an optimized solution. This study also emphasizes the importance of knowing the expected occupancy during the design phase, as a significant input to the sizing methodologies of the storage capacity and on-site generation.
Karol Bot; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Ricardo Almeida; Pedro F. Pereira; Cláudio Monteiro. Energy performance of buildings with on-site energy generation and storage – An integrated assessment using dynamic simulation. Journal of Building Engineering 2019, 24, 100769 .
AMA StyleKarol Bot, Nuno M. M. Ramos, Ricardo Almeida, Pedro F. Pereira, Cláudio Monteiro. Energy performance of buildings with on-site energy generation and storage – An integrated assessment using dynamic simulation. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019; 24 ():100769.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarol Bot; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Ricardo Almeida; Pedro F. Pereira; Cláudio Monteiro. 2019. "Energy performance of buildings with on-site energy generation and storage – An integrated assessment using dynamic simulation." Journal of Building Engineering 24, no. : 100769.
This book presents the state of the art of two areas: intelligent residential buildings and the behaviour of their occupants. These areas need to be treated together in order to develop new concepts for buildings, which are more efficient, more comfortable and more healthy. The concept of intelligent building is associated with the creation of a management system that takes into account the requirements of the occupants in terms of thermal comfort and their daily activities, maintaining good indoor air quality and minimizing energy consumption. In commercial or office buildings, these systems are already at an intermediate stage of implementation. However, in the residential sector they have yet to be significantly implemented. In mild climates, where the interactions of the occupants with the building mechanisms are the primary way to ensure adequate comfort and ventilation, the importance of occupant behaviour studies and their incorporation in the algorithms of the intelligent buildings becomes even more crucial. This book offers new concepts on how to bring these aspects together.
Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M.M. Ramos; João M.P.Q. Delgado. Intelligent Residential Buildings and the Behaviour of the Occupants. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications 2019, 1 .
AMA StylePedro F. Pereira, Nuno M.M. Ramos, João M.P.Q. Delgado. Intelligent Residential Buildings and the Behaviour of the Occupants. Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro F. Pereira; Nuno M.M. Ramos; João M.P.Q. Delgado. 2019. "Intelligent Residential Buildings and the Behaviour of the Occupants." Tunable Low-Power Low-Noise Amplifier for Healthcare Applications , no. : 1.
The development of more energy efficient and smarter buildings must include the perspective of the occupants. The knowledge of occupant behaviour motivations is paramount for the design and implementation of intelligent control systems in buildings. This article presents a methodology to investigate the motivations for relevant actions in dwellings. It allows establishing their seasonality and the parameters that define them among other variation patterns. The methodology uses Spearman's correlation analysis to rank the candidate motivations for specific actions. Both continuous and categorical variables can be considered in the analysis, which allows taking into account a wide range of possible motivations. The methodology is demonstrated in a case study where the windows and the roller shutters opening in different rooms were monitored for one year. It was possible to establish the variation of the occupants' behaviour and depict motivations that had a seasonal pattern. The results highlight that the motivations for actions in a building system, performed by a specific set of occupants, can have significant variance depending on the room and environmental parameters. This dependence enables the determination of the seasonality effect. The obtained results also support the need to evaluate the motivations of occupants at a small scale (compartment scale). Following this strategy, a building management system (BMS) can adjust the operation of the dwelling to its occupants, and thus, achieve true building intelligence and optimisation of the energy efficiency.
Pedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos. Occupant behaviour motivations in the residential context – An investigation of variation patterns and seasonality effect. Building and Environment 2018, 148, 535 -546.
AMA StylePedro F. Pereira, Nuno M. M. Ramos. Occupant behaviour motivations in the residential context – An investigation of variation patterns and seasonality effect. Building and Environment. 2018; 148 ():535-546.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro F. Pereira; Nuno M. M. Ramos. 2018. "Occupant behaviour motivations in the residential context – An investigation of variation patterns and seasonality effect." Building and Environment 148, no. : 535-546.