In recent years, deep learning techniques are employed in the mammography processing field to reduce radiologists' costs. Existing breast mass classification systems are implemented using deep learning technologies such as a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNN based systems have attained higher performance than the machine learning-based systems in the classification task of mammography images, but a few issues still exist. Some of these issues are; ignorance of semantic features, analysis limitation to the current patch of images, lost patches in less contrast mammography images, and ambiguity in segmentation. These issues lead to increased false information about patches of mammography image, computational cost, decisions based on current patches, and not recovering the variance of patches intensity. In turn, breast mass classification systems based on convolutional neural networks produced unsatisfactory classification accuracy. To resolve these issues and improve the accuracy of classification on low contrast images, we propose a novel Breast Mass Classification system named BMC. It has improved architecture based on a combination of k- mean clustering, Long Short-Term Memory network of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), CNN, random forest, boosting techniques to classify the breast mass into benign, malignant, and normal. Further, the proposed BMC system is compared with existing classification systems using two publicly available datasets of mammographic images. Proposed BMC system achieves the sensitivity, specificity, F-measure, and accuracy for the DDSM dataset is 0.97%, 0.98%,0.97%, 0.96% and for the MIAS dataset is 0.97%, 0.97%,0.98%, and 0.95% respectively. Further Area Under Curve (AUC) rate of the proposed BMC system lies between 0.94% - 0.97% for DDSM and 0.94%-0.98% for the MIAS dataset. The BMC method worked comparably better than other mammography classification schemes that have previously been invented. Moreover, the Confidence interval statistical test is also employed to determine the classification accuracy of the BMC system using different configurations and neural network parameters.

Neurodegeneration and impaired neuronal transmission in the brain are at the root of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. As of yet, no successful treatments for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease have indeed been found. Therefore, preventative measures such as early diagnosis are essential. This research aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) database for the purpose of identifying biomarkers of dementia using effective machine learning methods. In most parts of the world, AD is responsible for dementia. When the challenge level is high, it is nearly impossible to get anything done without assistance. This is increasing due to population growth and the diagnostic period. Two current approaches are the medical history and testing. The main challenge for dementia research is the imbalance of datasets and their impact on accuracy. A proposed system based on reinforcement learning and neural networks could generate and segment imbalanced classes. Making a precise diagnosis and taking into account dementia in all four stages will result in high-resolution sickness probability maps. It employs deep reinforcement learning to generate accurate and understandable representations of a person’s dementia sickness risk. To avoid an imbalance, classes should be evenly represented in the samples. There is a significant class imbalance in the MRI image. The Deep Reinforcement System improved trial accuracy by 6%, precision by 9%, recall by 13%, and F-score by 9–10%. The diagnosis efficiency has improved as well.

Due to the recent advances in the Internet and communication technologies, network systems and data have evolved rapidly. The emergence of new attacks jeopardizes network security and make it really challenging to detect intrusions. Multiple network attacks by an intruder are unavoidable. Our research targets the critical issue of class imbalance in intrusion detection, a reflection of the real-world scenario where legitimate network activities significantly out number malicious ones. This imbalance can adversely affect the learning process of predictive models, often resulting in high false-negative rates, a major concern in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). By focusing on datasets with this imbalance, we aim to develop and refine advanced algorithms and techniques, such as anomaly detection, cost-sensitive learning, and oversampling methods, to effectively handle such disparities. The primary goal is to create models that are highly sensitive to intrusions while minimizing false alarms, an essential aspect of effective IDS. This approach is not only practical for real-world applications but also enhances the theoretical understanding of managing class imbalance in machine learning. Our research, by addressing these significant challenges, is positioned to make substantial contributions to cybersecurity, providing valuable insights and applicable solutions in the fight against digital threats and ensuring robustness and relevance in IDS development. An intrusion detection system (IDS) checks network traffic for security, availability, and being non-shared. Despite the efforts of many researchers, contemporary IDSs still need to further improve detection accuracy, reduce false alarms, and detect new intrusions. The mean convolutional layer (MCL), feature-weighted attention (FWA) learning, a bidirectional long short-term memory (BILSTM) network, and the random forest algorithm are all parts of our unique hybrid model called MCL-FWA-BILSTM. The CNN-MCL layer for feature extraction receives data after preprocessing. After convolution, pooling, and flattening phases, feature vectors are obtained. The BI-LSTM and self-attention feature weights are used in the suggested method to mitigate the effects of class imbalance. The attention layer and the BI-LSTM features are concatenated to create mapped features before feeding them to the random forest algorithm for classification. Our methodology and model performance were validated using NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB-15, two widely available IDS datasets. The suggested model’s accuracies on binary and multi-class classification tasks using the NSL-KDD dataset are 99.67% and 99.88%, respectively. The model’s binary and multi-class classification accuracies on the UNSW-NB15 dataset are 99.56% and 99.45%, respectively. Further, we compared the suggested approach with other previous machine learning and deep learning models and found it to outperform them in detection rate, FPR, and F-score. For both binary and multiclass classifications, the proposed method reduces false positives while increasing the number of true positives. The model proficiently identifies diverse network intrusions on computer networks and accomplishes its intended purpose. The suggested model will be helpful in a variety of network security research fields and applications.