Copper (I) oxide (Cu₂O) is an appealing semiconducting oxide with potential applications in various fields ranging from photovoltaics to biosensing. The precise control of size and shape of Cu₂O nanostructures has been an area of intense research. Here, the electrodeposition of Cu₂O nanoparticles is presented with precise size variations by utilizing ethylenediamine (EDA) as a size controlling agent. The size of the Cu₂O nanoparticles was successfully varied between 54.09 nm to 966.97 nm by changing the concentration of EDA in the electrolytic bath during electrodeposition. The large surface area of the Cu₂O nanoparticles present an attractive platform for immobilizing glucose oxidase for glucose biosensing. The fabricated enzymatic biosensor exhibited a rapid response time of <2 s. The limit of detection was 0.1 μM and the sensitivity of the glucose biosensor was 1.54 mA/cm². mM. The Cu₂O nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Developing an inexpensive, sensitive, and point-of-use biosensor for pesticide detection is becoming an important area in sensing. Such sensors can be used in food packaging, agricultural fields, and environmental monitoring of pesticides. The present investigation has developed a zinc oxide (ZnO)-based biosensor on porous, flexible substrates such as carbon paper and carbon cloth to detect organophosphates such as paraoxon (OP). Here, the influence of morphology and underlying substrate on biosensor performance was studied. The biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme on ZnO, which is directly grown on the flexible substrates. The ZnO biosensors fabricated on the carbon cloth demonstrated good performance with the detection limit of OP in the range of 0.5 nM–5 µM, higher sensitivity, and greater stability.

Gold (Au) has been widely used as a material for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) due to its plasmonic properties, stability and biocompatibility. Conventionally for SERS application, Au is deposited on a rigid substrate such as glass or silicon. The rigid substrates severely limit analyte collection efficiency as well as portability. Here, flexible substrates like carbon cloth and carbon paper were investigated as potential substrate candidates for SERS application. The flexible substrates were coated with Au nanostructures by electrodeposition. Model analyte, Rhodamine 6G was utilized to demonstrate the capabilities of the flexible SERS substrates. Additionally, the pesticide paraoxon was also detected on the flexible SERS substrates as well as on a real sample like the apple fruit.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioactive ceramic material which has given an important attention in the biomedical field because of its high biocompatibility and structural similarity to human’s and mammal’s bone. This study provides a comprehensive exploration of HA's properties, applications, and future trends, accentuating its potential in several domains beyond its traditional uses in bone and dental implants. HA's unique characteristics, including its osteoconductivity and ability to promote bone regeneration, make it an ideal candidate for advanced tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. The review discusses the fundamental properties of HA, such as its chemical composition, physical structure, and biological compatibility, which collectively contribute to its effectiveness in medical applications. Furthermore, ongoing research is highlighted, particularly in the development of nanostructured HA and composite materials, aimed at enhancing its mechanical properties and expanding its use in complex medical scenarios. Additionally, the implications of emerging technologies, specifically 3D printing and the potential of 4D printing, are examined. These innovations allow for the creation of personalized scaffolds tailored to individual patient needs, enhancing the prospects for regenerative medicine. The versatility of HA is further illustrated through its applications in non-medical fields, including environmental remediation and as a component in fertilizers and water purification systems. Overall, this review underscores the critical role that hydroxyapatite plays in bridging the gap between biological and synthetic materials. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying future research directions, this work aims to pave the way for further advancements in the use of HA across various biomedical and industrial contexts, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and innovative material solutions.

This review presents a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in battery technology, a field that continues to underpin the rapid growth of portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and large-scale energy storage systems. It begins with an overview of conventional battery chemistries, outlining the operating principles, performance metrics, and commercial relevance of both primary systems—such as alkaline and zinccarbon—and secondary systems including nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), and the diverse family of lithiumion batteries. Particular attention is given to widely used Liion chemistries such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), highlighting their strengths, limitations, and evolving roles in modern applications. The review then explores emerging trends shaping the next generation of EV batteries, with a special focus on the integration of graphene and other advanced carbon materials to enhance conductivity, stability, and energy density. Developments in solid-state batteries, hybrid lithium-ion capacitors, and innovative manufacturing techniques are also discussed, alongside progress in fastcharging technologies and intelligent Battery Management Systems (BMS). Sustainability remains a central theme throughout the paper, emphasizing the importance of recycling strategies, material recovery, and ethical sourcing of critical minerals. The review concludes by assessing current market trajectories and identifying key challenges that must be addressed to achieve safer, more efficient, and environmentally responsible energy storage solutions.

Energy generation today heavily relies on the field of photocatalysis, with many conventional energy generation strategies now superseded by the conversion of solar energy into chemical or thermal energy for a variety of energy-related applications. Global warming has pointed to the urgent necessity of moving away from non-renewable energy sources, with a resulting emphasis on creating the best photocatalysts for effective solar conversion by investigating a variety of material systems and material combinations. The present study explores the influence of morphological changes on the photoelectrochemical activity of zinc oxide nanostructures by exploiting electrodeposition and capping agents to control the growth rates of different ZnO facets and obtain well-defined nanostructures and orientations. A zinc nitrate (Zn (NO₃)₂) bath was used to electrodeposit ZnO nanostructures on an indium tin oxide glass (ITO) substrate at 70 °C with an applied potential of −1.0 V. Ethylenediamine (EDA) or ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) were added as capping agents to the zinc nitrate bath. Extensive evaluation and characterization of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) capabilities of the resulting morphology-controlled zinc oxide nanostructures confirmed that altering the ZnO morphology can have positive impacts on PEC properties.