The global reliance on electric vehicles (EVs) has been rapidly increasing due to the excessive use of fossil fuels and the resultant CO₂ emissions. Moreover, EVs facilitate using alternative energy sources, such as energy storage systems (ESSs) and renewable energy sources (RESs), promoting mobility while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. However, this trend is accompanied by multiple challenges related to EVs’ traction systems, storage capacity, chemistry, charging infrastructure, and techniques. Additionally, the requisite energy management technologies and the standards and regulations needed to facilitate the expansion of the EV market present further complexities. This paper provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the state of the art concerning EV-related components, including energy storage systems, electric motors, charging topologies, and control techniques. Furthermore, the paper explores each sector’s commonly used standards and codes. Through this extensive review, the paper aims to advance knowledge in the field and support the ongoing development and implementation of EV technologies.

The control of energy storage systems (ESSs) within autonomous microgrids (MGs) is critical for ensuring stable and efficient operation, especially when incorporating renewable energy resources (RESs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper addresses managing a standalone DC microgrid that combines PV generation and a battery energy storage system (BESS). We propose a hybrid control strategy that combines a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers to improve the performance of the bidirectional converter that connects the BESS to the microgrid. The RNN processes the voltage error and derivative into a reference current, which a PI controller refines to determine the best duty cycle for the converter’s switches. This hybrid control scheme provides superior adaptability and performance in various load conditions, including pulsed power load (PPL) demands. Simulation results show that the proposed control method exceeds traditional PI-PI control algorithms, particularly in improving the transient stability of the DC bus voltage and optimizing BESS performance. We conducted extensive hardware experiments to verify the robustness and effectiveness of the developed control algorithm. The experimental results confirmed the superior performance of the hybrid RNN-PI control scheme, demonstrating its ability to maintain system stability and efficiency across a wide range of real-world scenarios. This experimental validation reflects the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in improving microgrid operations.

Wireless power transfer system has a major concern for several decades since various benefits have been included against wired counterpart. In this context, coupling structure has been investigated for various coils having different shapes of both magnetic cores and windings. This investigation is implemented based on a mathematical and modeling analysis to calculate inductive values of charging setups. This paper provides an accurate evaluation of inductive characteristics for the proposed coreless helical and spiral coils. The evaluation considers the dependence of inductive parameters on distance, geometry, and misalignment of coupling coils. In addition, the evaluation method is verified by the COMSOL software. Moreover, an accurate approximation of required inductive parameters is provided for the design of wireless charging system. Furthermore, four ferrite cores are provided for both winding types; and their coupling coefficients are examined to show the best configuration. Results show the validity of both theoretical and simulated analysis.

The increasing concern for environmental sustainability and the necessity to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in a growing demand for different transportation options. Among these options, electric motorcycles (E-Motorcycles) have emerged as a promising solution to tackle the challenges presented by conventional fossil-fueled vehicles. In this paper, the design and development of an inexpensive battery system for E-Motorcycles is discussed. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to explore various battery and battery management systems (BMS) utilized in electric mobility systems. The advantages and disadvantages of different systems are emphasized, providing valuable insights into the proposed battery system. A battery tester circuit is designed and developed to measure the capacity of multiple battery cells simultaneously. Efficient charging (based on constant current and voltage technique) and discharging are guaranteed through the implementation of passive cell balancing, which equalizes the voltage of each cell in the battery pack. Different methods of state of charge (SoC) estimation are designed and analyzed. Simulation work validates the performance of the battery tester circuit and the BMS, where the performance of the battery system is evaluated through experimental tests. The experimental results align with the simulation results, affirming the effectiveness of the designed battery system. The developed battery pack composes of 65 lithium-ion battery cells arranged into 13 modules, to provide 48V, 350Wh, 30ARated for the drivetrain system.

The need of electric mobility (E-Mobility) systems increases daily, where the E-Mobility systems contribute in decreasing gas emissions from transportation Electric motorcycles (E-Motorcycles) are one of the E-Mobility systems, which reduce the problems resulting from traditional fossil fuel exhausts. This paper discusses the design and development of low-cost battery systems for E-Motorcycles, where a fast charging system is simulated, analyzed, and deployed to charge a battery package that outputs 72V & 8A at rated performance. Research and analysis of different power converter topologies are performed with respect the cost and system performance. A battery tester circuit is designed and built to estimate and evaluate the capacity of the battery cells for assembling battery modules and package in efficient scheme/configuration to maximize the output power and battery performance. BMS (battery management system) is modeled and simulated, which includes passive battery balancing technique and different methods of estimating the SoC (state of charge) using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results analyze the BMS performance with respect the cost and performance of the battery modules and package, where column counting, Kalman filter, and built-in SIMULINK scheme are designed and developed to characterize the SoC performance while noise signals are subjected in the SoC estimation schemes. The proposed battery charging system, battery tester circuit, and BMS are built regarding the simulation performance. Various experiment and test profiles are conducted for the battery charging system, where the maximum efficiency achieved of the battery charging (boost charging) system is 84% because of limitations of the magnetic components.

Wireless Power Transfer Systems (WPTS) have emerged as a promising solution for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging, offering enhanced mobility and adaptability within microgrids. This paper proposes design considerations for ring and spiral circular coils in WPTS, addressing current issues and aiming for efficient EV charging. A detailed analytical estimation for inductive characteristics is provided for WPTS. Then, design optimization of the WPTS based on coil geometrical parameters and relative placement is proposed. COMSOL software is used to determine the inductive parameters accurately to validate theoretical analysis for our proposed 500W charging coils. Finally, the coupling coefficients of various coreless and cored charging pads are investigated with different geometric dimensions and coil alignments, with I-core being recommended to avoid bifurcation phenomena.