It is known that heavy metals have high biological activity, ability to bioaccumulate and move along food chains. In this regard, plants that directly absorb heavy metals from the soil play an important role in their accumulation and delivery to the human body, which poses a huge threat to human health. At the Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kazakh National University. Al-Farabi carried out comprehensive studies to study the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and heavy metal immobiliser Denite®CR on two varieties of soft wheat: Kazakhstanskaya-19 and Samgau. The studies were carried out at the cellular, tissue and organism levels. The object was 14-day-old seedlings of two varieties. The work used cytogenetic, botanical, histological methods, morphometry, biochemistry and biostatistics. The paper shows that Denite®CR: (i) reduces the toxic effect of cadmium on cell division of the root system, restores the values of the mitotic index, almost to control values; the binding of cadmium ions contributed to the adaptation of wheat plants to growth in soil contaminated with cadmium at a concentration five times higher than the Maximum allowed concentration; (ii) statistically significantly increases the thickness of the primary root coat up to 31.89% with neutralization of Cd (Maximum allowed concentration + Denite). Keywords: heavy metals, immobilisation, toxic effect, reclamation, disturbed lands.

Pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs has emerged as a promising alternative for increasing local drug concentrations whilst minimising side effects. Natural polymers—polysaccharides capable of forming polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) through electrostatic interactions—show great promise in this field. In this study, mucoadhesive chitosan-gellan gum nanoparticles were developed for the controlled release of isoniazid using the polyelectrolyte complex coacervation method. Parameters such as the chitosan-to-gellan gum ratio and the medium pH were investigated to achieve suitable particle size, polydispersity, surface charge, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The morphology of the produced nanoparticles was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), which confirmed the formation of nanoscale spherical particles. The mucoadhesive properties were tested on ovine lung tissue using fluorescence retention analysis, whilst in vitro drug release was studied under physiological conditions. Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was assessed using the Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) system, followed by subculturing on Löwenstein–Jensen medium. The produced nanoparticles exhibited high mucoadhesion, maintaining prolonged retention on lung tissue. Drug release showed an initial burst followed by sustained release over 24 h. These results demonstrate that CSGG–INH nanoparticles possess sustained drug release, good mucoadhesion to the lungs and high antimycobacterial activity, supporting their further development as potential carriers for pulmonary delivery of anti-tuberculosis drugs.