Supercapacitors (SCs), also known as ultracapacitors, should be one of the most promising contenders for meeting the needs of human viable growth owing to their advantages: for example, excellent capacitance and rate efficiency, extended durability, and cheap materials price. Supercapacitor research on electrode materials is significant because it plays a vital part in the performance of SCs. Polyaniline (PANI) is an exceptional candidate for energy-storage applications owing to its tunable structure, multiple oxidation/reduction reactions, cheap price, environmental stability, and ease of handling. With their exceptional morphology, suitable functional linkers, metal sites, and high specific surface area, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are outstanding materials for electrodes fabrication in electrochemical energy storage systems. The combination of PANI and MOF (PANI/MOF composites) as electrode materials demonstrates additional benefits, which are worthy of exploration. The positive impacts of the two various electrode materials can improve the resultant electrochemical performances. Recently, these kinds of conducting polymers with MOFs composites are predicted to become the next-generation electrode materials for the development of efficient and well-organized SCs. The recent achievements in the use of PANI/MOFs-based electrode materials for supercapacitor applications are critically reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, we discuss the existing issues with PANI/MOF composites and their analogues in the field of supercapacitor electrodes in addition to potential future improvements.

Time-of-flight-based mass analysis of charged water fragments have been used to measure the dissociative and the nondissociative reaction pathways of water formed during collisions with $15\text{to}100\mathrm{keV}$ and $500\text{to}3500\mathrm{keV}$ ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ projectiles and with $8\text{to}100\mathrm{keV}$ ${\mathrm{H}}^0$ projectiles. The fragmentation pathways resulting from the ionization and the electron capture collisions with the incident ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^0$ projectiles, as well as collisions involving projectile electron loss by the incident ${\mathrm{H}}^0$ projectiles, were separately recorded by detecting the target product ions in coincidence with either the ejected target electrons or the charge-analyzed projectiles. The fragmentation profile shows that at high collision energies the ionization of water arises mainly through outer shell processes. At lower energies valence electron capture and ionization dominate and transfer ionization leads to substantially different fragmentation patterns. ${\mathrm{H}}^0$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ projectiles are found to be equally efficient at ionizing the water molecule. These results are of particular interest to workers in astrophysics and those involved in cancer therapy with heavy particle ion beams.

Exploring faster, safer, and more efficient energy storage devices will motivate scientists to develop novel energy storage products with high performance. Herein, we report porous NiO nanoparticles have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method with CTAB and laboratory tissue paper as a template followed by calcination at three different temperatures (300, 500, and 700 °C). The electrochemical characteristics of the prepared materials were examined in a three-electrode cell configuration using aqueous potassium hydroxide (2.0 M KOH) electrolyte. The NiO-300 electrode displayed the supreme capacitance of 568.7 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹. The fascinating NiO morphology demonstrates a crucial part in offering simple ion transport, shortening electron, and ion passage channels and rich energetic spots for electrochemical reactions. Finally, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC), NiO//AC was constructed using positive and negative electrode materials of NiO-300 and activated carbon (AC), respectively. The assembled ASC displayed excellent supercapacitive performance with a high specific energy (52.4 Wh kg⁻¹), specific power (800 W kg⁻¹), and remarkable cycle life. After quick charging (25 s), such supercapacitors in the series will illuminate the light emitting diode for an extended time, suggesting improvements in energy storage, scalable integrated applications, and ensuring business efficacy. This work will lead to a new generation of high-performance ASCs to portable electronic displays and electric automobiles.

Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) is an international journal which publishes papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics